Appendix:Proto-Arawakan reconstructions

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Proto-Arawakan reconstructions by Ramirez (2019), Aikhenvald (2002), Jolkesky (2016):[1][2]

Ramirez (2019)

Proto-Arawak reconstructions by Ramirez (2019: 39, 509, 764-766):[3]

Portuguese gloss Proto-Arawak English translation
cabeça *-kɨwɨ head
olho *-l(-)ʊkɨ eye
orelha *kenai ear
nariz *-kiri nose
boca *-kanakɨ; *-nʊma mouth
lábio *kira- lip
dente *-atsɨ-wɨ teeth
língua *-neni tongue
unha *-tsʊta nail
unha *-hʊba-da nail
perna *kawa leg
*-kidiba foot
coxa *-pʊkɨ hip
perna *-kati leg
mão *-khapɨ, *kabi hand
braço *-kanʊ arm
braço *-dana arm
excremento *-idika excrement
urina *-tsinɨ urine
urinar *-(a)laka to urinate
pescoço *-nʊ neck
peito *-dʊkʊ chest
seio *-dɨnɨ breast
osso *(n)apɨ bone
sangue *-ɨtha blood
carne *-ɨdɨ- flesh
pele *-ɨma skin
casca *-ɨda bark
flor *-çɨwɨ flower
raiz *dabarɨ root
folha *-bana leaf
semente *-ikɨ seed
cauda *-idi-pi tail
mulher *tsɨna-rʊ woman
esposa *-inʊ wife
mãe *-ɨnʊ mother
sol *kamʊi sun
céu, alto *jenʊ high
luz *lʊkʊ light
dia *kedekʊ day
lua *kaçɨthɨ, *kahithi moon
água *hʊnɨ / *wene water
água *-la water
rio *wakʊ river
casa *-pana house
aldeia *-wɨnaka-
terra *kɨpakɨ, *kipatʃi earth
pedra *kɨba rock, stone
pedra *(h)epɨtsi rock, stone
areia *kadɨ sand
fogo *dika-ri fire
lenha *tsɨma wood (material)
caminho *-atɨn-apʊ / *adɨnapʊ path
noite, preto *la- night
sal *ɨtɨwɨ salt
canoa *(h)ita canoe
frio *(a)wada-rɨ cold
pesado *haɨmɨna thought
comprido *awia
longe *tekʊ long
vermelho *ɨra red
verde *hipʊrV green
azedo *kada-ma sour, acid
amargo *kepi-tsi, *kepidi bitter
beber *-dɨtha to drink
comer *-(a)nika to eat
morder *-arʊ to bite
ouvir *-kema to open
dormir *-dɨmaka to sleep
sonho *-tapʊni dream
morrer *kama-i to die
morrer *-maini to die
matar *-inʊ to kill
ir *(i)lanɨ to go
chegar *-ka to arrive
dizer *-ɨma to say
lavar *-kiba to wash
tomar banho *-aka to bathe
vomitar *-tikia to vomit
voar *-ara to fly
nadar *-amatha to swim
sentado *-ʊwa seated
fazer *tʊma to make sth.
cortar *tʊka to shorten sth.
chorar *-hija to cry
cavar *-kɨka to dig
doer *katsɨwi to hurt
eu *nʊ- I
tu *pɨ- you (sg.)
nós *wa- we
vós *hi- you (pl.)
3SG *ɨnɨ
3REFL *pa-
positivo *ka- positive
negativo *ma- negative
independentizador *-tsi
dependentizador *-ni
dependentizador *-rai
plural *-nawɨ
plural *-be
passado *-ini past
um *aba one
dois *pʊhinama
animal *pɨra animal
tatu *iwetɨ
paca *laba
cutia *pɨkʊɨrɨ, *pikɨli
rato *kihili
anta *kema
quati *kapiti, *kapedi
macaco-prego *pʊadɨ
ave *kʊdɨbɨra, *kʊdipira bird
pato *hʊbai duck
jacu *maradɨ
cujubim *kʊlʊi
beija-flor *pimɨtɨ
jabuti *hikʊri, *hikʊli
peixe *kʊpakɨ fish
tocandira *mainahɨ
cupim *kamatha
abelha *maba bee
mosquito *hainɨjʊ mitch
mutuca *kethi
piolho *ini louse
árvore *ada tree
urucu *hapɨ-kɨri
mandioca *kaini manioc
batata-doce *kalithi
flecha *tʊkʊ arrow

Aikhenvald (2002)

