-ие

Bulgarian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ьje.

Suffix

-ие • (-ie) n

1. Deverbal, forming action or result nouns: -tion, -ance, -ing

   вям (vjam, “to be aware”) (archaic, obsolete) → ведие (vedie, “knowledge”) (obsolete) → езиковедие (ezikovedie, “linguistics”)

   въстана (vǎstana, “to revel”) → въстание (vǎstanie, “uprising”)

   нарека (nareka, “to call”) → наречие (narečie, “adverb”)

   примиря се (primirja se, “to put up with”) → примирие (primirie, “truce”)

   участвам (učastvam, “to participate”) → участие (učastie, “participation”)

   допирам (dopiram, “to touch, to contact”) → допирие (dopirie, “contact, incidence”) (dialectal)

Derived terms

• -тие (-tie)
• -ние (-nie)
• -ствие (-stvie)

Suffix

-ие • (-ie) n

1. Denominal, forming abstract nouns or nouns expressing capacity, state: -th, -ness, -ing

   From adjectives:

   здрав (zdrav, “healthy”) → здраве (zdrave, “health”)

   висок (visok, “high”) → височие (visočie, “highness”)

   велик (velik, “great”) → величие (veličie, “greatness”)

   цял (cjal, “whole”) + мъдър (mǎdǎr, “wise”) → целомъдрие (celomǎdrie, “chastity”)

   From action, result nouns:

   услов (uslov, “term, claim”) (obsolete) → условие (uslovie, “condition”)

   зло (zlo, “evil”) + воня (vonja, “odor, stink”) → зловоние (zlovonie, “stench”)

   бог (bog, “god”) + хула (hula, “insult”) → богохулие (bogohulie, “blasphemy”)

   човек (čovek, “human”) + любов (ljubov, “love”) → човеколюбие (čovekoljubie, “philanthropy”)

   From quality, property nouns:

   с- (s-) + част (čast, “part”) → щастие (štastie, “fortune”)

   добро (dobro, “good”) + душа (duša, “soul”) → добродушие (dobrodušie, “fortune”)

   благо (blago, “virtue”) + прилика (prilika, “similarity”) → благоприличие (blagopriličie, “decency”)

   лихо (liho, “excess”) + мисъл (misǎl, “thought”) → лихомислие (lihomislie, “fault thinking”) (obsolete)

   From adverbs:

   налице (nalice, “in presence”) → наличие (naličie, “presence, availability”)

   насила (nasila, “forcefully”) → насилие (nasilie, “violence”)

2. Denominal, forming nouns expressing relationship, way, outcome: -th, -ness, -ing

   From base words:

   уста (usta, “mouth”) → устие (ustie, “estuary”)

   стъбло (stǎblo, “stem”) → стъблие (stǎblie, “stemming, branching”) (dialectal)

   Prefixed with из- (iz-, “out of”):

   из- (iz-) + дело (delo, “deed”) → изделие (izdelie, “product”)

   из- (iz-) + чедо (čedo, “child”) → изчадие (izčadie, “abomination”) (originally meaning “spawn”)

   Prefixed with за- (za-, “trans-, for”):

   за- (za-) + гора (gora, “forest”) → загорие (zagorie, “transylvan area”)

   за- (za-) + глава (glava, “head”) → заглавие (zaglavie, “chapter, header”)

   Prefixed with до- (do-, “to, near”):

   до- (do-) + вяра (vjara, “faint”) → доверие (doverie, “trust, confidence”)

   до- (do-) + год (god, “year”) (dated) → догодие (dogodie, “remainder of the year”) (dialectal)

   Prefixed with с- (s-), съ- (sǎ-, “with”):

   съ- (sǎ-) + звук (zvuk, “sound”) → съзвучие (sǎzvučie, “consonance”)

   с- (s-) + полука (poluka, “reached target, goal”) (dialectal) → сполучие (spolučie, “prosperity”)

   Prefixed with о- (o-)/об- (ob-, “about, around”):

   о- (o-) + гърло (gǎrlo, “neck”) → огърлие (ogǎrlie, “necklace”)

   об- (ob-) + ход (hod, “walk”) → обходие (obhodie, “side way”) (obsolete)

   Prefixed with на- (na-, “on, ad-”), над- (nad-, “above, over”):

