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This page is a tentative guide on the phonology of three living varieties of Nheengatu: Alto Rio Negro, Médio Amazonas and Médio Solimões.
Comparative table
| IPA
|
Representation
|
Example
|
| (Rio Negro)
|
(Middle Amazon)
|
(Solimões)
|
| Consonants
|
| p |
p |
p |
paya
|
| b |
b |
babasú
|
| ᵐb |
b, mb |
membira
|
| t |
t |
t |
tukana
|
| d |
d |
dedu
|
| ⁿd |
d, nd |
endira
|
| k |
c, k |
kapiĩ
|
| ɡ |
ɡ |
g |
gagaluna
|
| ᵑɡ |
g, ng |
nheengatú
|
| ʒ |
j |
jí
|
| m |
m |
manha
|
| n |
n |
ukena
|
| ɲ |
ñ, nh, ỹ |
kastanha
|
| ɾ |
r |
papera
|
| s |
s |
kupuasú
|
| ʃ |
ch, x |
tukuxí
|
| j |
i, y |
yepé
|
| w |
u, w |
wawirú
|
| ʔ
|
∅
|
kaá
|
| h |
∅, h |
asú
|
| Vowels
|
| a |
a |
arara
|
| ɐ |
sasá
|
| e |
e |
tapetí
|
| ɛ |
e |
ɛ |
peteka
|
| i |
i |
wasaí
|
| i |
ɨ |
i |
kisé
|
| u |
o |
o, u |
?
|
| ɔ |
oka
|
| u |
u |
pisirú
|
| ã |
ã |
a, ã, am, an |
karapanã
|
| ẽ |
ẽ |
e, ẽ, em, en |
penhẽ
|
| ĩ |
ĩ |
i, ĩ, im, in |
aintá
|
| ũ |
õ |
o, õ, om, on, ũ, um, un |
?
|
| ũ |
ũ |
u, ũ, um, un |
piũ
|
Notes
- ^ Considered nonphonemic in Rio Negro's variety by some authors.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Considered onset allophones of /i/ and /u/ in Rio Negro's variety.
- ^ Not considered a phoneme in modern Nheengatu, but can occur between duplicate vowels. Its presence varies between varieties.
- ^ Nonphonemic, occurs at the end or beginning of some words. Its presence varies between varieties.
- ^ Unstressed allophone of /a/, at the end of the word.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Stressed allophone of /e/, in any position.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Modern ortographies are mostly based on Rio Negro's variety and usually don't show this difference.
- ^ Stressed allophone of /o/, in any position.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Nonphonemic, only occurs before a nasal consonant.
References
- Aline da Cruz (2011) Fonologia e gramática do nheengatu: a língua geral falada pelos povos baré, warekena e baniwa (in Portuguese), Amsterdam: LOT, →ISBN
- Raynice Geraldine Pereira da Silva, Aline da Cruz, Michéli de Deus Lima Schwade (2020) “Descrição e documentação fonológica das variedades do nheengatu no Amazonas ”, in Revista De Letras Norte@mentos (in Portuguese), volume 13, number 33, →DOI
- Marcel Twardowsky Avila (2021) Proposta de dicionário nheengatu-português (in Portuguese), São Paulo: USP, →DOI