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-리-. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
-리-, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
-리- in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
-리- you have here. The definition of the word
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Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Korean 이〮 (Yale: -Gí-), an allomorph of 기〮 (Yale: -kí-, causative/passive-deriving suffix) formed by lenition of the initial consonant /k-/ in intervocalic environments. Beyond Middle Korean, the causative is the original meaning as attested in Old Korean, and the passive is a later development from the causative, first attested in the written language some time between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.[1][2]
/-ɣ-/ ⟨-G-⟩ had stopped the allomorphy of ㄹ (Yale: l) to intervocalically, preserving it as . This continued to be the case even after /-ɣ-/ ⟨-G-⟩ was deleted in late Middle Korean, which meant that 이〮 (Yale: -Gí-) had effectively morphed to 리 (Yale: -li), as simple 이 (Yale: -i-) without some initial consonant would lead to a realization of ㄹ (Yale: l) as .
Suffix
리 • (-li-)
- A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in ㄹ (l), or the irregular ㄷ (d) ~ ㄹ (l) stems. No longer productive.
- Synonyms: 이 (-i-), 히 (-hi-), 기 (-gi-), 우 (-u-), 구 (-gu-), 추 (-chu-)
- 풀다 (pulda, “to solve”) + 리 (-li-) → 풀리다 (pullida, “to make someone (e.g. a student) solve”)
- 날다 (nalda, “to fly”) + 리 (-li-) → 날리다 (nallida, “to fly, to cause to fly”)
- 닫다 (datda, “to run”) + 리 (-li-) → 달리다 (dallida, “to run; to make someone run”)
- A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, attaching to verb stems which end in ㄹ (l), or the irregular ㄷ (d) ~ ㄹ (l) stems. No longer productive.
- Synonyms: 이 (-i-), 히 (-hi-), 기 (-gi-)
- 듣다 (deutda, “to hear”) + 리 (-li-) → 들리다 (deullida, “to be heard”)
- 풀다 (pulda, “to solve”) + 리 (-li-) → 풀리다 (pullida, “to become solved”)
Usage notes
Although still very common in Korean, the causative/passive suffixes are no longer productive for forming new verbs. Verbs that do not already have a morphological causative or passive must employ auxiliaries:
- 게 하다 (-ge hada) for causatives
- 어지다 (-eojida) for passives
The causative/passive suffixes 이 (-i-), 히 (-hi-), 리 (-ri-), and 기 (-gi-) all stem from the same etymon, and are fairly complementary in distribution. 리 attaches to verb stems which end in ㄹ (l), or the irregular ㄷ (d) ~ ㄹ (l) stems.
Etymology 2
Suffix
리 • (-ri-)
- For the prospective/future suffix, see the entry at 리 (-ri).
References
- ^ Vovin, Alexander (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Genetic Origin, University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, page 6
- ^ 장윤희 [jang'yunhui] (2006) “고대국어의 파생접미사 연구 [godaegugeoui pasaengjeommisa yeon'gu, A study of Old Korean derivational suffixes]”, in Gugyeol yeon'gu, volume 47, pages 91—144