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-는-. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
-는-, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
-는- in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
-는- you have here. The definition of the word
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Korean
- ㄴ (-n-) — see Usage notes
Etymology
From Middle Korean ᄂᆞ (Yale: -no-), representing a merger of two independent Old Korean suffixes: 飛 (*-no-) and 臥 (*-nwu-). It is usually thought that 臥 (*-nwu-), despite the vowel shift, was closer to the present-tense meaning and that 飛 (*-no-) may have been a continuous aspect-marking suffix.[1][2]
The reduplicated form 는 (-neun-) is used since the seventeenth century, except in certain contexts (see below) where the syncopated form ㄴ (-n) is used after vowels.
Pronunciation
Romanizations |
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Revised Romanization? | neun |
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Revised Romanization (translit.)? | neun |
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McCune–Reischauer? | nŭn |
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Yale Romanization? | nun |
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Suffix
는 • (-neun-)
- A present tense-marking suffix for verbs; it attaches directly to the stem, including the honorific 으시 (-eusi-), and precedes another verbal suffix.
- Coordinate terms: 었 (-eot-, past-tense), 겠 (-get-, future)
- 먹 (meok-) + 는 (-neun-) + 다 (-da) → 먹는다 (meongneunda, “one eats”)
- 먹 (meok-) + 는 (-neun-) + 구나 (-guna) → 먹는구나 (meongneun'guna, “one is eating!”)
- 있 (it-) + 는 (-neun-) + 다 (-da) → 있는다 (inneunda, “one stays”)
Usage notes
- This suffix causes stem-final ㄹ (l) to drop out.
- This suffix takes the short form ㄴ (-n-) after vowels and before the formal non-polite ending 다 (-da). In all other cases, the full form is used: 안다 (anda), not *아는다 (*aneunda), but 아는가 (aneun'ga), not *안가 (*an'ga).
Derived terms
- 는구나 (-neun'guna)
- 는다 (-neunda)
- 는다지 (-neundaji)
- 는단다 (-neundanda)
- 는 (-neun, present-tense adnominal marker)
- 는가 (-neun'ga)
References
- ^ 鄭在永 (1999) “선어말어미 '內', '飛'와 '臥'”, in 口訣學會 제21회 共同硏究會 發表論文集 , pages 63—86
- ^ 박진호 [bakjinho] (2018) “선어말어미 ‘ᄂᆞ’와 ‘누’에 대한 문법사적 고찰: 차자표기 자료와의 관련성을 중심으로”, in 口訣學會 제54회 共同硏究會 發表論文集 , pages 1—11