Hello, you have come here looking for the meaning of the word
Appendix:Proto-Arawakan reconstructions. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
Appendix:Proto-Arawakan reconstructions, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
Appendix:Proto-Arawakan reconstructions in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
Appendix:Proto-Arawakan reconstructions you have here. The definition of the word
Appendix:Proto-Arawakan reconstructions will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition of
Appendix:Proto-Arawakan reconstructions, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
Proto-Arawakan reconstructions by Ramirez (2019), Aikhenvald (2002), Jolkesky (2016):
Ramirez (2019)
Proto-Arawak reconstructions by Ramirez (2019: 39, 509, 764-766):
| Portuguese gloss |
Proto-Arawak |
English translation
|
| cabeça |
*-kɨwɨ |
head
|
| olho |
*-l(-)ʊkɨ |
eye
|
| orelha |
*kenai |
ear
|
| nariz |
*-kiri |
nose
|
| boca |
*-kanakɨ; *-nʊma |
mouth
|
| lábio |
*kira- |
lip
|
| dente |
*-atsɨ-wɨ |
teeth
|
| língua |
*-neni |
tongue
|
| unha |
*-tsʊta |
nail
|
| unha |
*-hʊba-da |
nail
|
| perna |
*kawa |
leg
|
| pé |
*-kidiba |
foot
|
| coxa |
*-pʊkɨ |
hip
|
| perna |
*-kati |
leg
|
| mão |
*-khapɨ, *kabi |
hand
|
| braço |
*-kanʊ |
arm
|
| braço |
*-dana |
arm
|
| excremento |
*-idika |
excrement
|
| urina |
*-tsinɨ |
urine
|
| urinar |
*-(a)laka |
to urinate
|
| pescoço |
*-nʊ |
neck
|
| peito |
*-dʊkʊ |
chest
|
| seio |
*-dɨnɨ |
breast
|
| osso |
*(n)apɨ |
bone
|
| sangue |
*-ɨtha |
blood
|
| carne |
*-ɨdɨ- |
flesh
|
| pele |
*-ɨma |
skin
|
| casca |
*-ɨda |
bark
|
| flor |
*-çɨwɨ |
flower
|
| raiz |
*dabarɨ |
root
|
| folha |
*-bana |
leaf
|
| semente |
*-ikɨ |
seed
|
| cauda |
*-idi-pi |
tail
|
| mulher |
*tsɨna-rʊ |
woman
|
| esposa |
*-inʊ |
wife
|
| mãe |
*-ɨnʊ |
mother
|
| sol |
*kamʊi |
sun
|
| céu, alto |
*jenʊ |
high
|
| luz |
*lʊkʊ |
light
|
| dia |
*kedekʊ |
day
|
| lua |
*kaçɨthɨ, *kahithi |
moon
|
| água |
*hʊnɨ / *wene |
water
|
| água |
*-la |
water
|
| rio |
*wakʊ |
river
|
| casa |
*-pana |
house
|
| aldeia |
*-wɨnaka-
|
| terra |
*kɨpakɨ, *kipatʃi |
earth
|
| pedra |
*kɨba |
rock, stone
|
| pedra |
*(h)epɨtsi |
rock, stone
|
| areia |
*kadɨ |
sand
|
| fogo |
*dika-ri |
fire
|
| lenha |
*tsɨma |
wood (material)
|
| caminho |
*-atɨn-apʊ / *adɨnapʊ |
path
|
| noite, preto |
*la- |
night
|
| sal |
*ɨtɨwɨ |
salt
|
| canoa |
*(h)ita |
canoe
|
| frio |
*(a)wada-rɨ |
cold
|
| pesado |
*haɨmɨna |
thought
|
| comprido |
*awia |
|
| longe |
*tekʊ |
long
|
| vermelho |
*ɨra |
red
|
| verde |
*hipʊrV |
green
|
| azedo |
*kada-ma |
sour, acid
|
| amargo |
*kepi-tsi, *kepidi |
bitter
|
| beber |
*-dɨtha |
to drink
|
| comer |
*-(a)nika |
to eat
|
| morder |
*-arʊ |
to bite
|
| ouvir |
*-kema |
to open
|
| dormir |
*-dɨmaka |
to sleep
|
| sonho |
*-tapʊni |
dream
|
| morrer |
*kama-i |
to die
|
| morrer |
*-maini |
to die
|
| matar |
*-inʊ |
to kill
|
| ir |
*(i)lanɨ |
to go
|
| chegar |
*-ka |
to arrive
|
| dizer |
*-ɨma |
to say
|
| lavar |
*-kiba |
to wash
|
| tomar banho |
*-aka |
to bathe
|
| vomitar |
*-tikia |
to vomit
|
| voar |
*-ara |
to fly
|
| nadar |
*-amatha |
to swim
|
| sentado |
*-ʊwa |
seated
|
| fazer |
*tʊma |
to make sth.
