Appendix:Glossary of American music

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This is a glossary of music in the United States. It contains words, slang, jargon and other terminology relevant to the study of American music. Its timeframe extends prior to the United States itself, and it also includes music from abroad that is likely to be referenced in writings about American music. It includes music from Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam and American Samoa. It does not include music from former American territories like the Philippines, even from the times they were part of the United States.

a cappella[1]
Any purely vocal music, performed without instrumental accompaniment.
  • The term a cappella group in the United States is mostly associated with a particular style of collegiate performance groups.
accordion[2]
A small, portable, keyed wind instrument whose tones are generated by play of the wind from a squeezed bellows upon free metallic reeds.
  • In the United States, accordion music usually refers to any of several varieties of polka music, including norteño, or Cajun/Creole music like zydeco.
alabado[3]
A kind of Spanish religious ballad related to plainchant, common in the early colonial Southwest.
album-oriented radio[4]
An FM radio format in the United States popular from the 1970s to the 1980s, using 1960s music perceived as underground arranged into preset playlists.
  • Abbreviated AOR
album-oriented rock[5]
The kind of rock music played on album-oriented radio (AOR), a popular FM radio format in the United States from the 1970s to the 1980s.
  • This term refers to two different kinds of bands: the classic rock groups of the 1960s and early 1970s who were the mainstays of the AOR radio format; and the stadium rock bands of the late 1970s who arose to fit into the pre-existing radio format.
album-oriented soul[6]
A type of soul music from the 1960s to the 1970s, characterized by politically-charged lyrics and coherent album-length themes.
alternative country[7]
A kind of indie country music meshing traditional forms of country music with diverse musical styles like folk, pop, punk and heavy metal.
alternative hip hop[8]
A diverse array of styles that lack mainstream popular acceptance and are commercially recorded primarily by independent artists and labels.
alternative metal
A genre that combines alternative rock, heavy metal and hardcore punk, resulting in a hard-edged, guitar-focused sound, often performed in unusual time signature.
alternative rock[9]
A genre of rock music, normally published on independent labels, comprising many subgenres, most distinguished by the prevalence of thick and distorted guitar music.
Americana
An amalgam of roots musics formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the American musical ethos; specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll and other external influential styles.
answer song[10]
A type of popular song in 1980s hip-hop, composed by a woman as a satirical response to a specific song by a male artist.
AOR[11]
Abbreviation for album-oriented rock.
arena rock
A style of radio-friendly hard rock and heavy metal-influenced music, performed live in large concert venues like arenas.
arranged spiritual
A synonym for spiritual (the 19th century African American song tradition).
art music
Music composed with advanced structural and theoretical considerations, as opposed to folk music and pop music.
autoharp[12]
A chorded zither.
  • Though invented in the 19th century, the autoharp is now mostly known in modern folk music.
auto-tune
To correct the pitch of a vocal or instrumental performance.
avant-garde
Innovative, pioneering, especially when extremely or obviously so.
  • In the context of American music and with no further information, avant-garde music typically refers to art music.
  • Avant-garde rock is typically take to mean modern indie rock influenced by art music and experimental techniques.
  • Avant-garde jazz is typically synonymous with free jazz but may be used more freely.
  • Avant-garde metal is a complex style of experimental heavy metal.
b-boy[13]
A male breakdancer or hip hop fan.
  • Somewhat dated.
b-girl[14]
A female breakdancer or hip hop fan.
  • Somewhat dated.
backbeat
The sharp accent on the second and fourth beats of rock music in 4/4 time.
bajo sexto
A Mexican string instrument, known mainly for its use in Texan norteño.
balailaka orchestra[15]
Musical groups consisting of balalaikas (a Russian triangular stringed instrument) and domras (a Russian round stringed instrument), which became popular in immigrant communities in the 1910s and 20s.
Bakersfield sound
A style of country music developed and popularized during the 1950s and 1960s, featuring Fender Telecaster guitars, a drum backbeat, fiddles and steel guitars, along with stylistic touches from rock music.
ballad[16]
A kind of narrative poem, adapted for recitation or singing; especially, a sentimental or romantic poem in short stanzas; also any slow and romantic song
  • In United States popular music, a ballad is any slow and romantic song. This usage comes from the Tin Pan Alley tradition of sentimental ballads.
  • The native American ballad (abbreviated NAB) tradition is the corpus of folk ballads that descend from the British Isles but have been infused with elements of American folk music. The term native American ballad has no connection to Native Americans, but rather refers to the ballads themselves, which are native to America.
  • The term blues ballad refers to a specific genre of music that combines the Anglo-American ballad with African American music, especially the blues.
  • In Mexican-American and Tejano music, corridos are considered a type of ballad.
ballad opera[17]
A British type of comic musical theatre.
  • Ballad operas were one of the most common forms of musical entertainment in colonial America.
Baltimore club
A genre of electronic dance music that combines hip-hop with staccato house music, known mainly in and around Baltimore, Maryland.
Baltimore jazz
A style of jazz from Baltimore, Maryland, developed in the 1960s and characterized by a reliance on the saxophone and the Hammond B-3 organ.
bamboula[18]
A folk dance known among the African slaves and Creoles of New Orleans.
banjo[19]
A stringed musical instrument with a round body and fretted neck, played by plucking or strumming the strings.
  • The banjo was developed by African slaves, who knew the instrument under several names, including the banza, banjah, bandore or banjar.
banjo ballad[20]
A synonym for blues ballad.
barbershop
A style of a capella vocal music, sung in four-part harmony, typically by a quartet of men.
barrelhouse[21]
A structure at work camps for loggers and others; the type of bluesy roots music played there.
Basket Dance[22]
A traditional dance among the Pueblo tribe of Native Americans.
bass guitar
A stringed musical instrument tuned to produce bass or low notes, usually with a fretted fingerboard and 4, 5 or 6 strings.
beatboxing
The practice of using one’s mouth, lips, tongue, voice, etc. as a percussive instrument to create beats, rhythms and melodies for music, mainly hip hop.
bebop
An early form of modern jazz played by small groups and featuring driving rhythms and complex, often dissonant harmonies.
bent note
A musical note that varies in pitch. It is an important characteristic of blues and jazz.
big band
A large dance or jazz band of 10 to 30 musicians usually featuring improvised solos by lead players, but otherwise playing orchestrated music.
Billboard
The magazine that analyzes sales figures and produces nationally recognized sales charts for the United States.
black-and-tan[23]
An early 20th century nightclub that served both black and white customers.
black gospel
A genre of African American church music that arose from the spiritual song tradition, influenced by European hymn-singing.
  • This genre is more often called gospel, but the term black gospel is used to separate it from the distinct genre called Southern gospel.
black metal
A subgenre of heavy metal employing fast tempos, shrieked vocals, highly distorted guitars, double-kick drumming and unconventional song structure, often emphasizing antireligious and misanthropic themes.
blackface
A style of theatrical makeup in which a white person blackens (or blacks up) their face in order to portray a black person.
  • In the United States, this practice was characteristic of the 19th century minstrel show tradition.
block party
A festive event held in the street of a city block.
bluegrass[24]
A style of popular music that originated in the folk music of the rural population of the southern and western United States and characterized by string-band instruments and simple melodies.
  • From the band Blue Grass Boys, led by Bill Monroe; bluegrass is first attested in print in reference to the genre of music in 1956.
bluegrass gospel
A genre of bluegrass music that uses Christian themes.
blue note
Any note or notes that produce the characteristic clashes with the underlying harmony associated with blues music. The flatted third, flatted fifth and flatted seventh can all be considered blue notes when played over major or dominant chord progressions, while only the flatted fifth will clash with minor chord progressions.
blue-eyed soul
Rhythm and blues or soul music performed by white artists.
blue scale
The pentatonic music scale used by the blues and blues-derived genres.
blue-eyed soul
A genre of popular soul music, arising in the 1960s, characterized by its performers' white heritage.
blues
A musical form, African-American in origin, generally featuring an eight-bar or twelve-bar structure and using the blues scale.
blues ballad[25]
An African American song form, a traditional ballad with a sparsely-detailed narrative style focused on the emotional high points, combined with elements of the blues, especially floating lines.
