From Proto-Athabaskan *qa̓tʼ (“to spread out, fall scattered, collapse, slap, clap”).
Found in Navajo in a wide range of themes related to the moving or spreading of "flatness", including classificatory root for the moving / falling or propelling of objects of the PlO2 (profusion) or OC (open container) classes, the herding of sheep over a surface, or the slapping of hands.
-KAAD
1. PlO2 (as seeds) or OC (as a bucket and its content) falls, spills, scatters
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ | motion |
PlO2 / OC falls |
S tosses PlO2 / OC |
2. to herd sheep, to drive sheep
| Theme | Category | Bases | Unspecified (+ʼa) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O + ni + ł | motion |
S herds O (sheep)
|
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dzi/O + ∅ | successive |
Motion (with dzi-) : Successive (with O):
|
4. flatness moves (other minor themes)
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ni + ∅ | motion |
|
S topples O
|
||||
| ∅ | successive |
|
|||||
| ∅ |
S becomes chipped |
S chips O
|
|||||
| di + ∅ | adjectival | S is flat, thin
|
|||||
| ∅ | positional |
S keeps O in position |
|||||
| hi / di + yíní + ∅ |
positional |
| Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MOM | -kaad | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kaad |
| CONT | -kaad | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kaad |
| REP | -kaʼ | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kaʼ |
| REP | -kad | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kad |
| SEM / CONCL | -kad | -kad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kad |
| NEUT | -kad | -kaad | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
PlO2 verbs:
OC verbs:
FFO verbs:
to sway:
to collapse:
to hit, to beat: