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Russian
- -но́й (-nój) — when the ending is stressed
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ный • (-nyj)
- -ish, -ic, -al, -ed; having a particular quality of, pertaining to, associated with; forms adjectives from nouns, and sometimes from verbs
- культу́ра (kulʹtúra, “culture”) + -ный (-nyj) → культу́рный (kulʹtúrnyj, “cultural”)
- ме́сто (mésto, “place”) + -ный (-nyj) → ме́стный (méstnyj, “local”)
- наро́д (naród, “people”) + -ный (-nyj) → наро́дный (naródnyj, “folk”)
- не́га (néga, “comfort”) + -ный (-nyj) → не́жный (néžnyj, “gentle”)
- нормати́в (normatív, “norm”) + -ный (-nyj) → нормати́вный (normatívnyj, “normative”)
- свобо́да (svobóda, “freedom”) + -ный (-nyj) → свобо́дный (svobódnyj, “free”)
- учёба (učóba, “studies, training”) + -ный (-nyj) → уче́бный (učébnyj, “educational, (relational) training”)
- се́рия (sérija, “series”) + -ный (-nyj) → сери́йный (seríjnyj, “serial”)
- грех (grex, “sin”) + -ный (-nyj) → гре́шный (gréšnyj, “sinful”)
- не- (ne-) + обы́чай (obýčaj, “custom”) + -ный (-nyj) → необыча́йный (neobyčájnyj, “unusual, extraordinary”)
- German molekular + -ный (-nyj) → молекуля́рный (molekuljárnyj, “molecular”)
- German Kassation + -ный (-nyj) → кассацио́нный (kassaciónnyj, “(relational) appeal, cassation”)
- томи́ть (tomítʹ, “to tire, to exhaust”) + -ный (-nyj) → то́мный (tómnyj, “languid, languorous”)
Usage notes
Note the following properties:
- A velar (as well as ц) normally turns into a palatal as a result of the Slavic first palatalization. This and the following several properties are due to the *ь that was formerly present at the beginning of the suffix.
- не́га (néga, “comfort”) + -ный (-nyj) → не́жный (néžnyj, “gentle”)
- грех (grex, “sin”) + -ный (-nyj) → гре́шный (gréšnyj, “sinful”)
- се́рдце (sérdce, “heart”) (genitive plural серде́ц (serdéc)) + -ный (-nyj) → серде́чный (serdéčnyj, “cordial”)
- A stem ending in -л turns into -ль before the suffix; contrariwise, all other stems ending in -ь lose this.
- глаго́л (glagól, “verb”) + -ный (-nyj) → глаго́льный (glagólʹnyj, “verbal”)
- ла́герь (lágerʹ, “camp”) + -ный (-nyj) → ла́герный (lágernyj, “(relational) camp”)
- With reducible nouns, the stem assumes its non-reduced form before the suffix. With feminine and neuter nouns, this form is found only in the genitive plural. This applies even to nouns with no plural.
- земля́ (zemljá, “land”) (genitive plural земе́ль (zemélʹ)) + -ный (-nyj) → земе́льный (zemélʹnyj, “(relational) land”)
- ядро́ (jadró, “nucleus”) (genitive plural я́дер (jáder)) + -ный (-nyj) → я́дерный (jádernyj, “nuclear”)
- ёлка (jólka, “Christmas tree”) (genitive plural ёлок (jólok)) + -ный (-nyj) → ёлочный (jóločnyj, “(relational) Christmas tree”) (к is palatalized in accordance with a preceding property)
- во́дка (vódka, “vodka”) (genitive plural *во́док (*vódok)) + -ный (-nyj) → во́дочный (vódočnyj, “(relational) vodka”)
- литьё (litʹjó, “casting”) (genitive plural *лите́й (*litéj)) + -ный (-nyj) → лите́йный (litéjnyj, “(relational) casting”)
- ё may turn back into е before the suffix.
- учёба (učóba, “studies, training”) + -ный (-nyj) → уче́бный (učébnyj, “educational, (relational) training”)
- The stress is sometimes (but not always) drawn onto the preceding syllable.
- не- (ne-, “un-”) + обы́чай (obýčaj, “custom”) → необыча́йный (neobyčájnyj, “unusual, extraordinary”)
- се́рия (sérija, “series”) + -ный (-nyj) → сери́йный (seríjnyj, “serial”)
- Foreign nouns ending in invariant -е change this to stressed -е́й before the suffix.
- ко́фе (kófe, “coffee”) + -ный (-nyj) → кофе́йный (koféjnyj, “(relational) coffee”)
- шоссе́ (šossɛ́, “highway”) + -ный (-nyj) → шоссе́йный (šossɛ́jnyj, “(relational) highway”)
- Some adjectives in -ия, -ие change this to stressed -е́й before the suffix (as if they ended in -ья, -ье/-ьё).
- ору́жие (orúžije, “weapon, arms”) + -ный (-nyj) → оруже́йный (oružéjnyj, “(relational) weapon, gun, arms”)
- ли́ния (línija, “line”) + -ный (-nyj) → лине́йный (linéjnyj, “linear”)
- But some adjectives in -ия, -ие have the expected change to -и́й:
- ору́дие (orúdije, “large gun”) + -ный (-nyj) → оруди́йный (orudíjnyj, “(relational) large gun”)
- се́рия (sérija, “series”) + -ный (-nyj) → сери́йный (seríjnyj, “serial”)
- Adjectives in -ный may be formed directly from foreign nouns or adjectives, as in молекуля́рный (molekuljárnyj, “molecular”) and кассацио́нный (kassaciónnyj, “(relational) appeal, cassation”) (there is no such adjective *молекуля́р and no such noun *кассацио́н).
Note in particular that nouns in -ка (-ka), -ко (-ko) have corresponding adjectives in unstressed -очный.
Declension
Declension of -ный (short class a)
Pre-reform declension of -ный (short class a)
Derived terms