Related to më, mu, mua (“me”) and im (“my, mine”). -em is the Tosk and Standard Albanian variant of the Gheg personal suffix -na (“I, me”). The suffix -em (“I, me”) indicates the 1st person singular, mediopassive, present (same as Gheg -na). Used the same way as Greek verb suffix "-μαι/-mai" (also 1st pers., sg., mediopassive, indicative, present).
-em
| mediopassive personal suffixes (1st person singular) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | subjunctive | conditional | optative | admirative | |
| (dëftore) | (lidhore) | (kushtore) | (dëshirore) | (habitore) | |
| present | -em | (të) -em | (do të) -esha | (u) -sha / -fsha | (u) -am |
| continuous present | (po) -em | (po të) -em | (po do të) -esha | (po u) -am | |
| imperfect | -esha | (të) -esha | (u) -ësha | ||
| continuous imperfect | (po) -esha | (po të) -esha | (po u) -ësha | ||
| aorist | (u) -a / (u) -va | - | - | - | - |
| perfect | j-am (+ participle) | (të) j-em (+ participle) | qof-sha (+ participle) | qenk-am (+ participle) | |
| past perfect I | isha (+ participle) | (të) isha (+ participle) | (do të) isha (+ participle) | qenk-ësha (+ participle) | |
| past perfect II (aorist II) | q-eshë (+ participle) | ||||
| future I | k-am (për t'u + participle) | (do të) -em | |||
| future perfect | k-am (për të qenë + participle) | (do të) j-em (+ participle) | |||
-em
The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.
-em
| Small objects, concepts | Large objects, living things | Suffix | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First person | ai | nei | -ei |
| Second person | omw, om | noum | -om | |
| Third person | an | noun | -an | |
| Plural | First person | äm (exclusive) ach (inclusive) |
nöu̇m (exclusive) nöüch (inclusive) |
-em (exclusive) -ach (inclusive) |
| Second person | ämi, ami | noumi | -emi | |
| Third person | ar | nour | -er |
-em
From Middle High German -em, -eme, from Proto-West Germanic *-umē.
-em
Through reduction of the unstressed syllable.
-em
Backformation from Graphem, Morphem, Phonem.
-em f
-em
| Person | Back vowel |
Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| én | 1st person singular | -ok | -ek | -ök |
| -ik verbs (optional) | -om | -em | -öm | |
| te | 2nd person singular | -sz | ||
| after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -asz | -esz | ||
| after s, sz, z, dz | -ol | -el | -öl | |
| ő maga ön |
3rd person singular | – | ||
| -ik verbs | -ik | |||
| mi | 1st person plural | -unk | -ünk | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -tok | -tek | -tök |
| after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -otok | -etek | -ötök | |
| ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural | -nak | -nek | |
| after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anak | -enek | ||
| See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
| Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
| ő maga ön |
3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular |
-ja | -i | |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | |
| ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural |
-ják | -ik | |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
(possessive suffix):
| Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -em | — |
| accusative | -emet | — |
| dative | -emnek | — |
| instrumental | -emmel | — |
| causal-final | -emért | — |
| translative | -emmé | — |
| terminative | -emig | — |
| essive-formal | -emként | — |
| essive-modal | -emül | — |
| inessive | -emben | — |
| superessive | -emen | — |
| adessive | -emnél | — |
| illative | -embe | — |
| sublative | -emre | — |
| allative | -emhez | — |
| elative | -emből | — |
| delative | -emről | — |
| ablative | -emtől | — |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
-emé | — |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
-eméi | — |
-em
| Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -em | -emek |
| accusative | -emet | -emeket |
| dative | -emnek | -emeknek |
| instrumental | -emmel | -emekkel |
| causal-final | -emért | -emekért |
| translative | -emmé | -emekké |
| terminative | -emig | -emekig |
| essive-formal | -emként | -emekként |
| essive-modal | -emül | -emekül |
| inessive | -emben | -emekben |
| superessive | -emen | -emeken |
| adessive | -emnél | -emeknél |
| illative | -embe | -emekbe |
| sublative | -emre | -emekre |
| allative | -emhez | -emekhez |
| elative | -emből | -emekből |
| delative | -emről | -emekről |
| ablative | -emtől | -emektől |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
-emé | -emeké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
-eméi | -emekéi |
| Possessive forms of -em | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | -emem | -emeim |
| 2nd person sing. | -emed | -emeid |
| 3rd person sing. | -eme | -emei |
| 1st person plural | -emünk | -emeink |
| 2nd person plural | -emetek | -emeitek |
| 3rd person plural | -emük | -emeik |
See -ēs (suffix forming third-declension feminine abstract nouns).
-em f
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
-em
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
-em
From Proto-Celtic *-mū, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.
-em m
| Masculine n-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -em | -emainL | -emain |
| Vocative | -em | -emainL | -emnaH |
| Accusative | -emainN | -emainL | -emnaH |
| Genitive | -eman | -emanL | -emanN |
| Dative | -emainL, -emL | -emnaib | -emnaib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
| |||
From Proto-Celtic *-īmā, a verbal noun suffix for -ī- verbs in Celtic. Cognate with Welsh -i, from Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃.
-em f
| Feminine ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -emL | — | — |
| Vocative | -emL | — | — |
| Accusative | -imN | — | — |
| Genitive | -meH | — | — |
| Dative | -imL | — | — |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
| |||
-em
The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.
-em
-em
-em