English gloss Proto-Arawak
manioc, sweet potato *kali
moon *kahɨ(tɨ)
water (n) *hu(ː)ni
sun, heat *kamui
sun *ketʃi
hammock *maka
long thing objects classifier *-pi
snake *api
road; limited space; hollow objects classifier *-(a)pu
path *(a)pu
leaflike objects classifier *-pana
leaf *pana
thin, powder-like classifier *-phe
dust *phe
arm *dana
hand, shoulder, arm *wahku
blood *itha-hna
bone *apɨ
breast, milk *tenɨ
snout, nose *t(h)aku
snout, nose *kɨri
fingernail, claw *huba
excrement *(i)tika
ear *da-keni
eye *ukɨ/e
flesh, meat *eki
flesh, meat *ina
flesh, meat *ipe
foot *kipa
hair *isi
hand *k(h)apɨ
head *kiwɨ
horn *tsiwi
leg *kawa
tongue *nene
lip, tongue *tʃɨra
mouth *numa
skin *mata
tail *(i)di(-pi)
ash *pali-ši
earth *kɨpa
lake *kaɨlesa
night *tʃapu
salt *(i)dɨwɨ
smoke *kɨtʃa(li)
stone *k(h)iba
agouti *p(h)ɨkɨ-li
animal *pɨra
ant *manaci
armadillo *yeti
bee, honey *maba
bird *kudɨ-pɨra
crocodile *kasi/u
coati *k(h)ape-di
chigoe flea *iditu
fish *kopaki
fish *hima
flea, cockroach *k(h)aya(pa?)
hummingbird *pimi
dog, jaguar *tsinu/i
dog *auli
lizard *dupu
louse *(i)ni
monkey *pude
mosquito *hainiyu
peccary *a(h)bɨya
mouse, rat *kɨhi(ri)
tapir *kema
termite *kamatha/ra
toad *ki(h)pa(ru)
tortoise *si(n)pu
tortoise *hiku(li)
turkey, guan *mara-di
wasp *hani/e
achiote *(a)binki-thi
manioc, cassava *kani
medicine, medicinal grass *pini/a
firewood *dika
firewood *tsɨma
flower *dewi
grass *katʃau
leaf *pana
pepper *atʃɨ (di/ɨ)
root *pale
seed *(a)ki
tobacco *yɨma
tree *a(n)da
people, body *mina
man, person *(a)šeni/a
man, person *(a)dia(-li)
brother *p(h)e
people, man *kaki(n)
wife, female relative *ɨnu
woman *tʃɨ na(-ru)
uncle, father-in-law *kuhko
fan *hewi
house *pe, *pana/i
dream *tapu
path *(ah)tɨnɨ
above, sky *(y)enu(hʔ)
bad *ma(h)tʃi
bitter *kep(h)idi
black, dirty *k(h)u(e)re
cold *kipa/e
green, blue, unripe *šɨpule
new *wada(li)
painful *katʃi(wi)
red *kɨra
sweet *putsi
to arrive *kau
to sweep *pɨ(da)
to give *po
to give *da
to cry *(i)ya
to be sick, die *kama
to drink *itha
to fly *ara
to hear, understand *kema
to wash *kiba
to eat *nika
to stand *dɨma
to dig *kika
1st person; someone, another *pa-
2nd person *(a)pi
2nd person *yama

Jolkesky (2016)

Note: The Nawiki languages are Kabiyari, Karu (Baniwa and Kuripako), Tariana, Mepuri, Piapoko-Achagua, Wainambu, Warekena-Mandawaka, and Yukuna-Wainuma (Mariate, Wainuma, and Yukuna).

