We treat alternations between voiced and unvoiced s as no change. We treat alternations between fricative v and semivowel w as approximately no change.
| Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aal | eel | eel | ǣl | áll | *ēlaz |
| Acker | acre | field, acre |
æcer | akr | *akraz |
| Ahle (tool) | awl | awl | ǣl | *ēlō | |
| Ähre | ear (bot.) | ear (bot.) | ēar | *ahaz | |
| all- (det.); all- (prefix) |
all | all | eall | allr | *allaz |
| allein | alone | alone | eall ān | ||
| an | on | at, to, on |
an, on |
*ana | |
| Angel | angle | fishing rod | angel, angul |
ǫngull | *angulō |
| angeln; angelte; (ge)angelt |
angle; angled; angled |
to fish (with a fishing rod) | angel, angul |
ǫngull | *angulō |
| Arm | arm | arm | earm | armr | *armaz |
| Asche | ash (solid remains of a fire) | ash (solid remains of a fire) | æsce | aska | *askǭ |
| backen; backte/buk; (ge)backt/(ge)backen |
bake; baked; baked |
to bake | bacan | baka | *bakaną |
| Bäcker | baker | baker | bæcere | bakari | *bakārijaz |
| Bahn [1] | bane | path, trail, train |
bana, bona |
bani | *banô |
| Bahre | bier | bier, stretcher |
bēr | bára | *bērō |
| bald | bold | soon | bald, beald |
Baldr | *balþaz |
| Band | band | band, ribbon, tape |
bend | *bandiz | |
| bar | bare | bare | bær | berr | *bazaz |
| Bär | bear | bear | bera | bera | *berô |
| (offen)baren | bare, bared, bared |
to reveal, to disclose |
barian | bera | *bazōną |
| (Sau)bär (rare; hunting jargon) |
boar | boar | bār | *bairaz | |
| Bauer | bower | peasant, builder; birdcage |
būr | búr | *būraz |
| Baum | beam | tree | bēam | *baumaz | |
| Beere | berry | berry | berige | *bazją | |
| beginnen; begann; begonnen |
begin; began; begun |
to begin | beginnan | *biginnaną | |
| bei | by | by | bī | *bi | |
| Bein | bone | leg | bān | beinn | *bainaz |
| bekommen; bekam; bekommen |
become; became; become |
to get, to receive |
becuman | *bikwemaną | |
| bellen; bellte; (ge)bellt |
bell; belled; belled |
to bark | bellan | *bellaną | |
| bersten; barst; (ge)borsten |
burst; burst/brast; burst/bursten |
to burst | berstan | bresta | *brestaną |
| (am) best(en) (adj.); best- (prefix) |
best | best | betest, betst, best |
*batistaz | |
| Beule | boil (skin infection) | boil, hump |
bȳl | bóla | *būlō |
| Bier | beer | beer | bēor | bjórr | *beuzą |
| binden; band; (ge)bunden |
bind; bound; bound |
to bind | bindan | binda | *bindaną |
| bitter | bitter | bitter | biter, bitter |
bitr | *bitraz |
| blind | blind | blind | blind | blindr | *blindaz |
| Blume | bloom | flower | blōma | blómi, blóm |
*blōmô |
| Bock | buck | buck | bucc, bucca |
bukkr, bokki |
*bukkaz, *bukkô |
| Bohne | bean | bean | bēan | baun | *baunō |
| bohren; bohrte; (ge)bohrt |
bore; bored; bored |
to bore, to drill |
borian | bora | *burōną |
| Brand | brand | fire, blaze |
brand, brond |
brandr | *brandaz |
| braun | brown | brown | brūn | brúnn | *brūnaz |
| Brust | breast | breast | brēost | brjóst | *breustą |
| Büchse | box | can (tin), box (for savings) |
box | Proto-West Germanic *buhs | |
| Bulle | bull | bull | bula | boli | *bulô |
| Busch | bush | bush | busc | *buskaz | |
| deft(ig) | deft | hefty, coarse | dæfte | Proto-West Germanic *daftī | |
| Delle | dell | dent | dell | *daljō | |
| Drift | drift | drift | *drift | dript | *driftiz |
