-기-

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See also: and -기

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Korean 기〮 (Yale: -kí-, causative/passive-deriving suffix). Beyond Middle Korean, the causative is the original meaning as attested in Old Korean, and the passive is a later development from the causative, first attested in the written language some time between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.[1][2]

Suffix

(-gi-)

  1. A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, particularly but not exclusively attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in (m), (n), or (s). No longer productive.
    Synonyms: (-i-), (-hi-), (-ri-), (-u-), (-gu-), (-chu-)
    신다 (sinda, to wear (shoes)) + ‎ (-gi-) → ‎신기다 (sin'gida, to make someone wear shoes)
    남다 (namda, to remain) + ‎ (-gi-) → ‎남기다 (namgida, to leave behind)
    웃다 (utda, to laugh) + ‎ (-gi-) → ‎웃기다 (utgida, to be funny)
    맡다 (matda, to take charge of) + ‎ (-gi-) → ‎맡기다 (matgida, to assign)
  2. A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, particularly but not exclusively attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in (m), (n), or (s). No longer productive.
    Synonyms: (-i-), (-hi-), (-ri-)
    안다 (anda, to hug) + ‎ (-gi-) → ‎안기다 (an'gida, to be hugged)
    믿다 (mitda, to believe) + ‎ (-gi-) → ‎믿기다 (mitgida, to be believable)
    빼앗다 (ppaeatda, to rob, to take away from) + ‎ (-gi-) → ‎빼앗기다 (ppaeatgida, to be dispossessed)

Usage notes

Although still very common in Korean, the causative/passive suffixes are no longer productive for forming new verbs. Verbs that do not already have a morphological causative or passive must employ auxiliaries:

The causative/passive suffixes (-i-), (-hi-), (-ri-), and (-gi-) all stem from the same etymon, and are fairly complementary in distribution. tends to attaches to verb stems which end in a nasal or a sibilant, although there are several prominent exceptions.

References

  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Genetic Origin, University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, page 6
  2. ^ 장윤희 [jang'yunhui] (2006) “고대국어의 파생접미사 연구 [godaegugeoui pasaengjeommisa yeon'gu, A study of Old Korean derivational suffixes]”, in Gugyeol yeon'gu, volume 47, pages 91—144