Appendix:Indonesian pronunciation

English Wikipedia has articles on:

Indonesian phonology and Indonesian orthography

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Indonesian pronunciations in Wiktionary entries.

Consonants

IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	bola	beau
d	dari	do
dʒ	jari	job
f	fikir, visa	festival
ɡ	gigi	gain
h	habis, tokoh	hat
j	yakin, kaya	yes
k	kalah	sky
l	lama	clean
m	makan	moon
n	nakal	note
ŋ	ngarai	feeling
ɲ	nyaman	canyon
p	pola	spy
r	raja, dari, pasar	Spanish río
s	saya	six
ʃ	syak	shoe
t	tari	sty
tʃ	cari	Like check but softer, said between s and ch.
v	visa	vision
w	waktu, Jawa	we
x	khas	Scottish loch
z	zaman	zero
ʔ	bapak, rakyat	uh-oh

Vowels

Monophthongs
IPA	Examples	English approximation
a	ajar, buka	father
e	serong, kare	clay
ɛ	pek, teh, bebek	festival
i	bila, ini	see
ɪ	pilih, yakin, kirim	bin
o	roda, toko	sole
ɔ	pohon	off
u	upah, baru	tool
ʊ	tujuh, rumput	foot
ə	elang	taken, about

Diphthongs
IPA	Examples	English approximation
au, aʊ	kalau	how
ai, aɪ	capai	bye
ei, eɪ	murbei	survey (uncommon)
oi, oɪ	sepoi	boy (uncommon)
ui, uɪ	fengsui	British ruin (uncommon)

Other symbols

Other symbols
IPA	Explanation
ˈ	Primary stress Placed before the stressed syllable

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased , with final k being a glottal stop. /b, d/ are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, . There is generally no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix. However, liaison could occur occasionally.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 The fricatives are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as ; otherwise it is .
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 The glottal stop is an allophone of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs) and rakyat (alternative word of 'people' or 'society'). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
^ It is either an alveolar tap or trill in Indonesian.
^ is an occasional allophone of /a/ after emphatic consonants from Arabic loanwords, example: qari . However, could also merged with /o/ as evidenced by nonstandard romanizations of Arabic: qori.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 The diphthongs /ai, au/, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into , respectively, especially in Java.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 /e, i, o, u/ in Indonesian language have lax allophones in closed final syllables, except that tense occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and lax also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel. Allophones sometimes merge with /e, o/.
^ The Indonesian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
^ The Indonesian /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of sole (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw. The Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
^ Diphthongs are broken into vowel sequences in closed syllables (baik) and monosyllables (bau, tahu).
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 The pronunciation with the lax allophone or only occurs in Indonesian.
^ Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa , stress shifts to the antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.

[stop-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased , with final k being a glottal stop. /b, d/ are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, . There is generally no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix. However, liaison could occur occasionally.

[loan-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 The fricatives are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as ; otherwise it is .

[glottal-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 The glottal stop is an allophone of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs) and rakyat (alternative word of 'people' or 'society'). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.

[4] It is either an alveolar tap or trill in Indonesian.

[5] s an occasional allophone of /a/ after emphatic consonants from Arabic loanwords, example: qari . However, could also merged with /o/ as evidenced by nonstandard romanizations of Arabic: qori.

[diphthong-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 The diphthongs /ai, au/, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into , respectively, especially in Java.

[lax-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 /e, i, o, u/ in Indonesian language have lax allophones in closed final syllables, except that tense occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and lax also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel. Allophones sometimes merge with /e, o/.

[8] The Indonesian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.

[9] The Indonesian /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of sole (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw. The Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.

[10] Diphthongs are broken into vowel sequences in closed syllables (baik) and monosyllables (bau, tahu).

[IndonesianOnly-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 The pronunciation with the lax allophone or only occurs in Indonesian.

[12] Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa , stress shifts to the antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.

Appendix:Indonesian pronunciation

Contents

Consonants

Vowels

Other symbols

Notes

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