  • The term blues ballad does not encompass all ballads in blues form; it is a specific genre thereof.
  • The terms banjo ballad and nodal ballad are synonymous.
blues-rock
A musical genre combining elements of blues and rock and roll.
blues shouter
A male singer who can and does sing unamplified in front of a band.
  • The term most commonly refers to a group of singers popular in the mid-20th century.
blues standard
Blues songs that are well-known and widely recorded; the standard repertoire.
bobby soxer
In the 1940s, a young woman or teenage girl that was a zealous fan of certain male traditional pop stars.
bolero
A lively Spanish dance in 3/4 time; also an unrelated slower-tempo dance of Cuban origin, in 2/4 time.
  • It is the dance of Cuban origin that is usually referred to in the United States, having played a central role in the development of salsa as well as Tejano and Mexican-American music.
bomba
A form of traditional drumming, and an associated form of dance, from Puerto Rico.
boogaloo
A genre of Latin music and dance, popular in the United States in the 1960s.
boogie-woogie
A style of blues piano music.
boom bap
A style/sub-genre of hip hop characterized by hard-hitting drums, usually containing the kick drum/snare drum/hi-hat combination rather than claps, snaps, TR-808 bass drums, cowbells, shakers, and various other percussion sounds used for rhythm.
bossa nova[26]
A Brazilian genre of jazzy pop music derived from the samba.
  • Bossa nova was briefly a popular fad in the 1960s.
bounce
A genre of New Orleans hip hop and dance music.
boy band
A pop group whose members are all (usually attractive) young men.
brass band
A group of musicians who play brass instruments (sometimes accompanied by percussion)
break[27]
The extended percussion break sequence arranged by a DJ to produce rhythmic dance music in old school hip hop.
breaking[28]
A synonym for breakdancing
breakdancing[29]
An urban style of acrobatic street dance that was part of the hip hop culture of New York City in the late 20th century
breakdown[30]
Any of several kinds of dances.
  • A noisy, rapid, shuffling dance engaged in competitively by a number of persons or pairs in succession, originating in Southern African American culture.
  • Any rapid bluegrass dance tune, especially featuring a five-string banjo.
  • The percussion break of songs chosen by a DJ for use in hip-hop music.
Brick City club
A uptempo form of house music, associated with New Jersey and nearby urban areas.
British Invasion
The gain in British music bands' popularity in the United States in the 1960s.
broadsheet
A newspaper having pages of standard dimensions (as opposed to a tabloid), especially one that carries serious treatment of news.
Broadway
The theatres in the Broadway theatre district; especially those covered by contracts between the owners and theatrical unions.
  • Broadway is closely associated with musical theater, and a play (or, by extension, anything else) described as "Broadway" is likely to be similar to classic American musical theater as it has been performed on Broadway.
brown-eyed soul
A genre of soul music influenced by rhythm and blues, arising in the 1960s, characterized by its performers' Latino heritage.
  • The term brown-eyed soul was coined in imitation of the older and more established term blue-eyed soul, which refers to a genre of soul performed by white people.
Brush Dance[31]
A type of traditional dance, performed to heal the sick, among the Yurok, Karok and Hupa Native Americans of northern California.
buckdancing
A form of clogging, a type of dance practiced by African Americans and popularized by minstrel shows.
Buffalo Dance[32]
A traditional dance among the Pueblo tribe of Native Americans.
burlesque
a variety adult entertainment show, usually including titillation such as striptease, most common from the 1880s to the 1930s.
Butterfly Dance[33]
The name of at least two Native American dances.
cakewalk
A style of music associated with antebellum contests in which slaveowners gave prizes of cake to the slave who danced most humorously and outrageously, wearing clothes and performing dances normally characteristic of upper-class European aristocracy.
calinda[34]
A folk dance known among the African slaves of New Orleans as early as the 17th century.
call and response[35]
A musical technique in which one or more performers calls and others (often the audience) respond with alternating musical phrases.
calypso
A Trinidadian style of music.
  • Calypso became popular in the United States in the 1950s.
camp meeting
A type of Protestant worship associated with evangelical churches in the 19th century.
Carnegie Hall
A performance venue in New York City.
  • Playing at Carnegie Hall is often used as an example of success for performers, e.g. I can't wait to be so famous I'll play at Carnegie Hall.
carol
A religious song or ballad of joy
CCM
An abbreciation for Contemporary Christian music.
Cedar Bark Dance[36]
An important traditional ritual among the Kwakiutl Native American tribe.
chachacha[37]
A Cuban popular dance that became a fad in the United States in the 1950s.
charanga
A traditional ensemble of Cuban dance music.
  • Became popular in the United States in the 1940s.
chica[38]
A folk dance known among the African slaves and Creoles of New Orleans.
Chicago blues2015. [39]
A genre of popular blues music characterized by a reliance on electric guitars and the use of drums.
Chicago house[40]
A style of house music associated with the city of Chicago.
  • Chicago house was the style associated with a Chicago club called The Warehouse, which was shortened to house, which then became the modern worldwide genre.
Chicago soul
A genre of 1960s popular soul associated with the city of Chicago.
chicken scratch[41]
A synonym for waila, a genre of dance music from the Tohono O'odham people of Texas.
chitlin' circuit
A set of performance venues that were standard stops for popular African American performers in the early 20th century.
  • The term chitlin' circuit refers to chitlin's (or chitterlings), a common African American food at the time.
chopped and screwed
A technique of remixing hip-hop music by reducing the tempo and then modifying the track by skipping beats, record scratching, etc.
chopper
A style of very fast hip hop from the Midwest.
classic female blues
The music performed by a series of popular female singers in early 1920s America.
clave
A characteristic pattern of beats, especially the 3-2 son clave.
  • The clave is a distinctive feature of salsa music.
claw-hammer banjo
One of the major styles of American banjo-playing.
clogging
A genre of folk dance associated with the use of special shoes in order to create music with every step.
  • Clogging is associated with Appalachian folk dancing as well as a type of African American performance called buckdancing.
Cloud Dance[42]
A traditional dance recorded among the people of Ohkay Owingeh (New Mexico) and other Tewa peoples, performed by women in four pairs facing a male chorus.
cloud rap
A modern genre of alternative hip hop with an ethereal, cloud-like sound, frequently with absurdist lyrics.
club blues[43]
A style of rhythm and blues associated with black night clubs in Los Angeles in the mid-20th century, characterized by a laidback style that allowed for conversation in the venues the genre was performed in.
club music[44]
Music meant for playing in nightclubs
  • The term club music typically refers to electronic dance music. It was originally used as a replacement for the word disco when that fell out of fashion. It is more recently the source of specific genres of dance music like Baltimore club.
cocktail music[45]
A term used mainly in white clubs in the mid-20th century to refer to the genre otherwise known as club blues.
college rock
The genre of alternative rock that was played on college and university-run radio stations in the 1980s.
Comanche Dance[46]
A traditional dance among the Pueblo tribe of Native Americans.
concert spiritual
A synonym for spiritual (the 19th century African American song tradition).
conga
A march of Cuban origin in four-four time in which people form a chain, each holding the hips of the person in front of them; in each bar, dancers take three shuffle steps and then kick alternate legs outwards at the beat; the chain weaves around the place and allows new participants to join the back of the chain.
  • The conga became popular in the United States in the 20th century.
congo[47]
A folk dance known among the African slaves and Creoles of New Orleans.
  • Congo Square was a district in New Orleans, closely associated with African-style folk music.
conjunto
A small musical ensemble.
contemporary Christian music
A type of modern pop music with explicitly Christian lyrics.
contemporary gospel
A genre of modern contemporary R&B with Christian lyrics and influences from gospel music.
contemporary R&B
A type of modern popular dance music derived largely from hip-hop, funk and soul music.
