-ом

Reflects the principal Proto-Slavic present passive ending *-omъ. Mostly unproductive in the colloquial speech, but reintroduced in the Standard language under the influence of Russian loanwords and the efforts of various "purist" movements (during the 18-20th century) for restoring grammatical features of Old Church Slavonic in Modern Bulgarian.

In rare occasions, the former participle may be fossilized as a noun, like in the case of Bulgarian владоми pl (vladomi, “subjects, subordinates”) (dated).

-ом • (-om)

1. (unproductive) Deverbal from athematic verbs, forms adjectives expressing capacity or proclevity.

   вям (vjam, “to be familiar with”) → ведом (vedom, “aware”)

   ям (jam, “to eat”) → ядом (jadom, “edible”) (obsolete)

2. (unproductive) Deverbal from root-stem verbs, forms adjectives expressing capacity and intrinsic property.

   алча (alča, “to hunger for”) → лаком (lakom, “greedy”)

   Proto-Slavic *pisti (“to feed”) → *пита (*pita) → питом (pitom, “tamed, domesticated”)

   тека (teka, “to flow”) → теком (tekom, “flowable”) (obsolete)

   жежа (žeža, “to heat, to ignite”) → всежегом (vsežegom, “sacrificial”) (obsolete)

• -омя (-omja)
• -омен (-omen)
• -омост (-omost)
• -омство (-omstvo)

• -аем (-aem)
• -ваем (-vaem), -уем (-uem)
• -им (-im)
• -яем (-jaem)

• L. Andrejchin (1983) “Сегашно страдателно причастие”, in Граматика на съвременния български книжовен език, volume 2, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 377

From Proto-Slavic *-omь or Proto-Slavic *-ъmь, instrumental endings of o-stem and u-stem nouns. In the modern language, derivatives constructed with this suffix are interpreted as adverbs rather than an instrumental case of the base-noun. Sometimes, adverbs from former instrumental cases further get grammatisized into interjections, as in the case of Bulgarian сбогом (sbogom, “goodbye”) (originally meaning with God).

-ом • (-om)

1. Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from masculine o-stem nouns.

   ред (red, “order”) → редом (redom, “along”)

   ход (hod, “walk”) → ходом (hodom, “by foot”)

   бяг (bjag, “run”) → бегом (begom, “by running”), набегом (nabegom, “energetically”)

   куп (kup, “bunch, pile”) → купом (kupom, “in block”), вкупом (vkupom, “together, as one”)

   род (rod, “kin”) → родом (rodom, “by origin, by birth”)

   кръг (krǎg, “circle”) → кръгом (krǎgom, “around, in the other direction”)

2. Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from neuter o-stem nouns.

   средство (sredstvo, “mean, tool”) → посредством (posredstvom, “by means of”)

   писмо (pismo, “letter, writing”) → писмом (pismom, “in written form”)

   слово (slovo, “word, speech”) → словом (slovom, “in verbal form”)

   ребро (rebro, “rib”) → ребром (rebrom, “straightly”)

3. Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from masculine u-stem nouns.

   чин (čin, “rank”) → чином (činom, “by rank”)

   мир (mir, “peace”) → миром (mirom, “in peace”)

4. Alternative form of -ою (-oju), -ам (-am) (generalized from the o-stem formation)

   група (grupa, “group”) → групом (grupom, “in group”)

   сила (sila, “strength, force”) → силом (silom, “by force”)

5. Deadjectival, forms adverbs depicting manner or way.

   цял (cjal, “whole, complete”) → цялом (cjalom, “overall”)

   скриш (skriš, “secretive”) → скришом (skrišom, “secretly”)

   прав (prav, “right, correct”) → правом (pravom, “rightly, correctly”)

   вървящ (vǎrvjašt, “walking”) → вървешком (vǎrveškom, “by walking”)

• -ешком (-eškom) (from present perfective participles, with dialectal decomposition of expected -щ- > -шк-)

• -ем (-em) (from yo-stem and i-stem nouns)
• -ою (-oju), -ам (-am) (from a-stem nouns)

• R. Rusinov (1983) “Наречия от съществителни имена”, in Граматика на съвременния български книжовен език, volume 2, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 391