Appendix:Capital letter

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[capital letter]

1. Single capital letter (either by itself, or as a combination of capital letters that can be used by themselves):
   1. In lists, followed by a period, right parenthesis, dash, etc.

      A. Go to the store. B. Get some food. C. Return home. D. Eat.

      A) Go to the store. B) Get some food. C) Return home. D) Eat.

      A – Go to the store. B – Get some food. C – Return home. D – Eat.

   2. In numeral systems with a base greater than ten, alphabetic letters are used as additional digits.

      Hexadecimal: A = 10, B = 11, AA = 170, etc.

   3. Some symbols are composed of a single capital letter.
      1. Symbols of some units of measurement.

         C = coulomb, B = byte

      2. The prefix symbols for multiples of SI units 10⁶ (mega) and above.

         M = mega, G = giga, P = peta, etc.

   4. (biology) In blood types (A, B, AB, O).
   5. Often used in Roman numerals; other times they are written in lowercase letters.

      I = 1, II = 2, ..., V = 5

   6. (card games) Used in abbreviations of names of playing cards.

      A = ace, K = king, Q = queen, J = jack, T = ten

   7. (chess) Used in abbreviations of names of chess pieces.

      K = king, Q = queen, etc.

      K = König, D = Dame, etc. ― K = king, Q = queen, etc.

2. First-letter capitalization:
   1. In proper nouns, including:
      1. In names, surnames and nicknames.
      2. In names of places: countries, cities, etc.
      3. In names of landforms and parts of the ecosystem: mountains (Mount Fuji), forests (Amazon Forest), etc.
      4. In names of planets, stars, constellations, etc.
      5. In names of brands, companies and products.
      6. In names of organizations, musical bands and political parties.
      7. In titles of texts, books, movies, musics, etc.
      8. In titles of software, including video games.
   2. In the names of some trademarked products and some genericized trademarks.

      a Kleenex, a Mercedes, a Nintendo

   3. In addition to proper nouns, in some languages also in common nouns.

      German Bier, Luxembourgish Béier, Low German Beer, Bier, Beier, Saterland Frisian Bjoor (“beer”)

   4. At the beginning of a sentence.

      The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

   5. At the beginning of quoted speech.

      We all said “No, don’t do that.”

   6. In names, pronouns and (sometimes) adjectives that refer to God.

      I love the Lord for He is Great and Holy.

   7. (archaic) In words that are deemed to be important, especially in religious contexts or for abstract concepts.

      The greatest Vice is Pride, for it is thence that all Sin springs forth.

      The Parsonage was situated in the countryside, half a league from the Town.

   8. In taxonomic names.

      Homo sapiens

   9. In some symbols, abbreviations and acronyms.
      1. Acronyms include: Nato, Wysiwyg.
      2. (biology) Symbols and abbreviations of nucleobases consist of one or more letters from the Latin alphabet with the first letter capitalised.

         A = adenine, G = guanine; or Ade = adenine, Gua = guanine

      3. (chemistry) Symbols of chemical elements normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet with the first letter capitalised.

         O = oxygen, H = hydrogen; He = helium, Na = sodium, etc.

   10. (law) To denote that a term is a defined term.

       In this contract, Service Media means all such pipes, cables and other media laid by the Company for the purpose of […]

3. All-caps:
   1. As a style choice.

      “POLICE” was written outside the police station.

   2. Sometimes used in headings, titles, and the first few letters or words of a block of text to set them off from the text body.
   3. Used in many abbreviations and initialisms. (USA, etc.)
   4. Indicates that a person is shouting.

      I HAVE SOMETHING TO SAY!!!

   5. Used for emphasis.

      I need that report RIGHT NOW!

   6. Used in video subtitles, usually between square brackets or parentheses, to indicate comments or to provide explanations of sounds for deaf people.

      I have a question: would it be an exception if [INAUDIBLE]?

      [CAR WHIRRING] The car won't start!

   7. Used in Bibles to indicate translations of the Tetragrammaton

      Und der HERR sprach zu Mose

      And the LORD said unto Moses

   8. Used to indicate which part of the name is the family name, particularly in international organizations.

      Donald TRUMP met XI Jinping

4. Camel case:
   1. In some brand names:

      iPhone; BlackBerry; PowerPoint presentation

   2. (programming) Optionally to indicate word breaks in the variables in some programming languages, often starting with a lowercase letter.

      Use the variables “startDate” and “endDate”.

   3. (chemistry) In chemical formulae, the elements put together often form a camel case result, such as NaCl.