  • The abbreviation R&B usually refers to contemporary R&B, a genre that has relatively little to do with its namesake, rhythm and blues.
contra[48]
Synonymous with country dance, referring to group set dances, most especially the line dance
  • Contra was used from the 1780s through the 19th century in New England.
cool jazz[49]
A genre of jazz with a smooth, coloristic style, a lack of vibrato and well-integrated composed and improvised sections, often featuring unusual instrumentation, occurring in pairs.
coon[50]
A stock character from minstrel shows, often named Zip Coon, known for being slow-witted and prone to malapropisms.
  • The term coon is now considered a highly offensive racial slur.
coon song[51]
A genre of popular ragtime songs about African Americans in the 1890s.
coonjine[52]
A folk dance known among the African slaves and Creoles of New Orleans.
Corn Dance[53]
A traditional dance among the Pueblo tribe of Native Americans.
corrido[54]
A Mexican or Mexican-American ballad or folksong.
  • Corridos can be about anything, but one popular modern kind is called the narcocorrido'. Narcocorrido songs are about drug dealers and traffickers.
counterculture
Any culture whose values and lifestyles are opposed to those of the established mainstream culture, especially to western culture
country and western
A diverse field of American popular music that grew out of hillbilly music and features elements from rural peoples across the Southern and Western United States.
  • Though still used occasionally country and western fell out of favor in the 1950s, largely replaced by the shortening country music.
country blues
A genre that combines the blues with elements of early American folk music.
country dance[55]
Any set step routine group dance such as line dance, barn dance or square dance.
  • Beginning around the 1780s, this term fell out of fashion in favor of contras. It remained synonymous with contra throughout the 19th century.
country music
A style of country music with roots in Scots-Irish Appalachian folk music, blues, and jazz and characterized by banjos, fiddles, acoustic guitars, dobros, and mandolins; but containing no drums, electric guitars, pianos or other keyboard or wind instruments.
country pop
A subgenre of country music, blending the style of the Nashville sound and popular music; produced and marketed to reach a wide audience.
country rock
A genre of music combining elements of country music and rock music.
cover
A rerecording of a previously recorded song; a cover version; a cover song.
  • The term cover song originally referred to recordings by white artists that mimicked black rock and rhythm and blues bands during the 1950s, re-recording their songs with a more polished sound aimed at white audiences. The term cover song has since been used more loosely to refer to any song a band records that was originally written and performed by a different act.
cowboy song
A genre of American roots music, part of the Western music tradition, which became part of the country and western industry in the 1940s.
cowpunk
A musical subgenre that combines punk rock with country music, folk music, and blues.
crunk
A type of hip hop that originated in the southern United States.
cuatro[56]
A four-stringed guitar with the first string a fifth below, instead of a fourth above, the second, a major part of Puerto Rican jibaro music.
dance music[57]
Music composed to accompany social dancing.
  • When used as a genre in reference to the modern United States and without any additional context, "dance music" usually refers to electronic dance music.
  • In reference to hip hop, an act being described as "dance music" or "dance-oriented" probably means they are influenced by electro or one of the hip-hop related offshoots of house music, like Baltimore club. A "dance remix" is likely to be in any of these styles as well.
  • In the context of the 1970s, dance music meant disco. When disco became massively unpopular, dance music largely replaced it, and was used synonymously with club music.
  • In American roots music, dance music is more likely a reference to anything from square dances and buckdancing to polkas, jigs or reels.
  • In other contexts, dance music might refer to ballroom dancing, a style of formal partner dance that includes waltzes, rumbas and the foxtrot.
dance-punk
A genre that combines punk rock with elements of electronica and electronic dance music.
dancehall Cajun[58]
A genre of accordion-focused post-World War 2 Cajun music.
death metal
A subgenre of heavy metal typically employing moderate to fast tempos, heavily distorted guitars, deep growling vocals, blast beat drumming and complex song structures with multiple tempo changes, often having violent or dark lyrics.
deejay
One who acts as a disc jockey; plays, cuts and mixes/blends recorded music.
  • In the context of hip hop, deejay is also sometimes written DJ. The deejay creates the beats and other instrumental sounds, most often accompanying a rapper.
  • The spelling deejay is also common in reference to disco.
  • In electronic dance music, the spelling "deejay" is less common; instead "DJ" is used.
delta blues
A form of blues originating in the Mississippi Delta region of the United States, generally featuring minimal instrumentation and song structure.
Detroit soul
Another name for the genre of soul more commonly known as Motown, named after the Detroit area record label of the same name.
Detroit techno
An early genre of techno music associated with Detroit, Michigan.
Dirty South
Synonymous with Southern hip hop; alternatively, refers to an early style of earthy Atlanta-based hip hop.
disco
A genre of dance music that was popular in the 1970s, characterized by elements of soul music with a strong Latin-American beat and often accompanied by pulsating lights.
Dixieland
A type of jazz that originated in New Orleans.
DJ
One who acts disc jockey; to play, cut and mix/blend recorded music.
  • In the context of hip hop and disco, DJ is often written deejay.
  • DJ is also used as part of recording monickers, especially for producers (e.g. DJ Jazzy Jeff).
  • In electronic dance music, the DJ is who creates and performs (or "spins") the music.
dobro
An acoustic guitar with a metal resonator.
Dog Dance[59]
A traditional dance among the Pueblo tribe of Native Americans.
doo-wop
A style of vocal-based rhythm and blues music popular in the mid-1950s to the early 1960s in America characterized by nonsensical backing vocals.
double bass
A large stringed instrument in the double bass family.
downbeat
The accented beat at the beginning of a bar (indicated by a conductor with a downward stroke)
drums
A percussive musical instrument spanned with a thin covering on at least one end for striking, forming an acoustic chamber, affecting what materials are used to make it.
  • Drums are nearly ubiquitous in American music. The only major genre that traditionally avoids them is bluegrass.
  • A drum kit, used in most popular music, is a collection of drums and other percussion instruments designed to be played together.
dulcimer
A stringed instrument, with strings stretched across a sounding board, usually trapezoidal. It's played on the lap or horizontally on a table. Some have their own legs. These musical instruments are played by plucking on the strings (traditionally with a quill) or by tapping on them (in the case of the hammer dulcimers).
Eagle Dance[60]
A traditional ritual and music/dance event among the Makah and Nootkan tribes of Native Americans.
East Coast hip hop
A style of gangsta rap associated with 1980s and 1990s New York City and nearby urban areas.
  • While the term East Coast hip hop can rarely be used in reference to any hip hop from the East Coast, it is mainly used in reference to classic 80s and 90s New York-area hip hop, but not necessarily hip-hop from, for example, Miami. The terms East Coast hip hop and West Coast hip hop are mainly used in the context of the 1990s East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry.
EDM
Abbreviation for electronic dance music.
electric blues
Any kind of blues that uses electric instruments, most commonly the electric guitar.
electric guitar
A guitar which requires electronic amplification to produce sufficient sound.
  • The electric guitar is used in rock, heavy metal and other genres.
electro
An electronic style of hip hop
electroclash
A music style fusing dance music, punk and electronic.
electronic dance music
An overarching term that covers a variety of genres, especially techno, house, trance, hardstyle, dubstep, drum and bass, trap
electronica
Any of a wide range of electronic music genres.
emcee
A rapper.
  • In old school hip hop, groups were made up of at least one emcee and DJ. In modern hip hop, the DJ is less prominent and the emcee is more often known as a rapper.
emo
A shortening of emocore, ultimately coming from emotional.
  • Originally referred to a genre of hardcore punk associated with Washington DC in the 1990s.
  • Later referred to a specific style of emotional guitar-drive pop-rock popular nationwide in the 2000s.
  • "Emo" has also often been used as a pejorative term for any music or band seen as too emotional or sensitive.
ethnic music[61][62]
(dated) Music of foreign-born people, especially folk or traditional music; now sometimes a part of world music.