   на- (na-) + вечер (večer, “eve”) → навечерие (navečerie, “evening”)

   над- (nad-) + вес (ves, “hanging, curtain”) → надвесие (nadvesie, “arch, dome”) (obsolete)

   Prefixed with под- (pod-, “under”):

   под- (pod-) + земя (zemja, “earth”) → подземие (podzemie, “dungeon”)

   под- (pod-) + нога (noga, “foot”) → подножие (podnožie, “foothold”)

   Prefixed with по- (po-, “by, of”):

   по- (po-) + доба (doba, “proper time, place”) → подобие (podobie, “resemblance”)

   по- (po-) + кор (kor, “reproach, reprimand”) (archaic) → покорие (pokorie, “submissiveness”) (obsolete)

   Prefixed with по- (po-, “at”):

   по- (po-) + река (reka, “river”) → поречие (porečie, “riverside area”)

   по- (po-) + море (more, “river”) → поморие (pomorie, “seaside area”)

   Prefixed with край- (kraj-, “nearby”)

   край- (kraj-) + бряг (brjag, “forest”) → крайбрежие (krajbrežie, “coastal area”)

   край- (kraj-) + лес (les, “wood”) → крайлесие (krajlesie, “woodside area”)

   Prefixed with при- (pri-, “at”), пре- (pre-, “per”), про- (pro-, “for”):

   при- (pri-) + глас (glas, “voice”) → пригласие (priglasie, “ovation, supporting chatter”) (obsolete)

   пре- (pre-) + межда (mežda, “boundary, medium”) → премеждие (premeždie, “obstacle, misadventure”)

3. Forms instrumental nouns (usually tools and weapons) expressing purpose, functionality:

   From verbal stems:

   копая (kopaja, “to ditch”) → копие (kopie, “spear”)

   From instrumental nouns:

   пособ (posob, “mean”) → пособие (posobie, “resource for self-education”)

   Prefixes with об-/о-:

   о- (o-) + *rǫdъ (“prickly, thorny, shaggy”) → оръдие (orǎdie, “cannon, instrument”)

   о- (o-) + *rǫgъ (“offense, assault”) → оръжие (orǎžie, “weaponry”)

Usage notes

Often, -ие (-ie) is used in combination with the prefix без- (bez-, “without”) to form abstract concepts expressing lack, non-presence, or shortage:

From action nouns:

власт (vlast, “authority, rule”) → безвластие (bezvlastie, “anarchy”)

смърт (smǎrt, “death”) → безсмъртие (bezsmǎrtie, “immortality”)

дело (delo, “deed, case”) → безделие (bezdelie, “idleness”)

мълва (mǎlva, “rumour”) → безмълвие (bezmǎlvie, “muteness”)

From spatial/temporal concepts:

ред (red, “order, array”) → безредие (bezredie, “disarray”)

хармония (harmonija, “harmony”) → безхармоние (bezharmonie, “disharmony”)

време (vreme, “time”) → безвремие (bezvremie, “timelessness”)

срок (srok, “term, deadline”) → безсрочие (bezsročie, “without deadline”)

From gauge/measurement nouns:

разлика (razlika, “difference”) → безразличие (bezrazličie, “indifference”)

тегло (teglo, “weight”) → безтегловие (bezteglovie, “weightlessness”)

From task/capacity nouns:

грижа (griža, “concern”) → безгрижие (bezgrižie, “carelessness”)

сила (sila, “force”) → безсилие (bezsilie, “impotence, helplessness”)

From substance/phenomenon nouns:

вода (voda, “water”) → безводие (bezvodie, “aridity”)

вятър (vjatǎr, “death”) → безветрие (bezvetrie, “windlessness”)

From abstract nouns:

право (pravo, “right”) → безправие (bezpravie, “lawlessness”)

дар (dar, “gift, talent”) → бездарие (bezdarie, “lack of talent”)

From objectifying concepts:

образ (obraz, “image, form”) → безобразие (bezobrazie, “disgrace”)

предмет (predmet, “subject, topic”) → безпредметие (bezpredmetie, “lack of topic/reason”)

From perception nouns:

срам (sram, “shame”) → безсрамие (bezsramie, “shamelessness”)