Portuguese gloss Proto-Arawak Proto-Nawiki
abelha *maba *maapa; *emuru; *muunu-
açai *manakʰa-i
ácido *kaʦi
água *uni *huuni; *aa
algodão *ʦaawa-li *ʦaawa-li
amarelo *heewa
amargo *kepʰidi
animal *hamana; *-pira
anta *kema
ânus *haapu
aranha *heenui
arara *waaru; *aanda-ru
arco *jawi-tʰa; *ʤawi-
arraia *inatu-li
árvore *anda *ahiku
asa *aʔna-pɨ; *pʰai
ayahuasca *kaapi
azedo/doce *kaʔama
batata *hunai
batata doce *kʰalɨ-; *kalɨ- *kali-; *kaliri
beiju *pee-li
bico *kɨri
bom *kʰeime
boto *hamana; *munia
braço *aʔna-pɨ
cabeça *hiwida
cabelo *si; *-iti *-ʧii
cachorro *ʧiinu
caititu (Pecari tajacu) *jamu
caminho *apu; *apɨ
canoa *hiita
capivara *keeʦu
carne *ina; *tɨna *ina; *iʔina
carrapato *kuupa-li
carvão *kandaː-li; *men-ki *kandaa-li
casa *pe; *pana; *pani; *ponku; *ponko *-pani
casca *mada
caxiri *jalakʰi
céu *ʤeenu-
chicha *haʦi
chupar *ʧuʧu *ʧuʧu
cinzas *paliʃi; *pʰa(ne) *paʔli
cipó *hepe-pɨ
cobra *owi; *pi
coca *hiipatu
comer *ni-ka *iiɲha
comprido *-pʰi
coruja *punpu-li
costas *paʔrai
cujubim *kundui
cupim *maaru
dar *po
defecar *-iʦu
dente *ahʦe; *aɺi
dois *jama
dono *mina-li; *i-minali
dormir *maka; *imaka *imaa
esquilo *maade-li
estrela *hiwirhi
falar *-ima
farinha *maʧuka
feijão *kumana
fezes *itika; *itiki *i-ʦu
fígado *(uh)-bana
filha *-iitu
filho *eeni
flecha *iʦindua
fogo *i-ʦijai
folha *pana *-pʰai
formiga *kudɨ
frio *kaʧɨ-
fumaça *iiʦa, *iʦa
galinha *kalaka
garça *wakala *maali
gente *inawi-
gordura *-i-ʔiʦi
grande *maanu
homem *(w)aʧina-li
iguana *iwana
inhame *kali-
interior *-uʔku-
ir *kawa
jacaré *kasiu- *kaʤhui-
jacu *marai
japu *tuːwi-li
lagarto *iwana *tuupu/*nduupu
lenha *ʦɨma
língua *nene *nene; *-enene
lua *kahɨtʰi *keeri
macaco *kuhdi
macaco-barrigudo *kaapa-ru
machado *epiʧi; *ʧipaala
madeira *anda; *-mɨna
mama *-iini
mão *kʰapɨ; *-wahku *kaapi
marido *iini-li
marimbondo *piitʰairu
martim-pescador *jali-ru
matar *maanalii
matrinxã *mamu-li
mel *maba
milho *marikɨ; *mariki *kaanhai
molhado *isa-
montanha *hiipa-
morcego *piiʦi-li
morrer *maanalii
mosquito *hainiju
mulher *ʧ-ɨna-(ru) *-iina{-ru}
mutum *kuiʧi
nariz *hɨtaku
noite *ndaipi; *ndai(a)pi
nuvem *iiʦa
olho *uke; *ukɨ *i-dhui
onça *manɨ-tʲi *jawi
orelha *hainaku
osso *(n)apɨ
outro *ba
ouvir *kema
ovo *eewhe
paca *pʰɨkɨlɨ; *lapa
pai *hani-li
pajé *mali-
papagaio *koliko-li; *waaru
pássaro *kudɨ-
pato *kuumanda
paxiúba *puupa
*kɨhti *hiʔipa
pedra *kʰiba *hiipa; *hiipahɨ
peito *tiku
peixe *hima
pele *mada
pelo *si; *-iti *-ʧii
pena *pʰai
peneira *dupiʧi
pênis *iiʦipɨ
periquito *keɻike-li
perna *kɨhti
pescoço *ʧano *iiʦipɨ
pessoa *winaiwi-ki
pimenta *haʧɨ(dɨ); *aʧɨdɨ *haʦi; *aʦi
piolho *nih
piranha *umai
pium *maapii-li
plantar *-aapana
pomba *hutuku-li
pombo *huliitu
porco-do-mato *haapiʤa-
preto *kʰuere
pulga *iiʦito; *iiʦi-tu
pupunha *piipi-
quati *kʰahpedi *kapɨʦi
rabo *iiʦipɨ
raia *inatu-li
raiz *pale; *ata-pa-le *-aʔapali
raposa *kema
rato *hii-li
remédio *taape; *tapee
rosto *-eekua
sal *idɨwɨ *hiiwi
sangue *iʔira-na
saracura *kuuʧa
semente *aki *iinda
sogro *kuhko
sol *kamui; *kamɨ- *kamu-i
surubi *kuli-li
tabaco *ʤaɨ-ri *jeema
tamanduá-mirim *muundu-ʦi
tartaruga *haara; *(h)iiku-li
tateto *jamu
tatu *kaʃa *jaʔi
temer *pɨnka
terra *kɨpa-ʧi *hiipa-(h)ɨ
tio *kuhko *kʰui-lɨ
trovão *eeno
um *ba
umbigo *-he(ʔ)pure; *-heʔepu-
urucum *pʰɨːli
veado *inatu-li; *nee-ri
verde *aapana
vermelho *kɨra *kiira
vespa *hanɨ
vila *jakalee

Pronouns

Proto-Arawak pronimal system:[2]

person singular plural
1 *nu-/*ni-/*no- *wi/*wa-
2 *pɨ- *hi-
3 *ri-; *tʰu *ra-/*na-

Affixes

Grammatical morphemes:[2]