|
| cortar |
*tʊka |
to shorten sth.
|
| chorar |
*-hija |
to cry
|
| cavar |
*-kɨka |
to dig
|
| doer |
*katsɨwi |
to hurt
|
| eu |
*nʊ- |
I
|
| tu |
*pɨ- |
you (sg.)
|
| nós |
*wa- |
we
|
| vós |
*hi- |
you (pl.)
|
| 3SG |
*ɨnɨ |
|
| 3REFL |
*pa- |
|
| positivo |
*ka- |
positive
|
| negativo |
*ma- |
negative
|
| independentizador |
*-tsi |
|
| dependentizador |
*-ni |
|
| dependentizador |
*-rai |
|
| plural |
*-nawɨ |
|
| plural |
*-be |
|
| passado |
*-ini |
past
|
| um |
*aba |
one
|
| dois |
*pʊhinama
|
| animal |
*pɨra |
animal
|
| tatu |
*iwetɨ
|
| paca |
*laba
|
| cutia |
*pɨkʊɨrɨ, *pikɨli
|
| rato |
*kihili
|
| anta |
*kema
|
| quati |
*kapiti, *kapedi
|
| macaco-prego |
*pʊadɨ
|
| ave |
*kʊdɨbɨra, *kʊdipira |
bird
|
| pato |
*hʊbai |
duck
|
| jacu |
*maradɨ
|
| cujubim |
*kʊlʊi
|
| beija-flor |
*pimɨtɨ
|
| jabuti |
*hikʊri, *hikʊli |
|
| peixe |
*kʊpakɨ |
fish
|
| tocandira |
*mainahɨ |
|
| cupim |
*kamatha |
|
| abelha |
*maba |
bee
|
| mosquito |
*hainɨjʊ |
mitch
|
| mutuca |
*kethi |
|
| piolho |
*ini |
louse
|
| árvore |
*ada |
tree
|
| urucu |
*hapɨ-kɨri |
|
| mandioca |
*kaini |
manioc
|
| batata-doce |
*kalithi |
|
| flecha |
*tʊkʊ |
arrow
|
Aikhenvald (2002)
| English gloss |
Proto-Arawak
|
| manioc, sweet potato |
*kali
|
| moon |
*kahɨ(tɨ)
|
| water (n) |
*hu(ː)ni
|
| sun, heat |
*kamui
|
| sun |
*ketʃi
|
| hammock |
*maka
|
| long thing objects classifier |
*-pi
|
| snake |
*api
|
| road; limited space; hollow objects classifier |
*-(a)pu
|
| path |
*(a)pu
|
| leaflike objects classifier |
*-pana
|
| leaf |
*pana
|
| thin, powder-like classifier |
*-phe
|
| dust |
*phe
|
| arm |
*dana
|
| hand, shoulder, arm |
*wahku
|
| blood |
*itha-hna
|
| bone |
*apɨ
|
| breast, milk |
*tenɨ
|
| snout, nose |
*t(h)aku
|
| snout, nose |
*kɨri
|
| fingernail, claw |
*huba
|
| excrement |
*(i)tika
|
| ear |
*da-keni
|
| eye |
*ukɨ/e
|
| flesh, meat |
*eki
|
| flesh, meat |
*ina
|
| flesh, meat |
*ipe
|
| foot |
*kipa
|
| hair |
*isi
|
| hand |
*k(h)apɨ
|
| head |
*kiwɨ
|
| horn |
*tsiwi
|
| leg |
*kawa
|
| tongue |
*nene
|
| lip, tongue |
*tʃɨra
|
| mouth |
*numa
|
| skin |
*mata
|
| tail |
*(i)di(-pi)
|
| ash |
*pali-ši
|
| earth |
*kɨpa
|
| lake |
*kaɨlesa
|
| night |
*tʃapu
|
| salt |
*(i)dɨwɨ
|
| smoke |
*kɨtʃa(li)
|
| stone |
*k(h)iba
|
| agouti |
*p(h)ɨkɨ-li
|
| animal |
*pɨra
|
| ant |
*manaci
|
| armadillo |
*yeti
|
| bee, honey |
*maba
|
| bird |
*kudɨ-pɨra
|
| crocodile |
*kasi/u
|
| coati |
*k(h)ape-di
|
| chigoe flea |
*iditu
|
| fish |
*kopaki
|
| fish |
*hima
|
| flea, cockroach |
*k(h)aya(pa?)