      NaCl = sodium chloride

   4. In some abbreviations for units of measurement, formed with lowercase prefix + uppercase unit:

      kA = kiloampere

   5. In pH and pOH.
5. Alternating caps:
   1. Indicates a mocking tone.

Here are the capital letters in the Latin script:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Capitalization

Wikipedia

[capital letter]

1. First-letter capitalization:
   1. Used in the word "I" and contractions: I'll, I'm, etc.
   2. Used in a number of honorifics: Mr., Dr., Mrs., etc.
   3. Used in adjectives derived from proper nouns: Canadian, Dickensian, etc.
   4. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to large established groupings of people:
      1. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to nations and countries and their citizens:

         Romani, Desi, Spaniard, Turk

      2. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to states, regions, and cities and their inhabitants:

         Sooner, Geordie, Cockney

      3. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to languages and their speakers:

         Mandarin, Anglophone, Esperanto

      4. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to political parties and their members (especially when distinguished from people who hold similarly named views but aren’t affiliated with a party):

         Tory, Green, Liberal

         (compare small-l liberal)

      5. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to other organizations and their members:

         Mason, Wobbly, Googler

      6. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to religions and their adherents:

         Mormon, Catholic, Moonie

   5. Used in days of the week and months.

      Monday, December

   6. Used in words derived from nouns and adjectives that start with a capital letter.

      Americanize, Britishly

   7. Used in the first word and all other words except articles and most conjunctions in titles:

      The Lord of the Rings; A View to a Kill; Pride and Prejudice

   8. Used in ornithology in the names of birds – outside ornithology, these are usually lower case except for when the species name includes a word always written with a capital letter:

      Great Tit (normally great tit); European Goldfinch (normally European goldfinch)

   9. (informal) Used to emphasize a word as being more meaningful or specific than its typical generic usage.
      • 2017, Emmy J. Favilla, A World Without "Whom": The Essential Guide to Language in the BuzzFeed Age, London : Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 120:

        Her body, skin, face, and hair all look effortless and natural—the Cool Girl doesn’t even know what an elliptical machine would look like—and wears a uniform of jeans and tank tops, because trying hard isn’t Cool. […] The capitalization of the term serves to pseudo-brand Cool Girl as something precise outside of the generic, a thing for which no other term currently exists.

   10. (archaic) Used in all or some nouns.
       • 1670, John Milton, “The Book”, in The History of Britain, that Part Especially now Call’d England. , London: J M for James Allestry, , →OCLC, page 24:

         However Belinus after a while returning home, the reſt of his daies rul’d in Peace, Wealth, and Honour above all his Predeceſſors; building ſom Cities, of which one was Caeroſe upon Oſca, ſince Caerlegion; beautifying others, as Trinovant with a Gate, a Hav’n, and a Towr, on the Thames, retaining yet his name; on the top wherof his Ashes are ſaid to have bin laid up in a Golden Urne.

       • 1689 (indicated as 1690), [John Locke], An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. , London: Eliz Holt, for Thomas Basset, , →OCLC, book II, page 99:

         This, I think, to be the reaſon why ſome Americans I have ſpoken with, (who were otherwiſe of quick and rational Parts enough,) could not, as we do, by any means count to 1000 nor had any diſtinct Idea of that Number, though they could reckon very well to 20.

       • 1704, I N, “ ”, in Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. , London: Sam Smith, and Benj Walford, printers to the Royal Society, , →OCLC, page 1:

         MY Deſign in this Book is not to explain the Properties of Light by Hypotheſes, but to propoſe and prove them by Reaſon and Experiments: In order to which, I ſhall premiſe the following Definitions and Axioms.

       • 1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, , London: W Taylor , →OCLC, page 16:

         We parted ſoon after; for I made him little Anſwer, and I ſaw him no more; which way he went, I know not.

       • 1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “The Author Gives Some Account of Himself and Family, His First Inducements to Travel. ”, in Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. , volume I, London: Benj Motte, , →OCLC, part I (A Voyage to Lilliput), page 4:

         The laſt of theſe Voyages not proving very fortunate, I grew weary of the Sea, and intended to ſtay at home with my Wife and Family.

2. All-caps:
   1. Used to indicate a stressed syllable in certain pronunciation respelling systems.

      penicillin [pen-i-SILL-in]

[capital letter]

1. first-letter capitalization:
   1. (obsolete) used in days of the week and months
   2. used in some adjectives and nouns pertaining to nations and countries and their citizens

      Nederlander, Nederlands, Europeaan, Eskimo, maar indiaan ― Dutch, Dutch, European, Eskimo, but American Indian

   3. used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to cities and their inhabitants

      Amsterdammer, Amsterdams ― Amsterdamer, (of, from or relating to Amsterdam)

[capital letter]

1. First-letter capitalization:
   1. In titles, "important words":
      1. The first word is always capitalized.

         À la recherche du temps perdu

         In Search of Lost Time

      2. Nouns which stand alone without articles or determiners.

         Orgueil et Préjugés

         Pride and Prejudice

      3. The first noun, when this is at the very beginning of the title and is preceded by a definite article.

         Le Seigneur des anneaux; L’Internationale

         The Lord of the Rings; The International

      4. Other nouns with definite articles linked to the initial noun by et

         Le Lion, la Sorcière blanche et l’Armoire magique; La Belle et la Bête

         The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe; Beauty and the Beast

      5. Prenominal adjectives attached to capitalized nouns.

         Le Petit Prince; Les Deux Tours

         The Little Prince; The Two Towers

      6. Proper nouns and other nouns that are always capitalized in French.

         Voyage au centre de la Terre

         Journey to the Centre of the Earth

• According to the Académie Française, in standard usage, accents are not optional on capital letters (e.g. état vs. État; André vs. ANDRÉ)^[1]; however, they are often omitted, a practice carried over from the typewriter era. Cedillas are generally retained (e.g. FAÇADE rather than FACADE).

