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Appendix:Portuguese pronunciation. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
Appendix:Portuguese pronunciation, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
Appendix:Portuguese pronunciation in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
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This page is a guide for reading and adding Portuguese IPA pronunciations. Unless noted otherwise, the information here refers only to Standard European Portuguese and Standard Brazilian Portuguese. See Portuguese phonology.
Phonemes
The transcriptions in the second column are non-canonical and should be replaced by those in the first one.
Canonical
transcription
|
Other broad
transcriptions
|
Orthographical
representation
|
Narrow
transcriptions
|
Notes
|
| /a/ |
|
a, á, à |
, |
Allophone may occur before /w/, /l/ at the end of a syllable.
|
| /ɐ/ |
/ə/, /ɜ/, /ʌ/ |
a, â |
, , |
Also written "e" in the context of sequences of "e" plus "i" or "í" in European Portuguese |
Allophone only in the Lisbon dialect.
|
| /ɐ̃/ |
/ə̃/, /ɜ̃/ |
ã, â, am, an, âm, ân |
, ,
,
,
,
, , |
|
| /ɛ/ |
|
e, é |
|
May diphthongize to or be lowered to . |
Allophone in Brazil due to complimentary distribution with /e/, /ɨ/ in unstressed position.
|
| /e/ |
|
e, ê |
|
May diphthongize to . |
Allophone in Brazil due to complimentary distribution with /ɛ/ in unstressed position.
|
| /ẽ/ |
|
em, en, ên, êm, ém |
,
, |
The /j̃/ that follows /ẽ/ in some cases needs to be transcribed separately |
May be lowered to , .
|
| /ɨ/ |
/ɯ/, /ə/ |
e, i |
|
European and African Portuguese
|
| /i/ |
|
i, e |
, |
only in Brazilian Portuguese
|
| /ĩ/ |
|
i, in, im, en, em |
,
, |
|
| /ɔ/ |
|
o, ó |
|
May diphthongize to . |
Allophone in Brazil due to complimentary distribution with /o/ in unstressed position.
|
| /o/ |
|
o, ô |
|
May diphthongize to . |
Allophone in Brazil due to complimentary distribution with /ɔ/ in unstressed position.
|
| /õ/ |
|
õ, om, on, ôm, ôn |
,
,
, |
May be lowered to , .
|
| /u/ |
|
o, u, ú |
, |
Should not be used for /w/ |
only in the Azores and some dialects of European Portuguese. in the Azores and some European dialects. only in Brazilian Portuguese.
|
| /ũ/ |
|
um, un, úm, ún |
, , |
|
| /m/ |
|
m |
|
|
| /n/ |
|
n |
|
In Brazil, allophone before /i/, /ĩ/ is prevalent among most consistent users of , before the same vowel phonemes. Other speakers have alveolar instead.
|
| /ɲ/ |
/j̃/ |
nh |
, , |
Alveolo-palatal only at the start of non-native words in Brazil, otherwise only present as the sound of the sequence /nj/.
|
| /p/ |
|
p |
|
|
| /b/ |
|
b, v |
, |
allophone appears only in European Portuguese |
v in Northern Portugal, merged with /b/ for most other speakers
|
| /t/ |
|
t |
|
Alveolar allophone is generalized among Brazilians who do not affricate it before /i/, /ĩ/.
|
| /d/ |
|
d |
, , |
is an allophone of intervocalic /d/ in European Portuguese, except Southern Portugal.
Alveolar allophone is generalized among Brazilians who do not affricate it before /i/, /ĩ/.
|
| /k/ |
|
c, qu, k |
|
|
| /ɡ/ |
/ɡ/ |
g, gu |
, |
allophone appears only in European Portuguese
|
| /t͡ʃ/ |
/tʃ/ |
t, tch, ch |
, |
Brazilian Portuguese; usually considered an allophone of /t/ |
Ch in Northern Portugal, merged with /ʃ/ for most other speakers.
|
| /d͡ʒ/ |
/dʒ/ |
d, dj |
, |
Brazilian Portuguese; usually considered an allophone of /d/
|
| /f/ |
|
f |
|
|
| /v/ |
|
v |
|
|
| /s/ |
|
s, ss, ç, z, x |
|
Merged with /s̺/ in Beirão dialect.
|
| /s̺/ |
|
ç, s, ss |
|
Distinguishable /s/ in Transmontanan dialect. It's an allophone of /s/ in Beirão dialects. Merged with /s/ in the remaining dialects.