  • In the United States, ethnic music most specifically refers to the classic body of recordings of Central and Eastern European immigrants to the United States from the early to mid-20th century, and music in that style.
endman[63]
A type of stock character common in American minstrel shows, occurring in pairs, and distinguished by exchanging jokes in between skits and songs.
exotica
A genre of popular music in the 1950s and 60s, which used synthesized sounds to evoke the musics of Hawaii, the Pacific Rim and other exotic locales.
extravaganza
An event or display (dramatic, musical, etc.) of fantastic or chaotic behaviour or conduct.
  • In 19th century United States, extravaganzas were a specific theatrical form that was related to both minstrel shows and vaudeville.
extreme metal
A general term for several modern kinds of heavy metal, especially black metal and death metal.
fais do-do[64]
A form of Louisiana Creole folk lullaby.
fiddle
Any of various bowed string instruments, often used to refer to a violin when played in any of various traditional styles, as opposed to classical violin.
field call[65]
A type of African American folk music, most specifically associated with communication among slaves, as among a leader to those whom he organizes, or as between the slaves at two different fields or plantations.
  • The terms field cry, field holler and field call were largely interchangeable in early American music history. They have acquired more specific modern meanings by convention.
field cry[66]
A type of African American folk music.
  • The terms field cry, field holler and field call were largely interchangeable in early American music history. They have acquired more specific modern meanings by convention.
  • The cry came in many forms, which have been labelled thusly
    • The urban cry is associated with urban life and calls for attention by salesmen.
    • The religious cry is part of a preacher's sermon.
    • The field cry (corn field whoop) is a brief musical interlude from working.
    • The night cry is a relaxation and self-expression-fueled form.
    • The dance cry is a spontaneous note sung while dancing.
    • The water cry is performed by boatmen, longshoremen, fishermen and other nautical workers.
field holler[67]
A type of African American folk music, most specifically associated with slaves and rural life. They often contained falsettos, whistling and humming, or moaning.
  • The terms field cry, field holler and field call were largely interchangeable in early American music history. They have acquired more specific modern meanings by convention. Regionalisms like whooping and loud mouthing were also used. The holler was known specifically as a corn field holler, cotton field holler or just holler.
fife and drum
A type of ensemble, originally a colonial America military band, consisting of fife and drum.
  • The fife and drum tradition gave rise to an African American folk tradition called fife and drum blues.
fight song
A sports team's anthem, sung by fans to cheer the team.
  • In the United States, the most noted and long-standing traditional fight songs are associated with university sports teams.
Flag Song[68]
A type of Native American patriotic song about the American flag, usually performed at the beginning of powwows.
flatfooting
An African American word for clogging.
folk music
folk-rock
A music genre combining element of folk music and rock music.
free jazz
A form of jazz music of the 1950s and 1960s that attempted to overcome existing limitations and conventions, often by discarding features such as fixed chord changes or tempos.
freestyling
Improvised rapping
frottoir[69]
A kind of metallic washboard used in Cajun and Creole music.
fuguing tune
A type of Anglo-American choral music.
fungi
* Also called quelbe.
funk
A style of music derived from 1960s soul, with elements of rock and other styles, characterized by an prominent bass guitar, dance-friendly sound and a strong backbeat.
funk metal
A genre that combines funk and heavy metal.
G-funk
A kind of slow, melodic hip-hop music associated with California.
gangsta rap
A subgenre of hip-hop music associated with urban street gangs; often contains violent misogynistic or homophobic lyrics
garage rock
A simple, relatively raw form of rock and roll from the mid 1960s
ghetto house
A style of house music from Chicago, featuring drum machines and sometimes sexually explicit lyrics
ghettotech
A form of electronic dance music from Chicago, combining elements of house music with electro, hip-hop, and techno.
Ghost Dance[70]
A 19th-century religious movement, incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems, according to which performing a dance would reunite the living with spirits of the dead and bring prosperity and unity to native peoples.
  • Though the Ghost Dance ritual died out long before, Ghost Dance songs were performed into the 1980s.
girl group
A pop group all of whose members are (usually attractive) young women.
glam metal
A style of popular heavy metal and hard rock, influenced by glam and punk rock.
glee club
A high school choir
glitch
A genre of experimental electronic music of the 1990s, characterized by a deliberate use of sonic artifacts that would normally be viewed as unwanted noise.
go-go
A genre of funk from Washington DC that incorporates elements from old school hip hop.
golden age hip hop
The era from roughly the mid-late 1980s to the early 1990s, considered by many to be the pinnacle of hip hop's most innovative period.
gospel music
A type of African American religious music based on folk music melodies with the addition of elements of spirituals and jazz.
  • In some contexts, the word gospel can be ambiguous. It is sometimes used loosely to encompass all modern Christian music, or as encompassing both the genre of African American religious music (black gospel) as well an originally unrelated form of Southern folk music also called Southern gospel. It is not clear which sense bluegrass gospel refers to.
gospel blues
A genre that combines gospel music and blues.
goth
A punk-derived subculture of people who predominately dress in black, associated with Gothic rock and industrial music.
Gothic rock
A genre of alternative rock influence by Goth culture.
graffiti art
A form of art involving painting text or images in public places.
  • One of the major elements of hip hop.
Grammy
Any of the statuettes awarded by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences for outstanding achievements in the music industry.
Great American Songbook
The most important and most influential American popular songs of the 20th century, considered as a collection
Grizzly Bear Dance[71]
A traditional ritual and music/dance event among the Makah and Nootkan tribes of Native Americans.
groove
A pronounced, enjoyable rhythm.
  • The term groove is used especially in funk.
grunge
A subgenre of alternative rock, originating from Seattle, Washington, which melds punk and metal.
güira[72]
A gourd scraper used in Puerto Rican music.
guitar
A stringed musical instrument, usually with fretted fingerboard and 6 strings, played with the fingers or a plectrum (guitar pick).
habanera
A style of music from Cuba.
  • The man significance of the habanera in American music is its early arrival in African American culture, where it was already a major part of musical innovation in the 19th century. It is responsible for the Spanish tinge in jazz.
hair metal
A style of popular metal, usually used as more or less synonymous with glam metal.
  • Hair metal was coined in reference to the often long manes of the singers of hair metal bands.
Hámatsa Dance[73]
A traditional ritual and music/dance event among the Kwakiutl, Makah and Nootkan tribes of Native Americans.
  • It is the Cannibal Man dance, which reenacts a spiritually important narrative. It is part of the Kwakiutl Cedar Bark Dance and has been introduced to the Makah and Nootkan tribes through marriage.
Hammond organ
A type of electronic organ with a highly distinctive sound.
  • In the United States, the Hammond organ is characteristic of Baltimore jazz and is often found in funk.
hard bop[74]
A genre of jazz that grew out of bebop in the 1950s, characterized by a reliance on elements from African American folk music like the blues.
hard rock
A rock music genre marked by a heavy regular beat, high amplification, and usually frenzied performances
hardcore punk
A form of music derived from punk rock, characterized by a gritty and abrasive sound, developed in the very late 1970s.
harmonica
A musical instrument, consisting of a series of hemispherical glasses which, by touching the edges with the dampened finger, give forth the tones.
harp
African American term for the harmonica
Harvest Dance[75]
Many Native American tribes have dances called the Harvest Dance, including the Pueblo.
Hawaiian Renaissance
A series of cultural awakenings among indigenous Hawaiians, resulting in a revival traditional music and dance.
heartland rock
A style of popular American rock, characterized by a lyrical focus on blue-collar life in rural America.
heavy metal
A genre descended from rock music, characterized by massive sound, highly amplified distortion, and overall loudness, often with extended guitar solos, and lyrics that involve violent or fantastic imagery.
high lonesome sound
An expressively emotional, powerful and earthy style of musical expression associated mainly with bluegrass, old-time and country music, characterized by unmetered music and use of gapped scales in singing.
hill country blues
A genre of country blues from Mississippi.
hillbilly music[76]
A mix of Appalachian, Southern and western music, performed by rural white people in a range of styles for commercial recording in the early United States popular music industry; the precursor to country music.
hip-hop
An African American urban culture based on breakdancing, graffiti art, emceeing and DJing
  • In the United States, "hip-hop" most often refers to hip-hop music, which is usually performed by one or more rappers backed by a DJ.
hippie
One who chooses not to conform to prevailing social norms: especially one who ascribes to values or actions such as acceptance or self-practice of recreational drug use, liberal or radical sexual mores, advocacy of communal living, strong pacifism or anti-war sentiment, etc.
hokum
A type of blues song characterized by an extended use of sexual innuendo.
hole hole bushi[77]
A type of folk music, Japanese-Hawaiian women's work songs.
holler
A more general term for what is more specifically called a field holler.
honky-tonk
A style of country music emphasizing traditional country instruments (e.g., guitar, steel guitar and fiddle); a rough, nasal vocal style; and tragic themes such as heartbreak, infidelity and alcoholism.
horrorcore
A subgenre of hip-hop music with horror-themed lyrics and imagery.
hot music
A genre of popular jazz dance music from the 1920s and 30s.