| Düne | down | dune | dūn | dúnn | *dūnaz, *dūnǭ |
| eher | ere | earlier | ǣr | ár | *airiz |
| Eis | ice | ice | īs | íss | *īsą |
| Ende | end | end | ende | endi | *andijaz |
| enden; endete; (ge)endet |
end; ended; ended |
to end | endian | enda | *andijōną |
| Ernst | earnest | seriousness, zeal |
eornost | *ernustuz | |
| erst | erst | first | ǣrest | Proto-West Germanic *airist(ō) | |
| Esche | ash (tree) | ash (tree) | æsċ | *askaz | |
| euer | your | your (plural) | ēower | *izweraz | |
| fahren; fuhr; (ge)fahren |
fare; fore/fared; faren/fared |
to drive | faran | fara | *faraną |
| Fähre | ferry | ferry | |||
| fallen; fiel; (ge)fallen |
fall; fell; fallen |
to fall | feallan | falla | *fallaną |
| fällen; fällte; (ge)fällt |
fell; felled; felled |
to fell | fellan | fella | *fallijaną |
| faul | foul | rotten, lazy |
fūl | fúll | *fūlaz |
| Faust | fist | fist | fȳst | ||
| Feind | fiend | enemy | fēond | fjándi | *fijandz |
| Feld | field | field | feld | *felþą | |
| Fell | fell | fur, pelt, hide |
fell | fjall, fell |
*fellą |
| fest | fast | firm | fæst | fastr | *fastuz |
| Fett | fat | fat | fǣtt | Proto-West Germanic *faitid | |
| finden; fand; (ge)funden |
find; found; found |
to find | findan | *finþaną | |
| Finger | finger | finger | finger | fingr | *fingraz |
| Finne |
fin | dorsal fin | finn | *finnō | |
| Fisch | fish | fish | fisċ | fiskr | *fiskaz |
| fischen; fischte; (ge)fischt |
fish; fished; fished |
to fish | fiscian | *fiskōną | |
| Fischer | fisher | fisher | fisċere | *fiskārijaz | |
| Fleck | fleck | stain, spot; corner |
flekka | *flekka- | |
| Fleisch | flesh | meat | flǣsc | Proto-West Germanic *flaiski | |
| fliehen; floh; (ge)flohen |
flee; fled; fled |
to flee | flēon | flýja | *fleuhaną |
| Flocke | flake | flake | flak | ||
| Floh | flea | flea | flēah, flēa |
fló | *flauhaz |
| Freund | friend | friend | frēond | frændi | *frijōndz |
| frisch | fresh | fresh | fersċ | *friskaz | |
| Frost | frost | frost | frost | frost | *frustaz |
| Fuchs | fox | fox | fox | *fuhsaz | |
| für | for | for | for | *furi | |
| Fürst | first | chief, prince |
fyrst | *furistaz | |
| Galle | gall | gall, bile |
galla | *gallô | |
| Gast | guest | guest | gestr | *gastiz | |
| Gaume(n) | gum | palate | gōma | *gōmô | |
| Geige | gig | violin | gígja | ||
| Geist | ghost | ghost, mind, spirit |
gāst, gǣst |
*gaistaz | |
| Gift | gift | poison | ġift | gipt | *giftiz |
| Glas | glass | glass, jar |
glæs | *glasą | |
| glimmern; glimmerte; (ge)glimmert |
glimmer; glimmered; glimmered |
to glimmer | |||
| Gold | gold | gold | gold | *gulþą | |
| Gras | grass | grass | græs, gærs |
gras | *grasą |
| grau | gray/grey | gray/grey | grǣġ | grár | *grēwaz |
| grün | green | green | grēne | grœnn, grǿnn |
*grōniz |
| Grund | ground | ground, reason |
grund | *grunduz | |
| Haar | hair | hair | hǣr | hár | *hērą |
| hacken; hackte; (ge)hackt |
hack; hacked; hacked |
to chop, to hack, to hoe |
*hakkōną | ||
| Halle | hall | hall | heall | hǫll | *hallō |
| Hammer | hammer | hammer | hamor, hamer, homer |
hamarr | *hamaraz |
| Hand | hand | hand | hand | hǫnd | *handuz |
| hängen; hing; (ge)hangen |
hang; hung; hung |
to hang (intrans.) | hōn | hanga | *hanhaną |
| Haus | house | house | hūs | hús | *hūsą |
| Heft | haft | booklet, notebook, haft |
hæft | *haftiją | |
