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Ukrainian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-lъ.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-лий • (-lyj)
- used to form participle-like adjectives from intransitive verbs, usually the ones that describe state of being or change of state
- гни́ти (hnýty, “to rot”) + -лий (-lyj) → гнили́й (hnylýj, “rotted, rotten”)
- трива́ти (tryváty, “to last”) + -лий (-lyj) → трива́лий (tryvályj, “lasting, extended, prolonged”)
- ки́снути (kýsnuty, “to turn sour”) + -лий (-lyj) → ки́слий (kýslyj, “sour”)
- засма́гнути (zasmáhnuty, “to tan”) + -лий (-lyj) → засма́глий (zasmáhlyj, “tan, tanned”)
- поме́рти (pomérty, “to die”) + -лий (-lyj) → поме́рлий (pomérlyj, “dead, deceased”)
Usage notes
- This suffix is no longer productive and cannot be used to form adjectives from verbs.
- Since this suffix was originally used to form past active participles, most words formed from perfective verbs using this suffix can also be used as participles: заги́блий (zahýblyj), запрі́лий (zaprílyj), прогни́лий (prohnýlyj). Words formed from imperfective verbs, however, can only be used as adjectives: ги́блий (hýblyj), прі́лий (prílyj), гнили́й (hnylýj).
- Some adjectives featuring this suffix are loanwords from Polish: зрозумі́лий (zrozumílyj), трива́лий (tryvályj), недба́лий (nedbályj), сти́слий (stýslyj).
Suffix
-лий • (-lyj)
- used to form past active perfective participles from intransitive perfective verbs, usually the ones that describe change of state
- ви́бути (výbuty, “to quit, to drop out”) + -лий (-lyj) → ви́булий (výbulyj)
- поме́рти (pomérty, “to die”) + -лий (-lyj) → поме́рлий (pomérlyj)
- заги́нути (zahýnuty, “to perish”) + -лий (-lyj) → заги́блий (zahýblyj)
- мину́ти (mynúty, “to pass”) + -лий (-lyj) → мину́лий (mynúlyj)
- зрости́ (zrostý, “to grow”) + -лий (-lyj) → зро́слий (zróslyj)
- впа́сти (vpásty, “to fall down”) + -лий (-lyj) → впа́лий (vpályj)
- відпочи́ти (vidpočýty, “to rest”) + -лий (-lyj) → відпочи́лий (vidpočýlyj)
Usage notes
- This suffix is no longer productive and cannot be used to form participles from verbs.
- This suffix was originally used to form past active participles from all verbs, whence Ukrainian past tense verb suffix -л (-l). However, today it is limited to most verbs that describe change of state and some verbs of motion such as упа́сти (upásty), запа́сти (zapásty), пори́нути (porýnuty). Past active participles from other kinds of verbs and imperfectives are perceived as adjectives: запе́клий (zapéklyj), прибу́лий (prybúlyj), витрива́лий (vytryvályj), бі́глий (bíhlyj), смі́лий (smílyj).
Declension
Derived terms