  • The genre now known as jazz was then marketed as either hot music or sweet music. Hot music was for young people and African Americans, while sweet music was more sedate and respectable music for listening.
hot rod music[78]
A genre of popular music from early to mid-1960s California, characterized by a lyrical focus on young people with hot rods and muscle cars.
house music
A particular type of electronic dance music with an uptempo beat and recurring kickdrum.
hula
A form of chant and dance, which was developed in the Hawaiian Islands by the Polynesians who originally settled there.
hymn
A song of praise or worship.
hyphy
A fast-paced and gritty style of hip-hop music originating in Oakland, California.
indie rock
An umbrella term encompassing many genres of modern rock music.
  • The term indie rock initially (1980s) referred to labels outside the major businesses that dominated the industry (from indie as a shortening for independent). The term applied to the labels, whose bands mostly produced music in the style called alternative rock. When alternative rock became more mainstream (through the success of grunge in the 1990s), the term indie rock came to refer to music that remained outside the mainstream. More recently many indie rock bands have achieved mainstream commercial success, however, so the term indie no longer necessarily references independent.
industrial music
A noisy, experimental genre of music with transgressive themes that originated in the 1970s.
instrumental rock
Any rock music without words; i.e. performed with only instrumentation.
interlocuter[79]
The master of ceremonies during a minstrel show.
Irish song[80]
A type of 19th century song from the parlor music tradition, inspired by Irish tunes and specifically a very popular collection of songs entitled Irish Melodies by Thomas Moore.
jam band
A type of band associated with a subculture that dates to the 1960s counterculture but continues to produce new bands in a wide variety of styles.
jangle pop
A genre of alternative rock from the 1980s characterized by a jangling, sunshiny sound.
Jawaiian[81]
A Hawaiian style of popular music that combines native styles with reggae and other Caribbean influences.
jazz[82]
A musical art form rooted in West African cultural and musical expression and in the African American blues tradition, with diverse influences over time, commonly characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms and improvisation.
  • Jazz was originally in the form of jass, and may be related to the African American slang jism (semen).
  • The word was not originally musical. It referred to a general air of excitement. It came to be in wide use in reference to the jazz bands of Chicago in around 1916.
Jazz Age
The 1920s, which are commonly considered a golden age for early jazz.
jazz band[83]
When used on its own, jazz band implies the classic 6-8 player lineup of early jazz bands in the 1910s and 1920s. The exact lineup fluctuated, and was eventually largely replaced by big bands.
  • More loosely, any band that plays jazz can be called a jazz band.
jazz funeral
A New Orleans musical tradition in which brass band jazz is played at funerals.
jazz-funk
A genre of jazz with funk rhythms and prevalent electric instrumentation and synthesizers.
jazz fusion
A genre of jazz that combines it with rock music and rhythm and blues.
jazz rap
An early genre of alternative hip hop mainly known from the late 1980s and early 1990s, characterized by jazz music with hip hop beats and Afrocentric, socially conscious rapping.
jazz rock
Used variously as synonymous with jazz fusion; or as any style of rock mixed with jazz (as opposed to jazz fusion, which is jazz mixed with rock); or as simply a general term for any music that combines both jazz and rock in any capacity.
jazz standard
The classic songs of jazz, performed by many of the genre's great stars.
Jersey club
An alternate name for Brick City club
jibaro music[84]
A form of rural Puerto Rican music, center on a dance called the seis and an associated form of music, accomanied by the cuatro (guitar) and güiro (a gourd scraper).
jig
A light, brisk musical movement.
  • In the United States, "jig" usually refers to the Irish dance. It is a lively dance in 6/8 (double jig), 9/8 (slip jig) or 12/8 (single jig) time; a tune suitable for such a dance. By extension, a lively traditional tune in any of these time signatures. Unqualified, the term is usually taken to refer to a double (6/8) jig.
Jim Crow[85]
A stock character from minstrel shows, an oft-dancing African American stereotype.
  • The term Jim Crow later became a general epithet for African Americans and the name for a set of laws designed to oppress them. It comes from the song "Jump Jim Crow" by Thomas D. Rice in 1828.
jitterbug
An uptempo jazz or swing dance which embellishes on the two-step pattern and frequently incorporates acrobatic style swing steps.
juba dance[86]
An African American folk dance featuring a syncopated rhythm and, occasionally, the use of two sticks to keep time on the floor.
jubilee singers[87]
19th century African American groups who performed Negro spirituals and other folk music.
jump blues[88]
A type of boogie-woogie blues music influenced by big band swing, typically performed by a seven-piece combo and characterized by use of horns, shuffle rhythm, group singing during the choruses and raunchy lyrics.
jug band
A group of rustic musicians, specializing in bluegrass or folk music, whose instruments include empty jugs, bottles, and similar containers of various sizes which produce musical sounds when the player blows across the openings at the tops of their necks.
juke joint
An informal drinking establishment featuring blues music and dancing; primarily operated by African American people in the southeastern United States.
kazoo
A simple musical instrument consisting of a pipe with a hole in it, producing a buzzing sound when the player hums into it.
klezmer
A type of popular Jewish folk music especially associated with Ashkenazi cultures.
la la[89]
A Louisiana Creole dance derived from the Cajun two-step.
  • La la was a word for both a Creole house party at which music was played and the style of music played therein. The word zydeco occupied the same function for a different genre of music.
lambada
A Brazilian dance that became popular in the United States in the 20th century.
liederkranz[90]
A type of singing group common among immigrant groups in the United States, especially German and Scandinavian.
lo-fi
A genre of alternative rock that uses low fidelity recording to achieve a certain aesthetic.
  • The term lo-fi is a shortening of low fidelity.
longways for as many as will[91]
A country dance, most often specifically a type of New England line dance.
  • From mid-1700s New England
lounge
Any kind of modern, easy listening music of the kinds played at hotel, casino and piano bars; or a specific style of vocal traditional pop with a swing jazz sound.
  • Initially in the 1950s, lounge was a specific genre of pleasant pop music with a tranquil sound
M-Base
A style of modern jazz from the 1980s, characterized by extensive improvisation and a particular outlook on musical purpose.
  • M-Base is a constructed term, an acronym standing for macro-basic array of structured extemporization.
macarena[92]
A particular dance performed to a fast Latin rhythm, popular in the 1990s.
mambo[93]
A Latin-American musical genre originating from Cuba in the 1940s.
  • The mambo became a very popular dance fad in the 1950s.
mandolin
A stringed instrument and a member of the lute family, having eight strings in four courses, frequently tuned as a violin. They have either a bowl back or a flat back.
march
Any song in the genre of music written for marching.
marching band
A group of instrumental musicians who generally perform outdoors, and who often incorporate movement - usually some type of marching - with their musical performance.
mariachi
A traditional form of Mexican music, either sung or purely instrumental.
math rock
A rhythmically complex, often guitar-based, style of experimental rock music that emerged in the late 1990s.
MC
Abbreviation for master of ceremonies.
  • In hip hop, the MC is an important figure. In this context, it is more often spelled out emcee.
