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The ordinal numbers 2 to 19, except for 8, are formed with this suffix. The ordinals of 1, 8 and numbers greater than 19 are formed with -ste, except where hundred, thousand, etc., combine with a number between 2 and 19, for example honderd-en-tweede (“hundred and second”), honderd-en-vyfde (“hundred and fifth”), but honderd-en-agtste (“hundred and eighth”).
The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de, 9de).
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The ordinal numbers of all numbers from 1 to 19 are formed with this suffix, except eerste and achtste. Ordinals of higher numbers are formed with -ste.
The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de, 9de). The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2de, 9de), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.
From Middle High German -ede, from Old High German -ida, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Compare the equally rare doublet -te (from Low German). Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.
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| Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -de | -dék |
| accusative | -dét | -déket |
| dative | -dének | -déknek |
| instrumental | -dével | -dékkel |
| causal-final | -déért | -dékért |
| translative | -dévé | -dékké |
| terminative | -déig | -dékig |
| essive-formal | -deként | -dékként |
| essive-modal | -déül | -dékül |
| inessive | -dében | -dékben |
| superessive | -dén | -déken |
| adessive | -dénél | -déknél |
| illative | -débe | -dékbe |
| sublative | -dére | -dékre |
| allative | -déhez | -dékhez |
| elative | -déből | -dékből |
| delative | -déről | -dékről |
| ablative | -détől | -déktől |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
-déé | -déké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
-dééi | -dékéi |
| Possessive forms of -de | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | -dém | -déim |
| 2nd person sing. | -déd | -déid |
| 3rd person sing. | -déje | -déi |
| 1st person plural | -dénk | -déink |
| 2nd person plural | -détek | -déitek |
| 3rd person plural | -déjük | -déik |
From Middle Low German -ede, from Old Saxon -itha, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.
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The use of the suffix is widespread in Northern Germany, however, some Low German varieties show a partial or complete suppression of the suffix. Most words listed above can also be found without the suffix, though this varies depending on the person speaking and the word. For example, Süükde is more often found as Süük with no suffix, than the original form with suffix. Hööchde can be found as Hööchd and Leevde as Leevd, with loss of the final -e. Though this process exists, the forms in -de remain largely prominent, with the notable exception of the following words: Süükde → Süük, Stillde → Still, Mengde → Meng, Stärkde → both Stärkde and Stärkd. Some words show only a form in -t, which is basically derived from the -de suffix. Examples of such words are Grött (“size”) and Hitt (“heat”).
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Cognates include Minica Huitoto -de and Nüpode Huitoto -de.
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| Nonfuture indicative | Future indicative | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| affirmative | negative | affirmative | negative | ||||||
| m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | ||
| 1st sg | -dɨkue | -ñedɨkue | 1st sg | -itɨkue | -ñeitɨkue | ||||
| 2nd sg | -do | -ñedo | 2nd sg | -ito | -ñeito | ||||
| 3rd sg anim1) | -dɨmɨe | -dɨñaiño | -ñedɨmɨe | -ñedɨñaiño | 3rd sg anim1) | -itɨmɨe | -itɨñaiño | -ñeitɨmɨe | -ñeitɨñaiño |
| 1st du | -dɨkoko | -dɨkaɨñaɨ | -ñedɨkoko | -ñedɨkaɨñaɨ | 1st du | -itɨkoko | -itɨkaɨñaɨ | -ñeitɨkoko | -ñeitɨkaɨñaɨ |
| 2nd du | -domɨko | -domɨñoɨ | -ñedomɨko | -ñedomɨñoɨ | 2nd du | -itomɨko | -itomɨñoɨ | -ñeitomɨko | -ñeitomɨñoɨ |
| 3rd du anim1) | -daɨmaiaɨ | -daɨñuaɨ | -ñedaɨmaiaɨ | -ñedaɨñuaɨ | 3rd du anim1) | -itaɨmaiaɨ | -itaɨñuaɨ | -ñeitaɨmaiaɨ | -ñeitaɨñuaɨ |
| 1st pl | -dɨkaɨ | -ñedɨkaɨ | 1st pl | -itɨkaɨ | -ñeitɨkaɨ | ||||
| 2nd pl | -domoɨ | -ñedomoɨ | 2nd pl | -itomoɨ | -ñeitomoɨ | ||||
| 3rd pl anim1) | -dɨmakɨ | -ñedɨmakɨ | 3rd pl anim1) | -itɨmakɨ | -ñeitɨmakɨ | ||||
| 3rd neut | -de | -ñede | 3rd neut | -ite | -ñeite | ||||
| Imperative | Apprehensive | Future event | Passive | Negative passive | Overlap | ||||
| simple | immediate | prohibitive | nonfuture | future | nonfuture | future | |||
| -no! | -nokai! | -ñeno! | -iza! | -ye | -ga | -yɨ | -ñega | -ñeyɨ | -kana |
| Conditional | 1) The animate 3rd singular inflections are only used when the animacy of the subject needs to be emphasised. Otherwise, the neutral 3rd singular is used. *) Same-time forms may be formed from any indicative form by adding the ending -mo directly to the inflected form. **) The evidentiality markers -dɨ, -za and -ta may be added to any indicative form. | ||||||||
| real | hypothetical | immediate | |||||||
| -ia | -na | -kaina | |||||||
Inherited from Proto-Celtic *-adyos, cognate with Middle Breton -eid.
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Colloquially the suffix can be completely dropped and it is understood out of context that it is the past and not nominative sense that is used. In written form to clarify however, it might be good to mark this out with an apostrophe ('). Example of this:
From Ottoman Turkish ـدا (-de, “locative suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *-te (“locative suffix”), front vowel variant of *-ta. Cognate with Karakhanid ـدا (-dē, “locative suffix”), Old Turkic 𐱅𐰀 (t²a /-te/, “locative suffix”).
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This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.
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This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix. It causes lengthening of the preceding vowel of the word it attaches to.