Appendix:Ojibwe verbs
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Main category: Ojibwe verbs
In Ojibwe, as in other languages, verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Intransitive verbs are categorized as inanimate intransitive (VII) or animate intransitive (VAI), according to the animacy of the subject they take. Transitive verbs, on the other hand, are categorized as transitive inanimate (VTI) or transitive animate (VTA), according to the animacy of the object they take. Each of the four secondary categories can be identified by its ending (verb final) and has its own conjugation paradigm,
| Function | Subject | Type | Object | Theme | Abbreviated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| verb | inanimate | intransitive | none | VII[1][2][3] | |
| verb | inanimate | intransitive | none | inherently plural | VIIp[3] |
| verb | animate | intransitive | none | VAI[1][2][3] | |
| verb | animate | intransitive | none | pseudo-VAI | VAI2[1][2] |
| verb | animate | intransitive | none | optional object | VAIo[1][2][3] |
| verb | animate | intransitive | none | inherently plural | VAIp[3] |
| verb | animate | transitive | inanimate | -am stem | VTI[1][2][3] |
| verb | animate | transitive | inanimate | -oo stem | VTI2[1][2] |
| verb | animate | transitive | inanimate | -i stem | VTI3[1][2] |
| verb | animate | transitive | inanimate | -aam stem | VTI4[1] |
| verb | animate | transitive | animate | VTA[1][2][3] | |
| verb | animate | transitive | animate | inverse only | VTAi[3] |
Conjugation
| Word begins with... | 1st or "n-" |
2nd or "g-" |
3rd or "w-" |
|---|---|---|---|
| o | (n)indo- | gido- | odo- |
| a aa e i | (n)ind- | gid- | od- |
| oo | n- | g- | od- |
| ii | n- | g- | w- |
| b | (n)im- | gi- | (o)- |
| d g ' j z zh | (n)in- | gi- | (o)- |
| p t k h ch m n s sh w y | ni- | gi- | (o)- |
Pronouns used in conjugating animate verbs.
Intransitives
Intransitive verbs can be organize into three conjugations: verbs ending in consonant, verbs ending with a short vowel and verbs ending with a long vowel.
| Subject | Independent | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative1 | |||||||||
| Conjugation | Example | Gloss | Conjugation | Example | Gloss | |||||
| Niin (1s) | n | _ | Ø | ninibaa | "I sleep" | n | _ | sii(n)2 | ninibaasiin | "I don't sleep" |
| Giin (2s) | g | _ | Ø | ginibaa | "You sleep" | g | _ | sii(n)2 | ginibaasiin | "You don't sleep" |
| Wiin (3s) | Ø | _ | Ø | nibaa | "S/he/it sleeps" | Ø | _ | sii(n)2 | nibaasiin | "S/he/it doesn't sleep" |
| Obviative (3') | Ø | _ | wan | nibaawan | "S/he/it (obviate) sleeps" | Ø | _ | siiwan | nibaasiiwan | "S/he/it (obviate) doesn't sleep" |
| Indefinite (X) | Ø | _ | m | nibaam | "Someone sleeps" | Ø | _ | siim | nibaasiim | "Someone doesn't sleep" |
| Niinawind (1p) | n | _ | mi(n)2 | ninibaamin | "We (exclusive) sleep" | n | _ | siimi(n)2 | ninibaasiimin | "We (exclusive) don't sleep" |
| Giinawind (21) | g | _ | mi(n)2 | ginibaamin | "We (inclusive) sleep" | g | _ | siimi(n)2 | ginibaasiimin | "We (inclusive) don't sleep" |
| Giinawaa (2p) | g | _ | m3 | ginibaam | "You guys sleep" | g | _ | siim3 | ginibaasiim | "You guys don't sleep" |
| Wiinawaa (3p) | Ø | _ | wag | nibaawag | "They sleep" | Ø | _ | siiwag | nibaasiiwag | "They don't sleep" |
| Subject | Conjunct | |||||||||
| Positive | Negative1 | |||||||||
| Conjugation | Example | Gloss | Conjugation | Example | Gloss | |||||
| Niin (1s) | Ø | _ | yaan | nibaayaan | "That I sleep" | Ø | _ | siwaan(h)4 | nibaasiwaan | "That I don't sleep" |
| Giin (2s) | Ø | _ | yan/yin | nibaayan/yin | "That you sleep" | Ø | _ | siwan/siwin | nibaasiwan/siwin | "That you don't sleep" |
| Wiin (3s) | Ø | _ | d | nibaad | "That s/he/it sleeps" | Ø | _ | sig | nibaasig | "That s/he/it don't sleeps" |
| Obviative (3') | Ø | _ | nid | nibaanid | "That s/he/it (obviate) sleeps" | Ø | _ | sinid/sinig | nibaasinid nibaasinig |
"That s/he/it (obviate) don't sleep" |
| Indefinite (X) | Ø | _ | ng | nibaang | "That someone sleeps" | Ø | _ | sing | nibaasing | "That someone don't sleep" |
| Niinawind (1p) | Ø | _ | yaang | nibaayaang | "That we (exclusive) sleep" | Ø | _ | siwaang | nibaasiwaang | "That we (exclusive) don't sleep" |
| Giinawind (21) | Ø | _ | yang | nibaayang/ying | "That we (inclusive) sleep" | Ø | _ | siwang | nibaasiwang/siwing | "That we (inclusive) don't sleep" |
| Giinawaa (2p) | Ø | _ | yeg | nibaayeg | "That you guys sleep" | Ø | _ | siweg | nibaasiweg | "That you guys don't sleep" |
| Wiinawaa (3p) | Ø | _ | waad | nibaawaad | "That they sleep" | Ø | _ | siwaa | nibaasiwaa | "That they don't sleep" |
| Subject | Imperative (Immediate) | Imperative (Prohibitive) | ||||||||
| Conjugation | Example | Gloss | Conjugation | Example | Gloss | |||||
| Giin (2s) | Ø | _ | n | nibaan | "You! Sleep!" (now) | Ø | _ | ken | nibaaken | "You! Don't Sleep!" |
| Giinawind (21) | Ø | _ | daa5 | nibaadaa | "Let's sleep!" (now) | Ø | _ | siidaa5 | nibaasiidaa | "Let's not sleep!" |
| Giinawaa (2p) | Ø | _ | (o)k/(o)g | nibaak nibaag |
"You guys! Sleep!" (now) | Ø | _ | kegon | nibaakegon | "You guys! Don't Sleep!" |
| Subject | Imperative (Delayed) | |||||||||
| Positive | Negative1 | |||||||||
| Conjugation | Example | Gloss | Conjugation | Example | Gloss | |||||
| Giin (2s) | Ø | _ | (:)kan6 | nibaakan | "You! Sleep!" (soon) | Ø | _ | siikan | nibaasiikan | "You! Don't sleep!" (soon) |
| Giinawaa (2p) | Ø | _ | (:)keg6 | nibaakeg | "You guys! Sleep!" (soon) | Ø | _ | siikeg | nibaasiikeg | "You guys! Don't sleep!" (soon) |