  • Many rappers use MC in their name, such as MC Hammer.
mele
traditional Hawaiian chanting
  • In Hawaiian, it means "chant, song or poem".
melisma
A passage of several notes sung to one syllable of text, as in Gregorian chant.
Memphis blues
Memphis soul[94]
A popular genre of Southern soul, closely tied to the Stax record label, characterized by a gritty urban sound with a laidback rhythm and Southern flair.
metalcore
A genre of rock music related to punk and heavy metal
metalhead
Someone who listens to heavy metal music.
Miami bass
A form of bass-heavy hip-hop dance music that dates to 1980s South Florida.
Minneapolis Sound
A form of funk most associated with Minneapolis, Minnesota, and characterized by the use of synthesizers and strong influences from rock music, new wave and synthpop.
minstrel show[95]
A variety show performed by minstrels, primarily white people in blackface.
  • Minstrel shows were one of the most popular forms of music and theater in the 19th century. The practices associated with are now considered highly racist.
mitewiwin[96]
An Ojibwe medicine institution (Grand Medicine Society) and a ritual (mite) of music and dance associated with it.
modal jazz[97]
A type of modern jazz which prominently features improvisation and uses musical modes as a harmonic framework.
Motown
A style of popular soul music strongly associated with Motown Records.
MTV
A cable television channel, originally devoted to popular music.
musical theater
A genre of theater that combines spoken dialogue with song and dance.
  • While the United States has been home to many forms of musical theater -- such as ballad opera and minstrel shows -- the term musical theater in the context of the United States typically refers to a style that developed in the late 19th century and became exemplified by popular Broadway theater in the 20th century.
musique concrète
A genre of music created by the electronic manipulation of sounds that occur naturally
Nashville sound
A subgenre of country music that became popular in the 1950s and 1960s, containing elements of popular music, including string sections and background vocals.
Negro spiritual
A 19th century form of Christian song associated with African Americans.
neo-soul
A genre of soul music heavily influenced by contemporary R&B.
nerdcore
An intentionally nerdy style of alternative hip hop music.
New Age
A genre that fuses elements of world music with relaxing sounds, mysticism and New Age ideas.
new jack swing
A genre of popular contemporary R&B combined with hip-hop and dance-pop.
New Orleans blues
A genre of blues from New Orleans, Louisiana, characterized by a sunny attitude, prominent use of horns and piano and influences from jazz and Caribbean music.
New Orleans rhythm and blues
A style of rhythm and blues from New Orleans, characterized by the use of piano and horns, with syncopated rhythms influenced by local musical traditions.
new wave
A pop and rock music genre that existed during the late 1970s and the early to mid-1980s, incorporating punk beats and synthesized sounds
New Wave of American Heavy Metal
A general term encompassing any modern American genre of heavy metal, generally taken to apply to bands from around the early 1990s on.
New Weird America
A distinctly American style of psych folk.
newgrass
A progressive subgenre of bluegrass music, typically incorporating electric instruments, non-traditional chord progressions, and lengthy improvisation.
nodal ballad[98]
A technical synonym for the blues ballad.
noise music
A type of modern music that incorporates sounds ordinarily perceived as non-musical noise.
norteño[99]
A genre of popular Tejano corrido and polka-influenced music, characterized by a reliance on the accordion, bass guitar, drums and the double bass.
  • Both the Spanish masculine and feminine norteño and norteña are used interchangeably in English.
nu metal
A genre of rock music with features of heavy metal sounds but also with some sounds and influences from grunge and hip-hop.
old school hip hop
The earliest era of hip hop history, lasting until roughly the mid to late 1980s.
old-time music
A genre of North American roots music, originally developed alongside folk dances but now popular on its own and in many diverse forms.
olio[100]
A brief joke or gag-focused section in between the main acts of a minstrel show or vaudeville performance.
outlaw country
A subgenre of country music that became popular during the 1970s, fusing older styles (such as honky tonk) with newer styles including rock and blues. Artists involved wrote their own material, demanded creative control of their music and adopted an "outlaw" image.
P-Funk
A style of funk music associated with the Parliament-Funkadelic collective in the latter part of the 20th century.
Paisley Underground
A psychedelic-influenced genre of alternative rock, originally from Los Angeles in the 1980s.
paniolo
A Hawaiian cowboy
  • The paniolos had a profound effect on Hawaiian music, bringing with them the ancestor to the ukulele.
parlor music[101]
19th century popular music intended for the ] (i.e. small group settings at home).
  • In the United States, parlor music typically refers to a style of popular songs, often Irish in form or origin, with narrative lyrics and a focus on nostalgia, sentimentality and nationalism.
pattin' juba[102]
Another term for the African American juba dance tradition.
payola
A bribe given in exchange for a favor, such as one given in exchange for the promotion of goods or services (originally one given to a disk jockey to play a record).
percussion break
A percussion-focused segment of a song, chosen by a hip-hop DJ to manipulate through cutting, mixing and other techniques in order to create rhythmic music.
philharmonic
A full-size symphonic orchestra.
Philly Sound
A genre of popular soul music from the 1970s, characterized by smooth, sweeping vocals and laidback instrumental arrangements.
piano
A keyboard musical instrument, usually ranging over seven octaves, with white and black keys, played by pressing these keys, causing hammers to strike strings.
piano blues[103]
Any of several styles of piano-based blues.
  • The boogie-woogie is a style of rural piano blues that rose to prominence in the 1930s; it is characterized by the repeated use of bass riffs that are then transposed in a distinctive way.
Piedmont blues
An early style of blues characterized by a particular fingerpicking style of guitar-playing.
plena[104]
A style of Puerto Rican music having a highly syncopated rhythm and often satirical lyrics.
polka[105]
The music accompanying the polka dance.
  • In the United States, the word polka most often refers to the German and Slavic-derived styles of the Midwest or the Mexican-derived styles from Texas. Polkas can also be found in Irish-American music, jazz and other styles.
pop music
Music intended for or accepted by a wide audience, usually with a commercial basis and distinguished from classical music and folk music.
pop-punk
A genre of modern pop music that uses elements of punk rock.
post-bop
A type of modern jazz that descended from bebop.
post-grunge
A more commercially successful adaptation of grunge music, combining it with elements of popular rock music.
post-hardcore
A style of modern hardcore punk.
post-rock
A genre of music which uses rock instrumentation for "non-rock" purposes, often producing songs which are akin to rock music, yet still very different.
post-punk revival
A genre of modern rock strongly influenced by post-punk, itself a mainly British phenomenon.
potlatch[106]
A traditional ritual and music/dance event among many of the peoples of the Northwest Coast Native American tribes.
power chord
A chord or combination of notes used in rock music and typically selected to sound good at high volume and high levels of distortion. Power chords make extensive use of intervals such as open fourths and fifths.
power metal
A subgenre of heavy metal music, often with anthem-like songs with fantasy-based subject matter and a strong, dramatic chorus.
power pop
A genre of popular music inspired by 1960s British and American pop and rock music, with strong melodies, crisp vocal harmonies, economical arrangements, and prominent guitar riffs.
powwow
A Native American council or meeting.
  • A specific genre of music is an important part of traditional powwows.
progressive bluegrass
A modern form of bluegrass that uses electric guitars, drums and other non-traditional elements.
  • The term newgrass is largely synonymous.
progressive longways formation[107]
A country dance, most often specifically a type of New England line dance.
  • From mid-1700s New England
progressive rock
A rock music genre originating from the late 1960s and early 1970s, heavily influenced by classical music and jazz.
progressive metal
A subgenre of heavy metal with progressive rock influences.
protest song
Any song that protests something, or is used by protesters.
protopunk
Collectively, the music (of various genres and backgrounds) that influenced the later punk movement in the 1970s.
psychedelia
The subculture associated with those who take psychedelic drugs.
psychedelic rock
A form of ] influenced by psychedelia, most closely associated with the counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s.
psychedelic soul
A genre of soul music that combined it with psychedelic rock.
psychobilly
A genre of popular music, blending rockabilly with punk rock, that has grotesque or humorous lyrics which often draw heavily on the imagery of 1950s science fiction and horror films.
punk rock
A fast, often distorted rock music originating from the 1970s which is usually associated with angry, offensive, or politically-charged lyrics.
queercore
The aggressive hardcore punk music associated with the queercore subculture.
quelbe
Another name for fungi, a popular dance music in the Virgin Islands.
