-리-

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See also: and -리

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Korean 이〮 (Yale: -Gí-), an allomorph of 기〮 (Yale: -kí-, causative/passive-deriving suffix) formed by lenition of the initial consonant /k-/ in intervocalic environments. Beyond Middle Korean, the causative is the original meaning as attested in Old Korean, and the passive is a later development from the causative, first attested in the written language some time between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.[1][2]

/-ɣ-/ ⟨-G-⟩ had stopped the allomorphy of (Yale: l) to intervocalically, preserving it as . This continued to be the case even after /-ɣ-/ ⟨-G-⟩ was deleted in late Middle Korean, which meant that 이〮 (Yale: -Gí-) had effectively morphed to (Yale: -li), as simple (Yale: -i-) without some initial consonant would lead to a realization of (Yale: l) as .

Suffix

(-li-)

  1. A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in (l), or the irregular (d) ~ (l) stems. No longer productive.
    Synonyms: (-i-), (-hi-), (-gi-), (-u-), (-gu-), (-chu-)
    풀다 (pulda, to solve) + ‎ (-li-) → ‎풀리다 (pullida, to make someone (e.g. a student) solve)
    날다 (nalda, to fly) + ‎ (-li-) → ‎날리다 (nallida, to fly, to cause to fly)
    닫다 (datda, to run) + ‎ (-li-) → ‎달리다 (dallida, to run; to make someone run)
  2. A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, attaching to verb stems which end in (l), or the irregular (d) ~ (l) stems. No longer productive.
    Synonyms: (-i-), (-hi-), (-gi-)
    듣다 (deutda, to hear) + ‎ (-li-) → ‎들리다 (deullida, to be heard)
    풀다 (pulda, to solve) + ‎ (-li-) → ‎풀리다 (pullida, to become solved)
Usage notes

Although still very common in Korean, the causative/passive suffixes are no longer productive for forming new verbs. Verbs that do not already have a morphological causative or passive must employ auxiliaries:

The causative/passive suffixes (-i-), (-hi-), (-ri-), and (-gi-) all stem from the same etymon, and are fairly complementary in distribution. attaches to verb stems which end in (l), or the irregular (d) ~ (l) stems.

Etymology 2

Suffix

(-ri-)

  1. For the prospective/future suffix, see the entry at (-ri).

References

  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Genetic Origin, University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, page 6
  2. ^ 장윤희 [jang'yunhui] (2006) “고대국어의 파생접미사 연구 [godaegugeoui pasaengjeommisa yeon'gu, A study of Old Korean derivational suffixes]”, in Gugyeol yeon'gu, volume 47, pages 91—144