|
| /z/ |
|
s, z, x |
, |
|
| /ʃ/ |
|
x, ch, s |
, |
|
| /ʒ/ |
|
j, g, s |
, |
|
| /ʁ/ |
/r/, /h/, /x/, /χ/, /ř/ |
r, rr |
, , , , , ,
, , , |
|
| /ɾ/ |
/r/ |
r |
|
|
| /l/ |
|
l |
, |
|
| /ʎ/ |
|
lh |
, |
|
| /w/ |
/u/, /ʊ/, /u̯/, /ʊ̯/, /ʷ/ |
u, l, o, ü |
, , |
|
| /w̃/ |
/w/, /u/, /ʊ/, /u̯/, /ʊ̯/
/ũ/, /ʊ̃/, /ũ̯/, /ʊ̯̃/ |
o, m |
|
usually considered an allophone of /w/ following a nasal vowel
|
| /j/ |
/i/, /i̯/, /ɪ̯/, /ɪ/, /ʲ/ |
i |
, , |
|
| /j̃/ |
/j/, /i/, /i̯/, /ɪ̯/, /ɪ/
/ĩ/, /ĩ̯/, /ɪ̯̃/, /ɪ̃/ |
e, i, ∅ |
|
usually considered an allophone of /j/ following a nasal vowel
|
Issues
Alternative pronunciations
| context
|
standard treatment
|
example
|
| in most variations of Brazilian Portuguese, there are two ways to pronounce the prefix "des-"
|
each case is listed individually
|
desligar → IPA(key): /dez.li.ˈɡa(ʁ)/, /d͡ʒis.liˈɡa(ʁ)/
|
| unstressed /i/, /u/ sometimes become /j/, /w/ when followed by another vowel
|
each case is listed individually
|
águia → /ˈa.ɡi.ɐ/, /ˈa.ɡjɐ/
|
| word-final vowel reduction is sometimes undone by some speakers; usually /ɐ/ becomes /a/, more rarely /u/ becomes /o/ and /i/ becomes /e/
|
not indicated
|
casa → /ˈka.zɐ/, not /ˈka.za/
|
| /lj/, /nj/ become /ʎ/, /ɲ/
|
only indicated when it is relatively common
|
família → /fa.ˈmi.li.ɐ/, /fa.ˈmi.ljɐ/, /fa.ˈmi.ʎɐ/
|
| mid-word /o/ and /e/ sometimes become /u/ and /i/ in Brazilian Portuguese, often due to vowel harmony
|
each case is listed individually
|
dormir → /doʁ.ˈmi(ʁ)/, /duʁ.ˈmi(ʁ)/
|
| for some Brazilian speakers, a vowel becomes slightly nasalised preceding a nasal consonant
|
not indicated
|
dono → /ˈdo.nu/, not /ˈdõ.nu/
|
| semivowels between vowels are geminated
|
not indicated
|
caia → /ˈkaj.ɐ/, not /ˈkaj.jɐ/
|
| /k/ and /ɡ/ followed by /w/ may be pronounced as a rounded consonant
|
not indicated
|
quando → /ˈkwɐ̃.du/, not /ˈkʷɐ̃.du/
|
Dropped and intrusive phonemes
| context
|
standard treatment
|
example
|
| for some speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, /n/ is added between a nasal vowel and a consonant during gerunds
|
not indicated
|
deixando → /de(j)ˈʃɐ̃du/, not /de(j)ˈʃɐ̃ndu/
|
| in Brazilian Portuguese, /j/ is dropped from /ej/ before certain consonants
|
parentheses
|
manteiga → /mɐ̃.ˈte(j).ɡɐ/
|
| for some speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, /d/ is sometimes replaced with /n/ at the end of gerunds
|
not indicated
|
andando → /ɐ̃ˈdɐ̃du/, not /ɐ̃ˈdɐ̃nu/
|
| in Brazilian Portuguese, /j/ is dropped before /ʃ/ and /ʒ/
|
parentheses
|
caixa → /ˈka(j).ʃɐ/
|
| for some speakers of European Portuguese, /j/ is added before /ʃ/ and /ʒ/
|
parentheses
|
seja → /ˈsɐ(j).ʒɐ/
|
| in Brazilian Portuguese, final /ʁ/ is dropped from certain verb forms
|
parentheses
|
fazer → /fa.ˈze(ʁ)/
|
| in Brazilian Portuguese, /j/ is usually added before stressed, word-final /s/ that is not a desinence
|
parentheses
|
francês → /fɾɐ̃.ˈse(j)s/
|
| for some speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, /j̃/ is added after /ẽ/ sometimes
|
not indicated
|
entrar → /ẽ.ˈtɾa(ʁ)/, not /ẽj̃.ˈtɾa(ʁ)/
|
| for some speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, /w̃/ is added after /õ/ sometimes
|
not indicated
|
bomba → /ˈbõ.bɐ/, not /ˈbõw̃.bɐ/
|
| in Brazilian Portuguese, /j/ after a palatal is dropped
|
not indicated
|
régio → /ˈʁɛ.ʒi.u/, /ˈʁɛ.ʒju/
|
| /w/ may or may not be maintained in the diphthong /ow/
|
parentheses
|
sou → /ˈso(w)/
|
Stress
- Monosyllabic words should include a stress mark if they are stressed in sentences (si → /ˈsi/ but se → /si/).