|
| hummingbird |
*pimi
|
| dog, jaguar |
*tsinu/i
|
| dog |
*auli
|
| lizard |
*dupu
|
| louse |
*(i)ni
|
| monkey |
*pude
|
| mosquito |
*hainiyu
|
| peccary |
*a(h)bɨya
|
| mouse, rat |
*kɨhi(ri)
|
| tapir |
*kema
|
| termite |
*kamatha/ra
|
| toad |
*ki(h)pa(ru)
|
| tortoise |
*si(n)pu
|
| tortoise |
*hiku(li)
|
| turkey, guan |
*mara-di
|
| wasp |
*hani/e
|
| achiote |
*(a)binki-thi
|
| manioc, cassava |
*kani
|
| medicine, medicinal grass |
*pini/a
|
| firewood |
*dika
|
| firewood |
*tsɨma
|
| flower |
*dewi
|
| grass |
*katʃau
|
| leaf |
*pana
|
| pepper |
*atʃɨ (di/ɨ)
|
| root |
*pale
|
| seed |
*(a)ki
|
| tobacco |
*yɨma
|
| tree |
*a(n)da
|
| people, body |
*mina
|
| man, person |
*(a)šeni/a
|
| man, person |
*(a)dia(-li)
|
| brother |
*p(h)e
|
| people, man |
*kaki(n)
|
| wife, female relative |
*ɨnu
|
| woman |
*tʃɨ na(-ru)
|
| uncle, father-in-law |
*kuhko
|
| fan |
*hewi
|
| house |
*pe, *pana/i
|
| dream |
*tapu
|
| path |
*(ah)tɨnɨ
|
| above, sky |
*(y)enu(hʔ)
|
| bad |
*ma(h)tʃi
|
| bitter |
*kep(h)idi
|
| black, dirty |
*k(h)u(e)re
|
| cold |
*kipa/e
|
| green, blue, unripe |
*šɨpule
|
| new |
*wada(li)
|
| painful |
*katʃi(wi)
|
| red |
*kɨra
|
| sweet |
*putsi
|
| to arrive |
*kau
|
| to sweep |
*pɨ(da)
|
| to give |
*po
|
| to give |
*da
|
| to cry |
*(i)ya
|
| to be sick, die |
*kama
|
| to drink |
*itha
|
| to fly |
*ara
|
| to hear, understand |
*kema
|
| to wash |
*kiba
|
| to eat |
*nika
|
| to stand |
*dɨma
|
| to dig |
*kika
|
| 1st person; someone, another |
*pa-
|
| 2nd person |
*(a)pi
|
| 2nd person |
*yama
|
Jolkesky (2016)
Note: The Nawiki languages are Kabiyari, Karu (Baniwa and Kuripako), Tariana, Mepuri, Piapoko-Achagua, Wainambu, Warekena-Mandawaka, and Yukuna-Wainuma (Mariate, Wainuma, and Yukuna).
