Appendix:Latin first conjugation

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The Latin first conjugation has a stem ending in a – the infinitive ends in -āre. They descend from Proto-Italic *-āō, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti.

Example

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum — to love

Active indicative

Present

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amō I love amāmus We love
2nd amās You love amātis You (pl.) love
3rd amat He/she/it loves amant They love

Imperfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amābam I was loving amābāmus We were loving
2nd amābās You were loving amābātis You (pl.) were loving
3rd amābat He/she/it was loving amābant They were loving

Future

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amābō I will love amābimus We will love
2nd amābis You will love amābitis You (pl.) will love
3rd amābit He/she/it will love amābunt They will love

Perfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amāvī I (have) loved amāvimus We (have) loved
2nd amāvistī You (have) loved amāvistis You (pl.) (have) loved
3rd amāvit He/she/it/there (has) loved amāvērunt They (have) loved

Pluperfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amāveram I had loved amāverāmus We had loved
2nd amāverās You had loved amāverātis You (pl.) had loved
3rd amāverat He/she/it had loved amāverant They had loved

Future Perfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amāverō I will have loved amāverīmus We will have loved
2nd amāverīs You will have loved amāverītis You (pl.) will have loved
3rd amāverit He/she/it will have loved amāverint They will have loved

A form with short -i- (amāverimus) is found in some authors, e.g. Terence, Eunuchus 592, but Cicero and Catullus preferred the form with long -i-, e.g. Catullus 5.10 (with Fordyce's note).

Passive Indicative

Present

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amor I am being loved amāmur We are being loved
2nd amāris You are being loved amāminī You (pl.) are being loved
3rd amātur He/she/it is being loved amantur They are being loved

Imperfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amābar I was loved amābāmur We were loved
2nd amābāris You were loved amābāminī You (pl.) were loved
3rd amābātur He/she/it was loved amābantur They were loved

Future

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amābor I will be loved amābimur We will be loved
2nd amāberis You will be loved amābiminī You (pl.) will be loved
3rd amābitur He/she/it will be loved amābuntur They will be loved

Perfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amātus sum I (have been/was) loved amātī sumus We (have been/were) loved
2nd amātus es You (have been/were) loved amātī estis You (pl.) (have been/were) loved
3rd amātus est He/she/it (has been/was) loved amātī sunt They (have been/were) loved

Note: The participle is inflected for gender and number like a first- and second-declension adjective.

Pluperfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amātus eram I had been loved amātī erāmus We had been loved
2nd amātus erās You had been loved amātī erātis You (pl.) had been loved
3rd amātus erat He/she/it had been loved amātī erant They had been loved

Note: The participle is inflected for gender and number like a first- and second-declension adjective.

Future perfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amātus erō I will have been loved amātī erimus We will have been loved
2nd amātus eris You will have been loved amātī eritis You (pl.) will have been loved
3rd amātus erit He/she/it will have been loved amātī erunt They will have been loved

Note: The participle is inflected for gender and number like a first- and second-declension adjective.

Active subjunctive

Present

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amem I may love amēmus We may love
2nd amēs You may love amētis You (pl.) may love
3rd amet He/she/it may love ament They may love

Imperfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amārem I should love amārēmus We should love
2nd amārēs You would love amārētis You (pl.) would love
3rd amāret He/she/it would love amārent They would love

Perfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amāverim I may have loved amāverīmus We may have loved
2nd amāverīs You may have loved amāverītis You (pl.) may have loved
3rd amāverit He/she/it may have loved amāverint They may have loved

Pluperfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amāvissem I should have loved amāvissēmus We should have loved
2nd amāvissēs You would have loved amāvissētis You (pl.) would have loved
3rd amāvisset He/she/it would have loved amāvissent They would have loved

Passive subjunctive

Present

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amer I may be loved amēmur We may be loved
2nd amēris You may be loved amēminī You (pl.) may be loved
3rd amētur He/she/it may be loved amentur They may be loved

Imperfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amārer I should be loved amārēmur We should be loved
2nd amārēris You would be loved amārēminī You (pl.) would be loved
3rd amārētur He/she/it would be loved amārentur They would be loved

Perfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amātus sim I may have been loved amātī sīmus We may have been loved
2nd amātus sīs You may have been loved amātī sītis You (pl.) may have been loved
3rd amātus sit He/she/it may have been loved amātī sint They may have been loved

Note: The participle is inflected for gender and number like a first- and second-declension adjective.

Pluperfect

Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st amātus essem I should have been loved amātī essēmus We should have been loved
2nd amātus essēs You would have been loved amātī essētis You (pl.) would have been loved
3rd amātus esset He/she/it would have been loved amātī essent They would have been loved

Note: The participle is inflected for gender and number like a first- and second-declension adjective.

Imperative

Active

Primary direct

amā! - (singular) Love!
amāte! - (plural) Love!

Secondary direct

amātō! - (singular) Love!
amātōte! - (plural) Love!

Secondary indirect

amātō! - (singular) Let him/her love!
amantō! - (plural) Let them love!

Passive

Primary direct

amāre! - (singular) Be loved!
amāminī! - (plural) Be loved!

Secondary future

amātor! - (singular) Be loved!
amātōminī! - (plural) Be loved!

Secondary indirect

amātor! - (singular) Let him/her be loved!
amantor! - (plural) Let them be loved!

Gerunds

For nominative, the infinitive is used.

Nominative - amāre
Genitive - amandī
Dative - amandō
Accusative - amandum
Ablative - amandō

Infinitives and participles

Present active infinitive - amāre
Present passive infinitive - amārī
Perfect active infinitive - amāvisse
Perfect passive infinitive - amātus esse
Future active infinitive - amātūrus esse
Future passive infinitive - amātum īrī

Present active participle - amāns
Perfect passive participle - amātus
Future active participle - amātūrus
Future passive participle - amandus

Note: The perfect passive and both future participles are declined like normal 1st/2nd declension adjectives. The present active participle is declined like a 3rd declension adjective with a genitive of amantis. Also, there are no present passive or perfect active participles.

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