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1993, “10-13. Kenosha”, in Wisconsin Annual Events, page 38:
YE OLDE ENGLISHE CHRISTMASSE FEASTE: Nine course authentic Renaissance festival banquet.
1996, Jon Orwant, Perl 5 Interactive Course, →ISBN, page 679:
Ye Olde Webbe page / Whither thou goest, there thou be.
1999 June 14, Tina Clarke, “Re: How to make LINKS open in new Browser Window?”, in microsoft.public.frontpage.client (Usenet), message-ID <[email protected]>:
Go on tell what prob your having at the mo with ye olde computere! You don't get this crusty without one...do u?
“Yes. It’s an English pub called Ye Olde Meate Markete.[…]”
Usage notes
Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends in e (e.g. smalle quainte towne for "small quaint town"). Commonly used with ye olde and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling (e.g. hogge for "hog", bidde for "bid", etc.).
As a rule of thumb, -e is used in nouns with final stress and -s otherwise. However, a certain number of inherited nouns deviate (in either direction) and newer loanwords often take -s even after final stress. Small irregular classes are plurals in -ere, -ers, and -ens.
A rather large number of plurals in -e show phonetic pecularities such as the following:
A short stem vowel may be lengthened: skip(“ship”) + -e → skepe.
Final -d- may be replaced with -i-: pad(“path”) + -e → paaie.
As a rule of thumb, -e is used in polysyllabic adjectives except those ending in -er (including comparatives) and in monosyllabic adjectives that end in -f, -d, -s, -g, while others remain unchanged. However, there are various exceptions to this distribution. Several adjectives also allow both forms, sometimes with a tendency towards semantic distinction. For example, one usually says ’n ryk man (“a rich man”, literally), but ’n ryke kultuur (“a rich culture”, figuratively).
All adjectives, including normally uninflected ones, do take -e when they are used independently, that is without the referent noun following: ’n arm land en ’n ryke(“a poor country and a rich one”). In such cases, the adjective also inflects for number: arm lande en rykes(“poor countries and rich ones”).
In the formation of the attributive form, irregularities similar to those described in etymology 1 above may occur, with the exception that vowel lengthening is not found in adjectives.
From Middle High German-en, from a merger of various Old High German suffixes. The use for the masculine nominative of the adjective (except in south-eastern dialects) goes back to generalisation of the accusative form. The use for the first-person singular goes back to generalisation of Old High German -ōm, -ēm in weak classes II and III, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European*-mi.
In Ripuarian and eastern Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is -e. It becomes -en before vowel-initial words, especially within the noun or verb phrase (thus similarly to French liaison). Optionally the same may also occur before h, d, t, z.
In western Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is -en, but the final -n is lost when followed by a consonant other than h, d, t, z – a process called Eifeler Regel and also active in Luxembourgish.
These two systems are ultimately very similar, the only major difference being the form the suffix takes in pausa, i.e. in isolation or before a speech pause. For simplicity, therefore, Wiktionary's coverage of Central Franconian uses the e-form as general lemma form for all dialects. The -n must then be added depending on the phonetic environment and the dialect in question.
Use in the feminine and plural of adjectives
The nominative/accusative of masculine adjectives always takes the suffix -e, whereas the neuter never does: ene jode Mann(“a good man”), e deck Stöck(“a thick piece”). In the feminine and plural, however, there is variation. The traditional rule in Kölsch is that adjectives take -e only after voiceless stems: en decke Zupp(“a thick soup”), but en jot Zupp(“a good soup”) because the stem in the latter case is jod-. Exceptionally, the suffix -ig becomes -ije.
Today this rule is no longer followed strictly and one may hear -e after all obstruents, be they voiceless or voiced (thus optionally en jode Zupp). We therefore give both forms, but order them according to the traditional rule. After vowels and sonorants, true native speakers still avoid the e-suffix in the feminine and plural reliably enough that we may disregard it.
On the other hand, more southern dialects tend to drop -e even after voiceless obstruents. When a lemma is restricted to such a dialect, it is of course possible to reverse the order or strike the e-form entirely.
Used to create the inflected form of an adjective, which is used after a definite determiner, or before masculine, feminine, and plural nouns in general.
The plural suffix -e derives from a merger of Old High German -a and -i. Neuters usually remained unchanged in the nominative and accusative plural. The spread of the suffix to the neuter occurred by analogy with the masculine, whose declension was otherwise identical. Moreover, there were neuters ending in -e already in the singular; this -e tended to be apocopated, leading to reinterpretation of the fuller form as the plural (e.g. Middle High German stücke > modern Stück, pl. Stücke). Another mainly neuter plural suffix is -er, which see.
Umlaut originally occurred only when the Old High German ending had been -i, but from the High Middle Ages up to the present there has been a steady trend towards analogical expansion of umlaut in masculines, to the degree that umlautable monosyllables with umlautless plural have become rare (e.g. Hunde, Tage). In feminines, umlaut was seldom expanded, but the umlautless forms have switched to the weak suffix -en; therefore the e-plural in feminines is now always accompanied by umlaut (excepted are the suffixes -nis and -sal, both of which vary between feminine and neuter gender). Neuters are not umlauted (the only exception being Floß).
