Appendix:Mapudungun verbs

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Mapudungun verb conjugation can be done in two different ways. Traditional Spanish linguists have tense affixes and affixes of grammatical polarity within the verb conjugation of Mapudungun verbs. That approach makes the Mapudungun verb conjugation similar to Spanish verb conjugation.

An alternative way of looking at Mapudungun verb conjugation is to not include any affixes. Here is the alternative way of verb conjugation explained. Creating tense by using affixes can be read about in the Appendix:Mapudungun affixes.

  • A verb is inflected to show a mood, the person and a number. There are three finite moods: Realis, conditional and volitive. Verbs can be inflected to first-, second- and third-person in singular, dual and plural. Dual means two persons, plural means more than two people.

Non-finite mood forms

A verb that is not inflected is the infinitive and another categories. It is constituted by a the words root and -n or -vn, -lu, -m, -wma and -el. The lemma form of Mapudungun verbs are in the first-person singular realis present form, similarly to Latin and Ancient Greek verbs.

Finite mood forms

Realis

Verbs in the realis mood indicate that the action is real. The verb indicates an action that is completed (Iñce amun = I went or I have gone). Some verbs indicate actions that are not completed actions but continuous (Iñce nien = I have).

Conditional

Verbs in the conditional mood indicate an action that might happen and that it is a condition for something else to happen. (feyegvn amule egvn... = "If they leave... I will stay")

Volitive

Verbs in the volitive mood indicate an action that the speaker wishes to happen. (Iñce amuci = I want to go)

Grammatical polarity

In English the particle not is used to show that an action is negative (ex: I did not shoot that man). In Mapudungun there is a particle for each mood to make an action negative. The particle is put between the word root and the verb conjugation ending.

  • -la- for realis mood.
  • -no- for non finite forms and conditional mood.
  • -ki- for volitive mood.

Example: ñi amunon

amulan - (I don't/didn't go)

amunuli - (If I don't go...)

amukilge / amukinolge - (Don't go!)

Paradigms

The conjugation of Mapudungun verbs tends to be regular, although there are few peculiarities. The infinitive suffix -vn, is actually pronounced -ün in Unified Alphabet and should not to be mistaken as a consonant cluster; resulted from two impermissible consonants.

Example

Positive conjugation of amun (see also Appendix:Mapudungun verbs)
Infinitive1 amuael
Root amu-
Tense particles
(See particles) 		-a- ((future tense))
-pe- ((past tense))
-fu- ((distant past tense))
person singular dual plural
first second third first second third first second third
Realis mood
present amun amuymi amuy amuyu amuymu amuygu amuyiñ amuymvn amuygvn
past amupen amupeymi amupe amupeyu amupeymu amupeygu amupeyiñ amupeymvn amupeygvn
distant past amufun amufuymi amufu amufuyu amufuymu amufuygu amufuyiñ amufuymvn amufuygvn
future amuan amuaymi amuay amuayu amuaymu amuaygu amuayiñ amuaymvn amuaygvn
Conditional mood
present amuli amulimi amule amuliyu amulimu amule egu amuliyiñ amulimvn amule egvn
Volitive mood
present amuci amuge amupe amuyu amumu amupe egu amuyiñ amumvn amupe egvn

1Only usable with free personal pronouns.

Negative conjugation of amun
Infinitive1 amunoael
Tense particles
(See particles) 		-a- ((future tense))
-pe- ((past tense))
-fu- ((distant past tense))
person singular dual plural
first second third first second third first second third
Realis mood
present amulan amulaymi amulay amulayu amulaymu amulaygu amulayiñ amulaymvn amulaygvn
past amulapen amulapeymi amulapey amulapeyu amulapeymu amulapeygu amulapeyiñ amulapeymvn amulapeygvn
distant past amulafun amulafuymi amulafuy amulafuyu amulafuymu amulafuygu amulafuyiñ amulafuymvn amulafuygvn
future amulayan amulayaymi amulayay amulayayu amulayaymu amulayaygu amulayayiñ amulayaymvn amulayaygvn
Conditional mood
present amunoli amunolimi amunole amunoliyu amunolimu amunole egu amunoliyiñ amunolimvn amunole egvn
Volitive mood
present amukilci amukilge amukilpe amukilyu amukilmu amukilpe egu amukilyiñ amukilmvn amukilpe egvn

1Only usable with free personal pronouns.

Positive conjugation of ayvn (see also Appendix:Mapudungun verbs)
Infinitive1 ayael
Root ay-
Tense particles
(See particles) 		-a- ((future tense))
-pe- ((past tense))
-fu- ((distant past tense))
person singular dual plural
first second third first second third first second third
Realis mood
present ayvn ayimi ayi ayiyu ayimu ayigu ayiyiñ ayimvn ayigvn
past aypen aypeymi aype aypeyu aypeymu aypeygu aypeyiñ aypeymvn aypeygvn
distant past ayfun ayfuymi ayfu ayfuyu ayfuymu ayfuygu ayfuyiñ ayfuymvn ayfuygvn
future ayan ayaymi ayay ayayu ayaymu ayaygu ayayiñ ayaymvn ayaygvn
Conditional mood
present ayli aylimi ayle ayliyu aylimu ayle egu ayliyiñ aylimvn ayle egvn
Volitive mood
present ayci ayge aype ayyu aymu aype egu ayyiñ aymvn aype egvn

1Only usable with free personal pronouns.

Negative conjugation of ayvn
Infinitive1 aynoael
Tense particles
(See particles) 		-a- ((future tense))
-pe- ((past tense))
-fu- ((distant past tense))
person singular dual plural
first second third first second third first second third
Realis mood
present aylan aylaymi aylay aylayu aylaymu aylaygu aylayiñ aylaymvn aylaygvn
past aylapen aylapeymi aylapey aylapeyu aylapeymu aylapeygu aylapeyiñ aylapeymvn aylapeygvn
distant past aylafun aylafuymi aylafuy aylafuyu aylafuymu aylafuygu aylafuyiñ aylafuymvn aylafuygvn
future aylayan aylayaymi aylayay aylayayu aylayaymu aylayaygu aylayayiñ aylayaymvn aylayaygvn
Conditional mood
present aynoli aynolimi aynole aynoliyu aynolimu aynole egu aynoliyiñ aynolimvn aynole egvn
Volitive mood
present aykilci aykilge aykilpe aykilyu aykilmu aykilpe egu aykilyiñ aykilmvn aykilpe egvn

1Only usable with free personal pronouns.

See also

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia