Appendix:Geologic timescale

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The eons, eras, periods and epochs of geologic time - most recent first - numbers are millions of years ago and mark the end of the timeframe

Phanerozoic eon

Cenozoic era

66-present

Quaternary period

  • 2.58-present
Holocene epoch
Pleistocene epoch
  • 2.58-0.0117 - rise and fall of the large mammals, evolution of man
Upper Pleistocene age
  • 0.126-0.0117
Middle Pleistocene age
  • 0.781-0.126
Calabrian age
  • 1.80-0.781
Gelasian age
  • 2.58-1.80

Neogene period

  • 23.03-2.58
Pliocene epoch
  • 5.333-2.58 - ice age, modern mammals and molluscs appear
Piacenzian age
  • 3.600-2.58
Zanclean age
  • 5.333-3.600
Miocene epoch
Messinian age
  • 7.246-5.333
Tortonian age
  • 11.62-7.246
Serravallian age
  • 13.82-11.62
Langhian age
  • 15.97-13.82
Burdigalian age
  • 20.44-15.97
Aquitanian age
  • 23.03-20.44

Paleogene period

  • 66.0 - 23.03 - Mild change in climate, spread of mammals and birds.
Oligocene epoch
  • 23 - warm climate, rapid evolution,
Eocene epoch
  • 34 - archaic mammals, start of current ice age
Paleocene epoch
  • 56 - tropical climate, first large mammals

Mesozoic era

  • Reign of reptiles (Dinosaurs)

Cretaceous period

Upper epoch
  • 66 - Last dinosaurs
Lower epoch
  • 100 - break up of Gondwanaland, flowering plants and Bees

Jurassic period

  • 201.3-145.0 - Peak of reptiles, first birds and true mammals
Upper epoch
  • 145 - Peak of sauropods
Middle epoch
  • 161 - lizards, mammals
Lower epoch
  • 175 - ammonites

Triassic period

Upper epoch
  • 200 -- archosaurs
Middle epoch
  • 230 - amphibians, First dinosaurs
Lower epoch
  • 245 - first small mammals

Paleozoic era

Permian period

Lopingian epoch
  • 251 - supercontinent of Pangea
Guadalupian epoch
Cisuralian epoch

Carboniferous period

Upper Pennsylvanian epoch
  • 299 - winged insects
Middle Pennsylvanian epoch
  • 306 - reptiles, coal forests
Lower Pennsylvanian epoch
  • 312 - high oxygen content atmosphere
Upper Mississippian epoch
  • 318 - primitive trees
Middle Mississippian epoch
  • 326 - primitive sharks
Lower Mississippian epoch
  • 345 - glaciation

Devonian period

Upper epoch
  • 359 - clubmosses
Middle epoch
  • 385 - crinoids
Lower epoch
  • 398 - jawed fish

Silurian period

Pridoli epoch
  • 416 - first vascular land plants
Ludlow epoch
  • 419 - millipedes
Wenlock epoch
  • 423 - corals
Llandovery epoch
  • 428 - trilobites

Ordovician period

Upper epoch
  • 443 - invertebrates dominant
Middle epoch
  • 461 - starfish
Lower epoch
  • 471 - first land plants

Cambrian period

  • 541.0±1.0-485.4±1.0
Furongian epoch
  • 497-485.4±1.0
Stage 10
  • 489.5-485.4±1.0 - Cambrian explosion of life
Jiangshanian
  • 494-489.5
Paibian
  • 497-494 - Trilobites
Series 3
  • 509-497
Guzhangian
  • 500.5-497
Drumian
  • 504.5-500.5
Stage 5
  • 509-504.5
Series 2
  • 521-509
Stage 4
  • 514-509 - sponges
Stage 3
  • 521-514
Terreneuvian
  • 541.0±1.0-521
Stage 2
  • 529-521
Fortunian
  • 541.0±1.0-529

Proterozoic eon

2,500-541.0±1.0

Neoproterozoic era

1,000-541.0±1.0

Ediacaran period

  • 635-541.0±1.0 - first multi-celled animals

Cryogenian period

  • 850-635 - snowball earth

Tonian period

  • 1,000-850 - acritarch radiation

Mesoproterozoic era

1,600-1,000

Stennian period

Ectasian period

  • 1,400-1,200

Calymmian period

  • 1,600-1,400

Paleoproterozoic era

2,500-1,600

Statherian period

  • 1,800-1,600 - first complex single-celled life

Orosirian period

  • 2,050-1,800 - transition to oxygen atmosphere

Rhyacian period

  • 2,300-2,050

Siderian period

  • 2,500-2,300

Archaean eon

4,000-2,500

Neoarchean era

2,800-2,500 - stabilization of most modern cratons

Mesoarchean era

3,200-2,800 - first stromatolites

Paleoarchean era

3,600-3,200 - first known aerobic bacteria

Eoarchean era

4,000-3,600 - first single-celled organisms

Hadean eon

Before 4,000

  • ~4,000 - oldest known rock
  • 4,400 - oldest known mineral
  • 4,570 - Earth formed
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