Suffix
-e
used to form the plural of some nouns; in masculines and feminines, but not in neuters, usually triggering umlaut of the root vowel
(with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)
Anna háza(“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza(“the house of the rising sun”)Anna élete(“Anna’s life”), a város élete(“the life of the city”)a király palotája(“the king’s palace”)a ház kapuja(“the gate of the house”)Anna kertje(“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje(“the garden of the tulip”)
(with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s(third-person plural, single possession)
a szüleim háza(“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza(“ house of tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”)a szüleim élete(“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete(“ lives of books”, literally “the books’ life”)az uralkodók palotája(“the rulers’ palace”)a szüleim kertje(“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje(“The Garden of Forking Paths”)
(with instantaneous time expressions) … ago(referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)
Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje ment el. ― S/he left one century / two years / one hour / a long time ago.
Synonym:-val/-velezelőtt(e.g. egy évszázaddal, két évvel ezelőtt)
(with durative time expressions)for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)
Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.
Synonym:óta(less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)
jó (jav-)(“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan(“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)
legnagyobbik(“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika(“the biggest of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)
(personal suffix)
Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel verbs. Today it can be found in the third-person singular definite forms (indicative past and imperative conjugations) as part of the suffix -ja/-je, -ta/-te.
tud → tudja(“he/she should know it (subjunctive mood)”)
kér(“to request, ask for sth”) → kérte(“he/she requested it”)
kér → kérje(“he/she should request it (subjunctive mood)”)
Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel conjugated infinitives and in the declined and postposition forms of the third-person personal pronoun ő(“he/she/it”).
tanulni(“to study”) → tanulnia kell(“he/she must study”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to study”)
kérni(“to request, ask for”) → kérnie kell(“he/she must request ”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to request”)
-a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
-e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
-ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
-je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
(Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include -e at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of -e could be removed without changing the meaning.)
Usage notes
Always written with a hyphen. Used in tag (yes/no) questions, but not all such questions use -e: in most cases a question is indicated only by emphasis and question mark. Always attached to the main word (usually the verb) of the predicate of the phrase.
(personal suffix,archaic)Used to form the third-person singular indicative past indefinite, for front-vowel verbs. The back-vowel version is -a. The suffix currently used in this place is -t, -tt, -ett or -ött. For the full paradigm, see the usage template.
(whether, if):-e in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
(whether, if):-e in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.
Emphatic suffixes are added to nouns modified by a possessive determiner to emphasize the possessor; to verbs, predicate adjectives, and predicate nouns to emphasize the subject; and to inflected prepositions to emphasize the object.
Used to form the genitive singular of second-declension nouns
Used to form the feminine genitive singular of first-declension adjectives
Etymology 4
From a variety of Old Irish nominative and accusative plural endings including -i in masculine and feminine i-stems and in feminine ī-stems, -e in neuter i-stems, and -ea in some consonant stems; from various Proto-Celtic endings.
Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia., Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 195
Likely borrowed from the subjunctive singular Proto-West Germanic*-ē after high vowel apocope resulted in the loss of inherited Proto-West Germanic*-u in heavy stem verbs, and then analogically extended to light stem verbs.
This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant(s) when one of the following is true:
The consonant(s) are a single intervocalic coronal consonant or -nd-.
The consonant(s) are -mb-, -ng- or any lone intervocalic non-coronal consonant, in turn preceded by an unrounded vowel.
Other consonants and clusters are generally not palatalised by the suffix, unless the cluster previously had an /e/ or /i/ between the consonants in the cluster that was lost to syncope. However, sometimes palatalization spreads analogically.
This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for feminine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases which end in -ă, and some neuter nouns (with may or may not take plural -uri):
Inherited from Latin-et, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of second conjugation verbs, and Latin-it, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of third and fourth conjugation verbs.
Inherited from Latin-em, the first-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs, and Latin-et, the third-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.
Suffix
-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
forms the first- and third-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs
Etymology 3
Inherited from Latin-ē, Latin-e, and Latin-ī, the second-person singular present active imperative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.
Suffix
-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
forms the second-person singular imperative form of -er and -ir verbs
(without TAM infix, with -si-, or with -ka-)subjunctive marker
ili mwende nyumbani ― such that you would go home
18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi, translation from R. Allen (1946) “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, →DOI, pages 243–249, stanza 11:
Forms adverbs with a participle-like meaning from verbs; must be accompanied by the prefix t- and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument to which the participle refers (intransitive argument w-, transitive agent n-, or transitive patient ∅-).
Forms adverbs from verbs, expressing the purpose of the movement described by a main motion verb or copula to which the derived term becomes subordinate:in order to, for the purpose of, to, for
Usage notes
This suffix can trigger syllable reduction on the preceding syllable. The suffix takes the form -ke when the preceding syllable is reducible and has an onset of k, -ye when the preceding syllable ends in i, -e when it ends in u or ü or a reduced syllable, and -∅ (a null suffix) after other vowels (a, e, o, ö).
It is unclear if t- -e is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefix t- and adverbializing suffix -e.
The derivation expressing destination of motion also takes prefixes.
References
Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-e”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, pages 151–152, 154, 437