Appendix:Interlingua Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Interlingua, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Interlingua
interlingua
1 I io
2 you (singular) tu
3 he, she, it ille
4 we nos
5 you (plural) vos
6 they illes
7 this iste
8 that celle, ille
9 here hic, ci
10 there illac, ibi, la
11 who qui
12 what que
13 where ubi
14 when quando
15 how como
16 not non
17 all tote, omne
18 many multe
19 some alcun, alicun, qualque
20 few poc, pauc
21 other altere
22 one un
23 two duo
24 three tres
25 four quatro
26 five cinque
27 big grande
28 long longe
29 wide large
30 thick spisse
31 heavy pesante
32 small parve
33 short curte
34 narrow stricte
35 thin tenue
36 woman femina
37 man (adult male) masculo, viro, homine
38 man (human being) homine, humano, essere human
39 child infante
40 wife marita, sposa
41 husband marito, sposo
42 mother matre
43 father patre
44 animal animal
45 fish pisce
46 bird ave
47 dog can
48 louse pediculo
49 snake serpente
50 worm verme
51 tree arbore
52 forest foreste
53 stick baston
54 fruit fructo
55 seed semine
56 leaf folio
57 root radice
58 bark (of a tree) cortice
59 flower flor
60 grass herba
61 rope corda
62 skin cute, pelle
63 meat carne
64 blood sanguine
65 bone osso
66 fat (noun) grassia
67 egg ovo
68 horn corno
69 tail cauda
70 feather pluma, penna
71 hair pilo, capillos
72 head capite
73 ear aure
74 eye oculo
75 nose naso
76 mouth bucca
77 tooth dente
78 tongue (organ) lingua
79 fingernail ungue, ungula
80 foot pede
81 leg gamba
82 knee genu
83 hand mano
84 wing ala
85 belly ventre
86 guts tripas
87 neck collo
88 back dorso
89 breast pectore
90 heart corde
91 liver ficato, hepate
92 to drink biber
93 to eat mangiar
94 to bite morder
95 to suck suger
96 to spit sputar
97 to vomit vomitar
98 to blow sufflar
99 to breathe respirar
100 to laugh rider
101 to see vider
102 to hear audir
103 to know saper
104 to think pensar
105 to smell olfacer
106 to fear timer
107 to sleep dormir
108 to live viver
109 to die morir
110 to kill occider
111 to fight luctar
112 to hunt chassar
113 to hit colpar
114 to cut secar
115 to split finder
116 to stab dagar
117 to scratch grattar
118 to dig foder
119 to swim natar
120 to fly volar
121 to walk ambular, promenar se
122 to come venir
123 to lie (as in a bed) jacer
124 to sit seder
125 to stand star
126 to turn (intransitive) girar, rotar
127 to fall cader
128 to give dar
129 to hold tener
130 to squeeze premer
131 to rub fricar
132 to wash lavar
133 to wipe essugar
134 to pull tirar
135 to push pulsar
136 to throw jectar
137 to tie ligar
138 to sew suer
139 to count contar
140 to say dicer
141 to sing cantar
142 to play jocar
143 to float flottar
144 to flow fluer
145 to freeze gelar
146 to swell tumer
147 sun sol
148 moon luna
149 star stella
150 water aqua
151 rain pluvia
152 river fluvio
153 lake laco
154 sea mar
155 salt sal
156 stone petra
157 sand arena, sablo
158 dust pulvere
159 earth terra
160 cloud nube
161 fog nebula
162 sky celo
163 wind vento
164 snow nive
165 ice glacie
166 smoke fumo
167 fire foco
168 ash cinere
169 to burn arder
170 road strata
171 mountain montania
172 red rubie
173 green verde
174 yellow jalne
175 white blanc
176 black nigre
177 night nocte
178 day die
179 year anno
180 warm calide
181 cold frigide
182 full plen
183 new nove
184 old vetere
185 good bon
186 bad mal
187 rotten putride
188 dirty immunde
189 straight recte
190 round ronde
191 sharp (as a knife) acute
192 dull (as a knife) obtuse
193 smooth lisie
194 wet humide
195 dry sic
196 correct correcte
197 near proxime
198 far distante
199 right dextre
200 left sinistre, leve
201 at a, in, apud
202 in in
203 with con
204 and e
205 if si
206 because proque
207 name nomine
  • Orthography :

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :

  • verbs : infinitive
  • other words : masculine or neutral, singular, nominative (subject)

For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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