Quiet storm
A slow and languorous form of rhythm and blues influenced by soul music and jazz.
  • The term quiet storm is also a modern radio format.
  • A Quiet Storm, an album by Smokey Robinson, is the origin of the term quiet storm.
R&B
An abbreviation of rhythm and blues
  • The term R&B is not common in reference to the genre called rhythm and blues; it is more often abbreviation for a different, modern genre called contemporary R&B.
Rabbit Dance[108]
A traditional Native American dance common in the Northern Plains.
race music[109]
Commercially recorded African-American popular music from the early 20th century, including blues and jazz.
  • Words like blues and jazz were in flux until the mid-20th century, when they acquired their modern range of meanings. Race music was used as a catchall for any kind of African American music that was commercially recorded for African American audiences. It was primarily a marketing category.
rag[110]
An informal dance party featuring music played by African-American string bands.
  • The term rag can also mean "a ragtime song".
  • As a verb, to rag a melody means to add syncopation in order to make it a ragtime song.
ragged
performed in a syncopated manner, especially in ragtime.
ragtime
A musical form having a rhythm characterized by strong syncopation in the melody with a regularly accented accompaniment.
ranchera
A traditional Mexican song performed solo with a guitar.
rapping
Musical speech accompanied by a rhythm, most commonly as part of hip-hop music.
rap music
A form of popular music emphasizing spoken rhymes over heavily rhythmic backing tracks.
  • Hip-hop purists and aficionados dislike the term rap music as it is seen to promote the rapper over the DJ though they are both equally relevant to the music. Others use it only for popular rap, not any style of alternative hip hop. In general parlance, however, it may be used for any kind of hip-hop, except perhaps instrumental hip hop.
rap metal
A music genre that fuses vocal and instrumental elements of hip-hop with heavy metal.
rap rock
A genre, or group of genres, that combines hip hop and rock music.
rapcore
A genre of metal music, incorporating loud guitar riffs mixed with rapping, loud almost-screaming singing and rapid drumming.
rave
The genre of electronic dance music associated with rave parties.
reel
A lively dance of Scottish origin and the music accompanying it.
reggaeton
A style of Latin American popular music.
regular singing[111]
A technique of Christian religious singing (psalmody) developed in 1720s New England, focused on using musical notation to ensure participants sang hymns in an exactly correct manner, as anything else was seen as barbarous and sinful.
resonator guitar
A guitar modified with a resonator, initially for the purpose of making it louder to compete with large dance-band orchestras, but later chosen for a particular sound that lended itself to the blues and other genres of American roots music.
rhythm and blues[112]
A genre of popular dance-oriented blues music influenced by rock and roll, most popular in the United States in the 1950s.
  • Rhythm and blues was originally a marketing category designating all African American music. It replaced the term race music.
  • The abbreviation R&B comes from this genre but is more often used in reference to contemporary R&B, a genre that is not closely related to rhythm and blues.
RIAA
The Recording Industry Association of America.
ring shout
A circle dance and musical event, formerly performed in the Caribbean and the United States and now known mainly among the Gullah.
  • Also called simply a shout.
rhythm and blues
A style of music combining elements of jazz and blues having syncopated rhythms and a strong backbeat; it was developed by African Americans in the late 1940s.
riot grrrl
An underground feminist punk movement and subculture that began in the early 1990s.
rock music[113]
A style of music characterized by basic drum-beat, generally 4/4 riffs, based on (usually electric) guitar, bass guitar, drums and vocals.
  • Sometimes taken to be much broader, encompassing most styles of American popular music.
  • As a shortening of rock and roll in reference to music distinct from that genre, rock music dates to about 1966.
rock and roll[114]
A genre of popular music that evolved in the 1950s from a combination of rhythm and blues and country music, characterized by electric guitars, strong rhythms, and youth-oriented lyrics.
  • Sometimes taken to encompass a strictly delineated genre of music in the middle of the 20th century, but otherwise taken as essentially synonymous with rock music, encompassing a much wider web of related genres.
  • The term rock and roll was originally (1920s) slang, a verb meaning to have sex in African American Vernacular English. It was frequently used as a euphemism in popular songs, eventually lending itself to the genre of music.
rockabilly
A genre of music originating from the South (United States) and mixing elements of rock, blues, country, hillbilly boogie and bluegrass music.
roots-rock
A genre of rock music that combines it with elements of Americana and country music.
routiner[115]
A person who played by ear in early 20th century brass bands.
sacred harp
The name of a book of hymns, The Sacred Harp (1844), which was wildly popular and became central to the shape-note singing tradition.
  • The term sacred harp is sometimes used as synonymous with shape-note.
salsa
A style of music originally from Cuba heavily influenced by Spanish rhythms and jazz.
sampling
A technique for electronically splicing pieces of previously recorded sound as part of a composition.
San Francisco sound
A genre of rock, the style of psychedelic rock associated with San Francisco, California in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
saxophone
A single-reed instrument musical instrument of the woodwind family, usually made of brass and with a distinctive loop bringing the bell upwards.
scat
The act of vocalizing, using nonsense syllables or sounds (e.g. "dool-yuh doot-n dwee-dah") to create an improvised melodic solo, often imitative of other musical instruments.
scratching
Producing a distinctive sound on a turntable by moving a vinyl record back and forth while manipulating the crossfader
sea shanty
A work song that sailors sang in rhythm to their movement.
second line
The people who march behind the band and the other primary marchers in a traditional New Orleans parade.
Second New England School
A group of composers -- six in particular -- who were prominent in and around Boston in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
seis[116]
A popular Puerto Rican folk dance, used in jibaro music.
shape note[117]
A system of music notation designed to facilitate choral singing, and the school of psalmody associated with it.
shock rock
A genre of rock music typified by elements of theatrical shock value in live performances.
shuffle note
A technique mainly known in jazz (originally associated with swing), in which certain notes that are written to have equal time values are performed inequally.
singer-songwriter
A person who both sings and composes, especially if they perform their own compositions.
singing cowboy
A subgenre of country and western music honoring the cowboy life and the West.
skacore
A genre that blends ska music with hardcore punk.
ska-punk
A genre that combines punk rock with the Jamaican dance music ska.
skate punk
A genre of hardcore punk strongly associated with skateboard culture in the 1980s and 1990s.
slack-key
A Hawaiian fingerstyle technique in which one or more strings are loosened (slackened) until all six form one chord, most often G major.
  • Slack-key is a translation of the Hawaiian term kī hōʻalu, which means "loosen the key".
slide guitar
A technique for playing guitar using a device (called a slide) to control its pitch and smoothly transition between pitches.
sludge metal
An abrasive, distorted subgenre of heavy metal music influenced by punk and grunge.
smooth jazz
A modern form of jazz first developed in the 1970s that blends in elements of rhythm and blues.
snap
A genre of hip hop dance music associated with Atlanta.
soul blues[118]
A genre of melismatic and intensely emotional blues, influenced by gospel, and popular mainly from the 1950s to the 1960s.
soft rock
A comparatively unaggressive, melodic rock music genre in which the arrangement and lyrics are emphasized more than the beat; a reaction against hard rock.
songster
A type of itinerant folk singer in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
soul music
A genre of music that originated in black American gospel singing, is closely related to rhythm and blues, and is characterized by intensity of feeling, and earthiness.
sousaphone[119]
A valved brass instrument with the same length as a tuba, but shaped differently so that the bell is above the head, that the valves are situated directly in front of the musical instruments and a few inches above the waist, and that most of the weight rests on one shoulder.
  • Invented at the request of march composer John Phillips Sousa, after whom the instrument is named.
Southern gospel
A genre of American folk music that is characterized by religious lyrics, sparse instrumentation and a characteristic style of group singing.
Southern hip hop
A general term encompassing the hip hop scenes of the U.S. South.