| hehr | hoar | noble, sublime |
hār | *hairaz | |
| Heil (nom.) | hail | salvation | hāl | heill | *hailaz |
| heil (adj.) | hale; whole |
intact, safe, whole |
hāl | heill | *hailaz |
| heilen; heilte; (ge)heilt |
heal; healed; healed |
to heal | hǣlan | heila | *hailijaną |
| Heim | home | home | hām | heimr | *haimaz |
| hemmen; hemmte; (ge)hemmt |
hem; hemmed; hemmed |
to check, to hamper |
hemja | *hamjaną | |
| Henne | hen | hen | henn | *hanjō | |
| Herde | herd | herd | heord | *herdō | |
| Herr | hoar | gentleman | hār | *hairaz | |
| Hering | herring | herring | hǣring | Proto-West Germanic *hāring | |
| Heu | hay | hay | hīġ | hey | *hawją |
| hindern; hinderte; (ge)hindert |
hinder; hindered; hindered |
to hinder | hinder | *hinder | |
| hohl | hollow | hollow | hol | holr | *hulaz |
| Höhle | hole | cave | hol | holr | *hulaz |
| Hölle | hell | hell | hell | hel | *haljō |
| Holm | holm | small island | holm | *hulmaz | |
| hören; hörte; (ge)hört |
hear; heard; heard |
to hear | hȳran, hēran, hīeran |
heyra | *hauzijaną |
| Hose | hose | pants | hose, hosa |
hosa | *husǭ |
| Huf | hoof; hooves/hoofs |
hoof | hōf | hófr | *hōfaz |
| Hund | hound | dog | hund | hundr | *hundaz |
| Hure | whore | whore | hōre | hóra | *hōrǭ |
| in | in | in | in | *in | |
| Jahr | year | year | ġēar | *jērą | |
| jung | young | young | ġeong | *jungaz | |
| Kanne | can | can, tankard, mug |
canne | kanna | *kannǭ |
| klein | clean | little | clǣne | klénn | *klainiz |
| Kluft | cleft | cleft | kluft | *kluftiz | |
| Knie | knee | knee | cnēo | kné | *knewą |
| Kohle | coal | coal | col | kol | *kulą |
| kommen; kam; (ge)kommen |
come; came; come |
to come | cuman | koma | *kwemaną |
| Korn | corn | grain | corn | korn | *kurną |
| Kraft | craft | force, power |
cræft | kraptr | *kraftuz |
| Kran | crane | crane | cran | *kranô | |
| krank | crank(y) | sick | cranc | *krankaz | |
| kühl | cool | cool | cōl | *kōlaz, *kōluz | |
| küssen; küsste; (ge)küsst |
kiss; kissed; kissed |
to kiss | cyssan | kyssa | *kussijaną |
| lahm | lame | lame | lama | lami | *lamaz |
| Land | land | land | land, lond |
land | *landą |
| lang | long | long | lang, long |
langr | *langaz |
| Lasche | lash | tongue (flap or protrusion) | |||
| Laus ; Läuse |
louse; lice |
louse, lice | lūs | lús | *lūs |
| lecken; leckte; (ge)leckt |
leak; leaked; leaked |
to leak | leka | *lekaną | |
| lecken; leckte; (ge)leckt |
lick; licked; licked |
to lick | liccian | *likkōną | |
| Lehre | lore | science, teaching |
lār | *laizō | |
| Leiste | list | ledge; groin; bar (heraldry) |
līste | *līstǭ | |
| leisten; leistete; (ge)leistet |
last; lasted; lasted |
to perform, to afford |
lǣstan | *laistijaną | |
| lernen; lernte; (ge)lernt |
learn; learnt/learned; learnt/learned |
to learn | leornian | *liʀnōn/*liʀnēn | |
| lisp(el)n; lisp(el)te; (ge)lisp(el)t |
lisp; lisped; lisped |
lisp | wlisp | *wlispaz | |
| Locke | lock (hair) | curl (hair); lock (hair) |
locc | *lukkaz | |
| Luft | lift | air | lyft | *luftuz | |
| Luft | loft | air | lopt | *luftuz | |
| lüften; lüftete; (ge)lüftet |
lift; lifted; lifted |
to lift (a secret, the curtain) | lypta | *luftijaną | |
| Lunge | lung | lung | lunga | *lungô | |
| Lust | lust | pleasure, joy |
lust | lyst | *lustuz |
The etymology of unruly also mentions un + rule + y.