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There are only eleven irregular verbs in Modern Irish: abair, beir, bí, clois, déan, ith, faigh, feic, tabhair, tar, téigh.
Summary of irregular stems
- abair: deir, dúr, déar; rá
- beir: rug, béar; breith
- bí: tá, fuil, rabh, bei; bheith
- clois: chuala
- déan: rinne, dearna
- faigh: fuair, gheobh
- feic: chonaic, fac
- ith: íos
- tabhair: tug, tabhar
- tar: tag, tháng, tioc; teacht
- téigh: té, chua, deach, rach; dul
Moods and tenses of irregular stems
- One verb (bí) has a distinct indicative present independent stem (tá).
- One verb (bí) has a distinct indicative present dependent stem (fuil).
- Four verbs (bí, déan, feic, téigh) have distinct indicative past dependent stems
- Six verbs (abair, bí, déan, faigh, feic, téigh) take non-preterite preverbal particles (ní instead of níor etc.) in the indicative past.
- Three verbs (abair, beir, tabhair) are broadened in the indicative future and conditional.
- One verb (faigh) has a distinct independent form in the indicative future and conditional (gheobh‑).
- Six verbs (bí, clois, faigh, feic, tar, téigh) have past autonomous -thas. The stem is broadened where necessary. All except faigh are lenitied (e.g., bhíothas, but fuarthas).
- Three verbs (abair, tar, téigh) have distinct verbal noun stems (rá, teacht, dul).
Table of irregular stems
This table highlights all the irregular stems of the eleven irregular Irish verbs.
Notes
- ^ Tenses are named and listed as per Wiktionary conjugation templates
- ^ The d- forms are immune to lenition, they were previously adeir, adúirt
- ^ The analytic form is deir, that is, deir does not take an -eann suffix
- ^ The analytic form is tá, that is, tá does not take an -(a)nn suffix
- ^ Téann is a contraction of téigh + eann > téann
- ^ The analytic form is fuil, that is, fuil does not take an -eann suffix
- ^ Negative níl is a contraction of ní fhuil
- ^ Interrogative an bhfuil tends to be pronounced an fhuil
- ^ The analytic form is dúirt
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Only in the autonomous is the stem broadened with -thas
- ^ The analytic form is tháinig (slender, unlenited g)
- ^ The analytic form is chuaigh (slender)
- ^ Quoted with the negative particle to highlight initial mutations
- ^ For compound forms, the stem is broadened to rabh-, e.g., rabhthas
- ^ Eclipsis rather than lenition
- ^ The stem is inherently lenited
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 No f in declension suffix, e.g., gheobhaidh
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Eclipsis with ní
- ^ The analytic form is bheadh
- ^ Contraction of téigh + e > té
- ^ Declension follows the conditional, rather than the usual past habitual
- ^ All imperatives are identical to the radical
- ^ The verbal nouns and adjectives (past participles) are given for all verbs
- ^ faigh + áil > fáil
Etymology of irregular verbs
- Independent stems tend to be derived from Old Irish (SGa) deuteronic forms, and dependent stems from SGa prototonic forms.
- Eight verbs (abair, beir, bí, clois, feic, tabhair, tar, téigh) have forms derived ultimately from two or more source verbs.[e 1] Only three (déan, faigh, ith) derive from a single source.
- Three verbs (abair, beir, tabhair) are derived (fully or paritially) from SGa beirid.
- The verbal noun of tar (“to come”) (teacht) leaked across from the verbal noun of téigh (“to go”) (whose verbal noun is now dul).
Notes
- ^ There are two examples in English, be and go.
- ^ perfect of as·beir (ro-form?).
- ^ perfect, ro-form, prototonic of beirid.
- ^ See also voici.
- ^ etymology 2 in this entry.
- ^ 3rd sg, present subjunctive, ro-form, prototonic of at·tá.
- ^ cf. chuala on MacBain.
- ^ present deuteronic of do·gní.
- ^ perfect deuteronic of do·gní.
- ^ perfect prototonic of do·gní.
- ^ fo-gaib on eDIL.
- ^ The f is prothetic, a misinterpretation of aic- as lenited *faic.
- ^ perfect of ad·cí.
- ^ perfect protonic of ad·ci.
- ^ 1st sg future conjunct of ithid.
- ^ prototonic do·uic, 3rd sg perfect deuteronic of do·beir.
- ^ vn. of téit, later of do·icc.
- ^ perfect prototonic téit.
- ^ 3rd sg future absolute of téit.
- ^ no SGa etymology in this entry; MacBain has doluid, with PIE etymology *leudho ("go"), at entry dol; cf Pret. 3 s. of do·tét on eDIL; dul on eDIL; also, luid, téit, do·tét here on Wiktionary.
Irregulars, in order of irregularity
- clois, ith
- feic, déan
- distinct independent and dependent forms in past tense only
- abair, beir, tabhair
- all derived from Old Irish beirid
- broadened in indicative future and conditional
- verbal noun of abair is from a different verb root
- faigh, tar, téigh
- independent and dependent forms in various moods and tenses
- bí
- in common with most other languages, the verb to be is the most irregular
Wiktionary templates
General:
Specific:
Notes
- ^ There are 22 entries in Category:Irish irregular verbs as at 20-Mar-2018, including alternative forms and compounds
- ^ For this reason, the regular present habitual of bí is distinctive
External links
- Irregular Verbs on Nualeargais
- Tense and Features in Irish Verbal Morphology, Paolo Acquaviva, Minority Languages, Proceedings of the Irish Network in Formal Linguistics, Oct 2013, Part II, Chapter 5, pp. 70-90.
- MacBain's Dictionary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language.
See also