  • Sometimes taken as synonymous with Dirty South, which may also refer to a specific style of Atlanta-based hip hop.
Southern rock
A genre of rock music that is influenced by country music.
Southern soul
A type of popular soul from the 1960s, associated with influences from gospel and country music.
speakeasy
An illegal saloon or tavern operated during the American Prohibition period in the 1920s.
speed metal
A swift and aggressive form of heavy metal.
spiritual
A Christian religious song, especially one in an African-American style, or a similar non-religious song.
spoken word
An oral art form, usually consisting of performance poetry, although sometimes overlapping with storytelling or rap.
square dance
A type of dance in which eight dancers are arranged in a square as four couples, with a caller calling or singing out the movements that the dancers are to perform.
stack
The arrangement or organizing scheme behind musicians in a bluegrass band
stadium rock
Synonymous with arena rock.
steel guitar
A method of playing slide guitar using a steel (a kind of slide).
Stomp Dance[120]
A traditional Chereokee dance with a characteristic call-and-response song structure.
stoner metal
Synonymous with stoner metal.
  • Though there is no clear distinction, stoner metal may be more commonly used in reference to stoner rock bands with a strong heavy metal influence. But all stoner rock is, despite its name, considered a type of metal, not rock.
stoner rock
A slow-to-mid tempo subgenre of heavy metal.
straight edge
A lifestyle and subculture that advocates abstinence from alcohol, tobacco and the usage of recreational drugs.
  • The straight edge subculture was indelibly associated with its own style of hardcore punk.
stride
A jazz piano style of the 1920s and 1930s. The left hand characteristically plays a four-beat pulse with a single bass note, octave, seventh or tenth interval on the first and third beats, and a chord on the second and fourth beats.
string band
A music group consisting solely of stringed instruments.
Sun Dance[121]
A type of traditional and ritual dance among many of the tribes of the Great Basin and Great Plains.
surf rock
A type of guitar-led rock music, characterized by use of the spring reverb and the vibrato arm on electric guitars
  • The
swamp blues
A style of blues from Louisiana, characterized by influences from Cajun music and zydeco.
swamp pop
A style of pop music from Louisiana, characterized by a mix of New Orleans rhythm and blues with country music and local French influences.
sweet music
A genre of popular jazz from the 1920s and 30s.
  • The genre now known as jazz was then marketed as either hot music or sweet music. Hot music was for young people and African Americans, while sweet music was more sedate and respectable music for listening.
swing
A type of popular jazz dance music, originally from the early 20th century.
symphonic metal
A genre of metal that combines it with elements of Western classical music.
symphony orchestra
A large orchestra that traditionally plays orchestral Western classical music.
syncopation
The quality of a rhythm being somehow unexpected, in that it deviates from the strict succession of regularly spaced strong and weak beats in a meter
  • Syncopation is a defining characteristic of jazz.
synthpop
A style of popular music in which the synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument.
talking blues
A kind of song from blues and country, characterized by a sort of singsong speech, in which the rhythm is strict but the melody is free.
tap dance
A rhythmic dance in which the heels and toes of the dancer's shoes make a series of clicks
techno
A style of music characterized by repetitive instrumental music produced for use in a continuous DJ set. The central rhythmic component is most often in common time (4/4), where time is marked with a bass drum on each quarter note pulse, a backbeat played by snare or clap on the second and fourth pulses of the bar, and an open hi-hat sounding every second eighth note.
Texas blues
A genre of blues that uses electric guitars and power riffs, associated with Texas.
Texas tommy[122]
A ragtime dance popular around 1910
third stream[123]
A form of jazz created in the 1950s, performed in ensembles in a style influenced by Western classical music, such as by using musical notation and eschewing improvisation.
thrash metal
An aggressive and intense form of heavy metal music with a focus on speed, technical precision, and alternate picking, and often having violent lyrics.
Thunderbird Dance[124]
A traditional ritual and music/dance event among the Makah and Nootkan tribes of Native Americans.
Tin Pan Alley[125]
The songwriting and publishing industry which was built around the songs produced by the legion of songwriters who lived in an area around 28th Street in New York City in the late 19th and early 20th century; the area itself; the style of popular music produced by this industry.
Top 40
A radio format (no longer officially used) referring to a set playlist of the most popular forty songs on the charts at the time; also pop music in general.
TR-808
An iconic drum machine, considered integral to several genres of dance music and hip hop.
  • An informal abbreviation for the Roland TR-808, referring to the Roland Corporation that manufactured it.
trap
A genre of hip-hop dance music associated with the South.
trumpet
A musical instrument of the brass family, generally tuned to the key of B-flat.
Tulsa Sound
A 1950s and 60s genre of country music that infused elements of rockabilly and the blues.
turntable
The circular rotating platform of a record player or DJ console on which the record rests during play, used as a musical instrument in hip-hop.
turntablism
The art of using one or more turntables and mixers to create an original musical piece.
turkey trot[126]
A ragtime dance popular in the very early 20th century.
twelve-bar blues
A very common chord progression in American popular music.
The Twist
A nationwide rock and roll dance craze in the 1950s.
two-step[127]
The term two-step can refer to several different dances and dance moves.
ukulele
A small four-stringed guitar.
upright bass
The double bass
urban contemporary gospel
A radio format that plays contemporary gospel.
variety show
A theatrical entertainment featuring a succession of short, unrelated performances by singers, dancers, comedians, acrobats, magicians etc
vaudeville
A style of multi-act theatrical entertainment originated from France and which flourished in Europe and North America from the 1880s through the 1920s.
VH1
A cable television channel focusing on music.
violin
A musical four-string instrument, generally played with a bow or by plucking the string. Pitch is set by pressing the strings at the appropriate place with the fingers.
vocable[128]
Meaningless syllables used in music
  • Use of vocables is the main component of scat-singing, a vocal style in jazz.
  • Vocables are also an essential part of doo-wop music; the word doo-wop is even said to be from a vocable as performed by an early doo-wop group.
  • Vocables are a central feature of Native American music, and are often used to carry a song's melody.
wah-wah pedal
A pedal for an electric guitar that mimics the sound of the human voice.
waila[129]
A genre of popular accordion-led dance music (polka, mazurka, schottische) from among the Tohono O'odham people of Texas.
  • The term waila is a Tohono O'odham word derived from the Spanish baila (dance).
walkaround[130]
A competitive song that became a primary focus of the minstrel show.
walking bass
A style of bass accompaniment or line, common in baroque music and jazz, which creates a feeling of regular quarter note movement, akin to the regular alternation of feet while walking.
washboard
A board normally used for washing clothes utilized as a simple percussion instrument
West Coast hip hop
A style of gangsta rap associated with 1990s Los Angeles and nearby urban areas; largely synonymous with G-funk.
  • While the term West Coast hip hop can rarely be used in reference to any hip hop from the West Coast, it is mainly used in reference to the G-funk style and the East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry.
Western swing
A style of jazz, meshing string bands with other instrumentation - especially drums, saxophones, pianos and the steel guitar - that evolved into a subgenre of country music during the early 1940s.
Winter Dance[131]
A ritual from the Coast Salish tribe of Native Americans.
Wolf Dance[132]
A traditional ritual and music/dance event among the Makah and Nootkan tribes of Native Americans.
work song
A song, sung during work, with a rhythm that helps to coordinate activities.
  • Common in all areas of American traditional music, work songs are especially important as a component of the origins of the blues.
Zip Coon[133]
A stock coon character from minstrel shows, known for being slow-witted and prone to malapropisms.
  • The term coon is now considered a highly offensive racial slur.
  • In post-emancipation minstrel shows, the stock character was often called Urban Coon and was portrayed as an urban free African American.
zydeco[134]
A form of Louisiana Creole music, characteristically performed by accordion and washboard bands, that combines Cajun and Creole roots music with elements of African American music.
  • Zydeco was a word for both a Creole house party at which music was played and the style of music played therein. The word la la occupied the same function for a different genre of dance music.

References

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Works Cited