Appendix:Ancient Greek grammar tables

The nouns βοῦς and γραῦς are unique.

The tables of the irregular nouns do not include the dual number.

All the third declension plural suffixes of the dative (-σι) can accept a ν at the end. For example, ὁ γίγας → τοῖς γίγασι and γίγασιν and ἡ γραῦς → ταῖς γραυσί and γραυσίν.

• Three suffixes in ῠς-, ειᾰ-, and -ῠ

• The adjectives whose suffix is -ώδης, -ώλης or -ήρης are declined like εὐώδης. The rest raise the accent in several forms. These adjectives are declined this way:

Attic

• The numerals from one to four are declined.

The conjugation within each cell is listed (top to bottom): 1st person singular, 2nd person singular, 3rd person singular, 1st person plural, 2nd person plural, 3rd person plural.

The tables do not include the dual number. To make the dual the following rules can be used:

• 2nd person dual ("you both"): Replace the final -ε of the 2nd pl. with -ον:

λέγετον "you two are saying", εἴπετόν μοι "tell me, both of you".

• 3rd person dual ("they both"): Replace the final -ε of the 2nd pl. with -ον (present, future, and perfect indicative and all subjunctives) or -ην (imperfect, aorist, pluperfect indicative and all optatives):

λέγετον "they both say", ἐλεγέτην "they were both saying".

There is no 1st person dual form in common use.^[1]

In the classical period, the present tense indicative of εἶμι is usually used with future meaning.

• Only the first person singular is shown.

• The verb λῡ́ω (stem: λῡ-) (= I set loose, release, untangle, take apart) is generally used as a model Greek verb: it is conjugated using the thematic vowel -o-, and has a short and straightforward stem that does not interact with the endings. The only irregularity is that the stem has a long vowel (λῡ- )in the present, future and aorist active and middle (λῡ́ω, λῡ́σω, ἔλῡσα) but a short vowel (λῠ-) in the other tenses (λέλυκα, ἐλελύκη, ἐλύθην, λυθήσομαι, λέλυμαι).

• Perfect and pluperfect indicative of middle and passive voice of verbs whose stem ends with consonant.

• Verb: βάλλω

• Verb: γράφομαι

Rules

• α + ε or η → ᾱ
• α + ει or ῃ → ᾳ
• α + ο or ω or ου → ω
• α + οι → ῳ

Verb τῑμάω → τῑμῶ (st. τῑμα-)

Note that the optative singular of contracted verbs usually has -οιην, -οιης, -οιη rather than the expected -οιμι, -οις, -οι of regular verbs.

Rules

• ε + ε → ει
• ε + ο → ου
• ε + diphthong or long vowel → the diphthong or the long vowel.

Verb ποιέω → ποιῶ (st. ποιε-)

Rules

• ο + ε or ο or ου → ου
• ο + η or ω → ω
• ο + ει or ῃ or οι → οι

Verb δηλόω → δηλῶ (st. δηλο-)

The other tenses are formed without contraction. The vowel of the stem is lengthened and the suffix is added normally. e.g.:

• τῑμάω → τῑμῶ: future: τῑμήσω, aorist: ἐτῑ́μησα, perfect: τετῑ́μηκα, past perf.: ἐτετῑμήκειν
• ποιέω → ποιῶ: future: ποιήσω, aorist: ἐποίησα, perfect: πεποίηκα, past perf.: ἐπεποιήκειν
• δηλόω → δηλῶ: future: δηλώσω, aorist: ἐδήλωσα, perfect: δεδήλωκα, past perf.: ἐδεδηλώκειν

• Verb δείκνῡμι "to show" (stem δεικ-)