страх (strah, “fear”) → безстрашие (bezstrašie, “fearlessness”)

чувство (čuvstvo, “feeling”) → безчувствие (bezčuvstvie, “numbness”)

вкус (vkus, “taste”) → безвкусие (bezvkusie, “tastelessness”)

From perceptive nouns:

око (oko, “eye”) → безочие (bezočie, “impudence”)

ум (um, “mind”) → безумие (bezumie, “madness, folly”)

душа (duša, “soul”) → бездушие (bezdušie, “soullessness”)

сърце (sǎrce, “heart”) → безсърдечие (bezsǎrdečie, “heartlessness”)

Alternative forms

• -е (-e), -ье (-je) — reduced

Related terms

• -ия (-ija)
• -ей (-ej)

Suffix

-ие • (-ie) n

1. Forms collective plurals:

   Of creatures:

   люд (ljud, “person, folk”) (dated, obsolete) → люде (ljude, “people”)

   нав (nav, “undead”) (obsolete) → наве (nave, “dead spirits”) (obsolete)

   Of natural elements:

   камък (kamǎk, “stone”) → камъне (kamǎne, “rocks”) (poetic)

   дърво (dǎrvo, “tree”) → дърве (dǎrve, “trees, wood”) (poetic)

2. Forms collective nouns expressing aggregation or clustering:

   From a plain word:

   грозд (grozd, “grape”) → грозде (grozde, “grape”) (collective)

   цвят (cvjat, “blossom”) → цвете (cvete, “flower”)

   Prefixed with съ-:

   съ- (sǎ-) + звезда (zvezda, “star”) → съзвездие (sǎzvezdie, “constellation”)

   съ- (sǎ-) + цвят (cvjat, “blossom”) → съцветие (sǎcvetie, “inflorescence”)

   Prefixes with об-/о-:

   об- (ob-) + *vilo (“winding”) → обилие (obilie, “abundance”) (literally: “enveloping → endlessness”)

   о- (o-) + коло (kolo, “wheel”) (obsolete) → околие (okolie, “surroundings”) (literally: “that is encircled”)

   Prefixed with a numeric term:

   дву- (dvu-, “bi-”) + лице (lice, “face”) → двуличие (dvuličie, “hypocrisy”) (literally: “two-facedness”)

   сто- (sto-, “centi-”) + лято (ljato, “summer”) → столетие (stoletie, “century”) (literally: “100 summers”)

3. Forms collective nouns expressing extension, span:

Alternative forms

• -е (-e), -ье (-je) — reduced

Derived terms

Russian

Alternative forms

• -ье (-ʹje)

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic -иѥ (-ije), from Proto-Slavic *-ьje. Doublet of -ье (-ʹje) and -ьё (-ʹjó), the inherited forms.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

Suffix

-ие • (-ije)

1. Abstract noun suffix; forms part of larger suffixes such as -е́ние (-énije), -а́ние (-ánije), -тие (-tije), and exists on its own especially as a suffix added to compound words.

   ‎много- (mnogo-, “many”) + ‎о́браз (óbraz, “image”) + ‎-ие (-ije) → ‎многообра́зие (mnogoobrázije, “variety, diversity”)

   ‎ма́ло- (málo-, “little”) + ‎дух (dux, “courage”) + ‎-ие (-ije) → ‎малоду́шие (malodúšije, “cowardice”)

   ‎пло́ско- (plósko-, “flat”) + ‎стопа́ (stopá, “foot”) + ‎-ие (-ije) → ‎плоскосто́пие (ploskostópije, “flatfoot (medical condition)”)

   ‎само- (samo-, “self”) + ‎люби́ть (ljubítʹ, “to love”) + ‎-ие (-ije) → ‎самолю́бие (samoljúbije, “self-esteem, self-respect”)

   ‎со- (so-, “con-”) + ‎звезда́ (zvezdá, “star”) + ‎-ие (-ije) → ‎созве́здие (sozvézdije, “constellation”)

Usage notes

• The stress is drawn onto the preceding syllable (as in многообра́зие (mnogoobrázije) vs. о́браз (óbraz)).
• A velar may turn into a palatal as a result of the Slavic first palatalization (as in малоду́шие (malodúšije)).

Declension

Derived terms