-ить

Moksha

Suffix

-ить • (-iť)

1. definite singular genitive of -и (-i)

Russian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-iti.

Pronunciation

• (unstressed) IPA^(key):
• (stressed) IPA^(key):

Suffix

-и́ть or -ить • (-ítʹ or -itʹ)

1. The infinitive suffix for many verbs; usually indicates a perfective verb.
2. A suffix used to form factitive verbs from nouns, i.e. verbs having the meaning "to make X(er)" for X an adjective or noun. Usually used with a prefix such as о- (o-), об- (ob-) or у- (u-).

   ‎о- (o-) + ‎сла́бый (slábyj, “weak”) + ‎-ить (-itʹ) → ‎осла́бить (oslábitʹ, “to weaken”)

   ‎о- (o-) + ‎бе́дный (bédnyj, “poor”) + ‎-и́ть (-ítʹ) → ‎обедни́ть (obednítʹ, “to impoverish”)

   ‎о- (o-) + ‎свобо́д(ный) (svobód(nyj), “free”) + ‎-и́ть (-ítʹ) → ‎освободи́ть (osvobodítʹ, “to liberate”)

   ‎о- (o-) + ‎кайма́ (kajmá, “border, hem, edge”) + ‎-и́ть (-ítʹ) → ‎окайми́ть (okajmítʹ, “to provide with a border, hem or edge”)

   ‎о- (o-) + ‎зо́лото (zóloto, “gold”) + ‎-и́ть (-ítʹ) → ‎озолоти́ть (ozolotítʹ, “to gild”)

   ‎об- (ob-) + ‎о́бщий (óbščij, “general”) + ‎-и́ть (-ítʹ) → ‎обобщи́ть (obobščítʹ, “to generalize”)

   ‎у- (u-) + ‎то́нкий (tónkij, “thin, subtle, fine”) + ‎-и́ть (-ítʹ) → ‎утончи́ть (utončítʹ, “to make (more) subtle, to refine”)

   ‎у- (u-) + ‎кре́п(кий) (krép(kij), “strong”) + ‎-и́ть (-ítʹ) → ‎укрепи́ть (ukrepítʹ, “to strengthen”)

   ‎у- (u-) + ‎лу́чший (lúčšij, “better”) + ‎-ить (-itʹ) → ‎улу́чшить (ulúčšitʹ, “to improve”)

   ‎по- (po-) + ‎ни́з(кий) (níz(kij), “low”) + ‎-ить (-itʹ) → ‎пони́зить (ponízitʹ, “to lower”)

3. A suffix used to form negative factitive verbs from без- (bez-, “without, -less”) (or бес- (bes-)) + a noun, i.e. verbs having the meaning "to deprive of X" for X a noun. Usually used with о- (o-) and commonly corresponding to English verbs in de- or dis-.

   ‎о- (o-) + ‎без- (bez-) + ‎лес (les, “forest”) + ‎-ить (-itʹ) → ‎обезле́сить (obezlésitʹ, “to deforest”)

   ‎о- (o-) + ‎без- (bez-) + ‎лю́ди (ljúdi, “people”) + ‎-ить (-itʹ) → ‎обезлю́дить (obezljúditʹ, “to depopulate”)

   ‎о- (o-) + ‎без- (bez-) + ‎ору́жие (orúžije, “weapon”) + ‎-ить (-itʹ) → ‎обезору́жить (obezorúžitʹ, “to disarm”)

   ‎о- (o-) + ‎без- (bez-) + ‎вред (vred, “harm”) + ‎-ить (-itʹ) → ‎обезвре́дить (obezvréditʹ, “to defuse, to render harmless”)

   ‎о- (o-) + ‎бес- (bes-) + ‎цвет (cvet, “color”) + ‎-ить (-itʹ) → ‎обесцве́тить (obescvétitʹ, “to desaturate, to bleach, to turn black and white”)

Usage notes

• When added onto a stem ending in a velar consonant, the Slavic first palatalization applies.
• When added onto an adjective ending in a suffix such as -ный (-nyj) or -кий (-kij), the suffix may or may not be preserved (see examples above for both cases).
• Negative factitives are not always easily distinguished from positive factitives formed from adjectives beginning with без- (bez-, “-less”); compare обезвре́дить (obezvréditʹ, “to render harmless; to defuse (a bomb)”), derivable either from о- (o-) + безвре́д(ный) (bezvréd(nyj), “harmless”) + -ить (-itʹ) or from о- (o-) + без- (bez-) + вред (vred, “harm”) + -ить (-itʹ). (Similarly, the other examples above are alternatively derivable from безле́сный (bezlésnyj, “treeless”), безлю́дный (bezljúdnyj, “uninhabited”), безору́жный (bezorúžnyj, “unarmed”) and бесцве́тный (bescvétnyj, “colorless”), respectively.) Some examples are more easily derived one way than the other; e.g. обессме́ртить (obessmértitʹ, “to immortalize”) is probably better derived as a positive factitive from бессме́ртный (bessmértnyj, “immortal”).
• Negative factitives, as well as positive factitives derived from adjectives beginning with без- (bez-) or бес- (bes-), have some special properties compared with other factitives. They are normally derived specifically with the prefix о- (o-) and the unstressed suffix -ить (-itʹ), form abstract nouns in unstressed -ение (-enije) (when -е́ние (-énije) would normally be expected), and form imperfectives in -ивать (-ivatʹ) (rather than -я́ть (-játʹ)).

Conjugation

stem-stressed:

ending-stressed:

See also

• -ать (-atʹ), -ять (-jatʹ), -еть (-etʹ)
• -ть (-tʹ), -ти (-ti)