[capital letter]

1. First-letter capitalization:
   1. In addition to proper nouns, common nouns, too, have the first letter capitalized.
   2. In fixed expressions adjectives have the first letter capitalized.

      Blauer Planet, Schwarzes Brett, Weißes Haus

      Blue Planet (Earth), bulletin board, White House

   3. Nominalized adjectives are usually capitalized.

      (et)was Gutes, die Schöne

      something good, the beautiful

   4. The pronouns Du (Deiner, Dir, Dich) and Dein can have the first letter capitalized when addressing someone in writing; this practice was deprecated in the 1996 spelling reform, but later partly undone, namely in case of letters.
   5. Capitalization distinguishes the polite second person form Sie, Ihnen, Ihr etc. from the third person plural sie, ihnen, ihr.
   6. Pronouns used in a majestic plural ("royal we": Wir) have the first letter capitalized.
   7. In modern spellings as prescribed by Duden, third person singular pronouns are capitalized in direct addresses and imperatives.
   8. (archaic) adjectives denoting a country or people once sometimes had the first letter capitalized.
2. First- and second-letter capitalization:
   1. (archaic) In names and nouns referring to God.

      JEsus, GOtt

      Jesus, God

[capital letter]

1. Sometimes used when transcribing katakana.

   チーズを食べる

   CHĪZU o taberu (eat cheese)

2. Sometimes used when transcribing on'yomi readings of a kanji, as opposed to kun'yomi readings written in lowercase.

   人

   (readings: JIN, NIN, hito)

3. Sometimes used in romanizations of Japanese names to indicate which part is the family name.

   山田太郎

   YAMADA Taro

[capital letter]

1. (Ancient Latin) Only capital letters are used.
2. (New Latin) In addition to proper nouns, sometimes common nouns, too, have the first letter capitalized.

[capital letter]

1. Used to mark stress.

[capital letter]

1. In addition to proper nouns, common nouns, too, have the first letter capitalized.

[capital letter]

1. first-letter capitalization:
   1. in titles, the first word is always capitalized

• Ortografía de la lengua español, chapter IV ("El use de las letras mayúsculas y minúsculas") from the Real Academia Española with the Association of Spanish Language Academies, first edition, 2010, →ISBN, pages 442–519

[capital letter]

1. First-letter capitalization:
   1. Used in proper nouns used as adjectives: Việt Nam, châu Á, etc.
   2. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to large established groupings of people:
      1. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to nations and countries and their citizens:

         người Việt Nam, người Hoa Kỳ

         Vietnamese, American

      2. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to states, regions and cities and their inhabitants:

         người Quảng, người Bắc

         Cantonese, Northerner

      3. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to ethnic groups:

         người Việt, người Thái

         Vietnamese, Thai

      4. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to languages and their speakers:

         tiếng Việt, tiếng Anh, Quốc tế ngữ

         Vietnamese, English, Esperanto

      5. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to political parties and their members (especially when distinguished from people who hold similar views but aren't affiliated with a party):

         Cộng sản, Cộng hòa, Dân chủ

         Communist, Republican, Democratic

      6. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to religions and their adherents:

         Phật giáo, Công giáo, Tin Lành

         Buddhist, Catholic, Protestant

   3. Used in days of the week (Chủ nhật, thứ Hai) and months (tháng Mười).
   4. Used in the Can Chi (干支) (sexagenary cycle) days and years of the lunisolar calendar.

      Giáp Tý (甲子), Ất Sửu (乙丑), Bính Dần (丙寅)

      Yang Wood Rat, Yin Wood Ox, Yang Fire Tiger

   5. Used in words derived from nouns and adjectives that start with a capital letter.

      Việt hóa, Việt Cộng

      Vietnamization, Vietcong

   6. Used in the first word of a sentence or of quoted speech.

      Anh hỏi, "Tại sao em vẫn còn ở đây?"

      He asked, "Why are you still here?"

   7. Used in the first word and the first syllable of all other nouns in names of organizations:

      Trường Trung học phổ thông chuyên Khoa học Tự nhiên

      High School for Gifted Students of the Natural Sciences

   8. Used in the first word and the first syllable of all other words except classifiers and most conjunctions in titles:

      Từ điển Bách khoa Quân sự Việt Nam

      Vietnam Military Encyclopedia

   9. (dated) Used in the first word and all other words except classifiers and most conjunctions in titles.
   10. (obsolete) Used in all words in titles.
   11. (biology) Used in the names of taxonomic ranks above species:

       chi Hươu cao cổ

       Giraffa

• Quy định tạm thời về viết hoa tên riêng trong sách giáo khoa ‎ (in Vietnamese), Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training, 2003 March 13