Portuguese gloss Proto-Arawak
absoluto *-ʧi
causativo *-ta; *a-
classificador (longo, flexível) *-pi
classificador (semente) *-ki
dativo *-kɨ
existencial/progressivo *-ena
feminino *-ru
interrogativo *-ka
locativo/direcional *-kɨ
negativo *-ʧɨ
negativo/privativo *ma-
passado *-pe
possessivo *-ne, *-re, *-te
privativo *ma-
reflexivo *-wa
voz passiva *-ka
verbalizador *-d

References

  1. ^ Aikhenvald, A. (2002). Language contact in Amazonia. Oxford University Press. Accessed from DiACL, 9 February 2020.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  3. ^ Ramirez, Henri (2019). Enciclopédia das línguas arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. (in press)

See also

Vocabulary lists of Amerindian languages
North America

Amerindian • p-Amerind • p-Eskimo • p-Na-Dene • p-Athabaskan • p-Algonquian • Beothuk • p-Iroquoian • p-Siouan • Caddoan • Yuchi • Kutenai • Chinook • p-Sahaptian • p-Takelman • p-Kalapuyan • Alsea • p-Wintun • Klamath • Molala • Cayuse • Coos • Lower Umpqua • p-Utian • p-Yokuts • p-Maidun • p-Salishan • p-Wakashan • p-Chimakuan • p-Hokan • p-Palaihnihan • Chimariko • Shasta • Yana • p-Pomo • Esselen • Salinan • p-Chumash • Waikuri • p-Yuman • p-Yukian • Washo • p-Kiowa-Tanoan • p-Keresan • Coahuilteco • Comecrudo • Cotoname • Karankawa • Tonkawa • Maratino • Quinigua • Naolan • p-Muskogean • Natchez (Swadesh) • Atakapa • Adai • Timucua

Central America

p-Oto-Manguean • p-Oto-Pamean • p-Central Otomian • p-Otomi • p-Popolocan (p-Mazatec) • p-Chinantec • p-Mixtec • p-Zapotec • p-Uto-Aztecan • p-Aztecan • Purépecha (Swadesh) • Cuitlatec • p-Totozoquean • p-Totonacan • p-Mixe-Zoquean • Highland Chontal • Huamelultec • Tequistlatec • p-Huave • p-Mayan (Swadesh) • Xinca • p-Jicaque • p-Lencan • Lenca • p-Misumalpan

South America

p-Cariban • p-Taranoan • p-Chibchan • p-Barbacoan • Páez • p-Pano-Takanan • p-Panoan • p-Makú • Hupda • p-Tukanoan • p-Arawan • Harákmbut–Katukinan • p-Cahuapanan • p-Choco • p-Guahiban • p-Shuar • Candoshi • p-Shuar-Candoshi • Achuar • p-Nambikwaran • Tinigua • Timote • p-Lule-Vilela • Vilela • Chamacoco • Allentiac • Chaná • Arutani-Sape • p-Bora-Muinane • Bora • p-Witotoan • Witoto • p-Macro-Daha • Sáliba • Piaroa • Ticuna • Yuri • Caraballo • Andoque • p-Mataguayo • p-Guaicurú • Guachí • Payagua • Mura • Pirahã • Matanawi • Quechumaran • Quechuan • p-Zaparoan • p-Peba-Yagua • Iquito • p-Chapacuran • Andaqui • Guamo • Betoi • Kamsá • Otomacoan • Jirajaran • Hibito-Cholon • Cholón • Sechura-Catacao • Sechura • Culli • Mochica • Esmeralda • Taushiro • Urarina • Aiwa • Canichana • Guató • Irantxe • Aikanã • Kanoé (Swadesh) • Kwaza • Mato Grosso Arára • Munichi • Omurano • Puinave • Leco • Puquina • Ramanos • Warao • Yaruro • Yuracaré • Yurumangui

South America (NE Brazil)

Katembri • Taruma • Yatê • Xukurú • Natú • Pankararú • Tuxá • Atikum • Kambiwá • Xokó • Baenan • Kaimbé • Tarairiú • Gamela

South America (Arawakan)

p-Arawakan • p-Japurá-Colombia • p-Lokono-Guajiro • Wayuu • p-Mamoré-Guaporé • p-Bolivia • p-Mojeño • p-Purus

South America (Macro-Jê)

p-Macro-Jê • Rikbaktsa • p-Jê • Jeikó • p-Jabuti • p-Kamakã • Kamakã • Maxakali • Chiquitano • Dzubukua • Oti • p-Puri • p-Bororo

South America (Tupian)

p-Tupian • Puruborá • Karo • p-Tupari • p-Maweti-Guarani • p-Tupi-Guarani • Guaraní