- Secondary stress marks are optional, but recommended.
Sandhi
Sandhi should not be noted in pronunciations of individual words, as it is entirely predictable.
Metaphony
Metaphony is the variation between /o/ in the masculine singular of a noun or adjective and /ɔ/ in other forms. Some examples are:
- ovo (“egg”) /ˈo.vu/, plural ovos /ˈɔ.vus/
- novo (“new”) /ˈno.vu/, feminine singular nova /ˈnɔ.vɐ/, masculine plural novos /ˈnɔ.vus/, feminine plural novas /ˈnɔ.vɐs/
- porco (“pig”) /ˈpoʁ.ku/, feminine singular porca (“female pig, sow”) /ˈpɔʁ.kɐ/, masculine plural porcos /ˈpɔʁ.kus/, feminine plural porcas /ˈpɔʁ.kɐs/
The occurrence of metaphony is not predictable; it occurs in several words with stressed o, but not all of them. it can be noted using |meta=1 in {{pt-noun}} and {{pt-adj}}, and adds nouns to Category:Portuguese nouns with metaphony and adjectives to Category:Portuguese adjectives with metaphony.
Dialects
European Portuguese
The dialectology of modern Galician-European Portuguese established by Luís Lindley Cintra considers three major dialectal areas: Galician dialects, Northern Portuguese dialects, and Central-Southern Portuguese dialects.
The "standard" European Portuguese of Lisbon is a member of the Central-Southern Portuguese dialects. It is characterized by:
- Monophthongization of /ow/ in <ou> to /o/ (e.g.: ouro: , ouvir: ). (conserved in Northern Portugal dialects)
- Realization of /ej/ in <ei> as /ɐj/ (e.g.: ceifar: , feito: ) (characteristic of the Lisbon dialect that spread to the rest of the country)
- Realization of /ẽj/ and /ɛ̃j/ in <ém>/<éns> as /ɐ̃j/ (e.g.: bem: , vens: ) (characteristic of the Lisbon dialect that spread to the rest of the country)
Northern Portugal
Northern European Portuguese dialects, closely related with Galician, are characterized by:
- Betacism: and are realized as or (e.g.: chuva: , vela: , ).
- Conservation the diphthong /ej/ in <ei>, instead of realizing it as /ɐj/ (e.g.: ceifar: , feito: )
- Conservation the diphthong /ow/ in <ou>, instead of merging it with /o/ (e.g.: ouro: , ouvir: ).
- Conservation of the affricate /t͡ʃ/ in <ch>, instead of merging it with /ʃ/ (e.g.: chuva: , chamar: ).
Lower Minhoto-Duriense-Beirão
- Sesseio: and are realized as apical alveolar fricatives, and , respectively (e.g.: cozer/coser: ; passo/paço: ).
Upper Minhoto and Transmontano
- Lack of Sesseio: and are distinguished from apical alveolar fricatives, and , respectively (e.g.: cozer: vs. coser: ; paço: vs. passo: ).
Central and Southern Portugal
Central European Portuguese dialects are characterized by:
- Conservation the diphthong /ej/ in <ei>, except Lisbon where it is realized as /ɐj/ (e.g.: ceifar: , feito: )
Lisbon
Some peculiarities of the dialect from Lisbon are not considered standard:
- Diphthongization of final /i.u/ in <io> to /iw/ (e.g.: rio: , frio: )
Southern Portugal
Southern European Portugal dialects comprise the Alentejan and Algarvian Portuguese. They are characterized by:
- Monophthongization of /ej/ in <ei> to /e/ (e.g.: ceifar: , feito: ).
- No rendering of intervocalic /d/ as .
| Old Galician-Portuguese |
Galician |
Northern Portuguese |
Central-Southern Portuguese
|
Upper Minhoto,
Transmontano |
Lower Minhoto,
Duriense,
Beirão |
Central Portugal |
Lisbon |
Southern Portugal
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Notes
- Due to the recentness of this page’s creation, not every entry conforms to its guidelines. Users are encouraged to correct nonstandard IPA transcriptions, tag them with
{{attention|pt|nonstandard pronunciation}}, or inform another user about them.
- Some symbols are used in broad transcriptions even though they are usually considered allophones of another phoneme. The reasons for this are: they are traditionally used in broad transcriptions by other resources; preventing users from sounding foreign when not using that allophone sounds incorrect; in exceptional instances they are a distinct phoneme.
References