Appendix:Malay pronunciation

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Malay (Malaysian and Indonesian) pronunciations in Wiktionary entries. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wiktionary entries, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters.

See Malay phonology at Wikipedia for a more thorough look at the sounds of Malay.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	bola	beau
d	dari	do
dʒ	jari	job
f	fikir, visa	festival
ɡ	galah	gain
h	habis, tokoh	hat
j	yakin, kaya	yes
k	kalah	sky
l	lama	lean
m	makan	moon
n	nakal	note
ŋ	ngarai	feeling
ɲ	nyaman	canyon
p	pola	spy
r	raja, dari, pasar	Spanish río
s	saya	six
ʃ	syak	shoe
t	tari	sty
tʃ	cari	itchy
v	visa	vision
w	waktu, Jawa	we
x	khas	Scottish loch
z	zaman	zero
ʔ	bapak, rakyat	uh-oh

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
a	ajar, buka	father
e	serong, kare, pilih, yakin, kirim	clay
ɛ	pek, teh, bebek	festival
i	bila, ini	see
ɪ	kirim	bin
o	roda, toko, tujuh, rumput	sole
ɔ	pohon, kos	off
u	upah, baru	moon
ʊ	rumput	foot
ə	gelak, buka	taken, about

Diphthongs
IPA	Examples	English approximation
au	kalau	how
ai	capai	bye
ei	murbei	survey (uncommon)
oi	sepoi	boy (uncommon)
ui	fengsui	British ruin (uncommon)

Other symbols
IPA	Explanation
ˈ	Primary stress Placed before the stressed syllable

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased , with final k being a glottal stop. Word-finally, /b, d, ɡ/ do not occur phonemically but orthographically in certain loanwords where they are pronounced . There is no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 The fricatives are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as ; otherwise it is . The fricative can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 The glottal stop is an allophone of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs) and rakyat (alternative word of 'people' or 'society'). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
^ In Johor-Riau Malay, the more widely used standard variety of Malay in Malaysia, /r/ in the syllable coda is omitted (although it may be retained in formal speech).
^ In traditional Malay areas, the rhotic consonant /r/ is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, or , and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap or trill . Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas "paper" may be pronounced or .
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 In Johor-Riau Malay, word-final /a/ is pronounced as .
^ is an occasional allophone of /a/ after or before more carefully pronounced consonant from Arabic loanwords, example: qari .
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 are allophones of /i, u/ in native words in closed final syllables, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loanwords. The diphthongs /ai, au/, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into , respectively, especially in Java.
^ The Malay/Indonesian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Some words borrowed from European languages have the vowels and , such as pek ('pack') and kos ('cost'). Words borrowed earlier have a more nativized pronunciation, such as pesta ('fest'), which is pronounced . Some systems represent as ⟨ó⟩.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 /e, i, o, u/ in Indonesian have lax allophones in closed final syllables, except that tense occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and lax also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.
^ The Malay /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of sole (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw in Australian English. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
^ Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa , stress shifts to the antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.

[stop-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased , with final k being a glottal stop. Word-finally, /b, d, ɡ/ do not occur phonemically but orthographically in certain loanwords where they are pronounced . There is no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.

[loan-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 The fricatives are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as ; otherwise it is . The fricative can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.

[glottal-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 The glottal stop is an allophone of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs) and rakyat (alternative word of 'people' or 'society'). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.

[4] In Johor-Riau Malay, the more widely used standard variety of Malay in Malaysia, /r/ in the syllable coda is omitted (although it may be retained in formal speech).

[5] In traditional Malay areas, the rhotic consonant /r/ is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, or , and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap or trill . Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas "paper" may be pronounced or .

[final_a-6] 6.0 ^6.1 In Johor-Riau Malay, word-final /a/ is pronounced as .

[7] s an occasional allophone of /a/ after or before more carefully pronounced consonant from Arabic loanwords, example: qari .

[diphthong-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 are allophones of /i, u/ in native words in closed final syllables, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loanwords. The diphthongs /ai, au/, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into , respectively, especially in Java.

[9] The Malay/Indonesian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.

[foreignVowel-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Some words borrowed from European languages have the vowels and , such as pek ('pack') and kos ('cost'). Words borrowed earlier have a more nativized pronunciation, such as pesta ('fest'), which is pronounced . Some systems represent as ⟨ó⟩.

[lax-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 /e, i, o, u/ in Indonesian have lax allophones in closed final syllables, except that tense occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and lax also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.

[12] The Malay /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of sole (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw in Australian English. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.

[13] Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa , stress shifts to the antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.

Appendix:Malay pronunciation

Notes

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