| Portuguese gloss |
Proto-Arawak |
Proto-Nawiki
|
| abelha |
*maba |
*maapa; *emuru; *muunu-
|
| açai |
|
*manakʰa-i
|
| ácido |
*kaʦi |
|
| água |
*uni |
*huuni; *aa
|
| algodão |
*ʦaawa-li |
*ʦaawa-li
|
| amarelo |
|
*heewa
|
| amargo |
*kepʰidi |
|
| animal |
|
*hamana; *-pira
|
| anta |
*kema |
|
| ânus |
|
*haapu
|
| aranha |
|
*heenui
|
| arara |
|
*waaru; *aanda-ru
|
| arco |
|
*jawi-tʰa; *ʤawi-
|
| arraia |
|
*inatu-li
|
| árvore |
*anda |
*ahiku
|
| asa |
|
*aʔna-pɨ; *pʰai
|
| ayahuasca |
|
*kaapi
|
| azedo/doce |
|
*kaʔama
|
| batata |
|
*hunai
|
| batata doce |
*kʰalɨ-; *kalɨ- |
*kali-; *kaliri
|
| beiju |
|
*pee-li
|
| bico |
*kɨri |
|
| bom |
*kʰeime |
|
| boto |
|
*hamana; *munia
|
| braço |
|
*aʔna-pɨ
|
| cabeça |
|
*hiwida
|
| cabelo |
*si; *-iti |
*-ʧii
|
| cachorro |
|
*ʧiinu
|
| caititu (Pecari tajacu) |
|
*jamu
|
| caminho |
*apu; *apɨ |
|
| canoa |
|
*hiita
|
| capivara |
|
*keeʦu
|
| carne |
*ina; *tɨna |
*ina; *iʔina
|
| carrapato |
|
*kuupa-li
|
| carvão |
*kandaː-li; *men-ki |
*kandaa-li
|
| casa |
*pe; *pana; *pani; *ponku; *ponko |
*-pani
|
| casca |
*mada |
|
| caxiri |
|
*jalakʰi
|
| céu |
|
*ʤeenu-
|
| chicha |
|
*haʦi
|
| chupar |
*ʧuʧu |
*ʧuʧu
|
| cinzas |
*paliʃi; *pʰa(ne) |
*paʔli
|
| cipó |
|
*hepe-pɨ
|
| cobra |
*owi; *pi |
|
| coca |
|
*hiipatu
|
| comer |
*ni-ka |
*iiɲha
|
| comprido |
*-pʰi |
|
| coruja |
*punpu-li |
|
| costas |
|
*paʔrai
|
| cujubim |
|
*kundui
|
| cupim |
|
*maaru
|
| dar |
*po |
|
| defecar |
|
*-iʦu
|
| dente |
*ahʦe; *aɺi |
|
| dois |
|
*jama
|
| dono |
|
*mina-li; *i-minali
|
| dormir |
*maka; *imaka |
*imaa
|
| esquilo |
|
*maade-li
|
| estrela |
|
*hiwirhi
|
| falar |
|
*-ima
|
| farinha |
|
*maʧuka
|
| feijão |
|
*kumana
|
| fezes |
*itika; *itiki |
*i-ʦu
|
| fígado |
*(uh)-bana |
|
| filha |
|
*-iitu
|
| filho |
|
*eeni
|
| flecha |
|
*iʦindua
|
| fogo |
|
*i-ʦijai
|
| folha |
*pana |
*-pʰai
|
| formiga |
*kudɨ |
|
| frio |
*kaʧɨ- |
|
| fumaça |
|
*iiʦa, *iʦa
|
| galinha |
|
*kalaka
|
| garça |
*wakala |
*maali
|
| gente |
|
*inawi-
|
| gordura |
|
*-i-ʔiʦi
|
| grande |
|
*maanu
|
| homem |
|
*(w)aʧina-li
|
| iguana |
*iwana |
|
| inhame |
|
*kali-
|
| interior |
|
*-uʔku-
|
| ir |
|
*kawa
|
| jacaré |
*kasiu- |
*kaʤhui-
|
| jacu |
|
*marai
|
| japu |
|
*tuːwi-li
|
| lagarto |
*iwana |
*tuupu/*nduupu
|
| lenha |
*ʦɨma |
|
| língua |
*nene |
*nene; *-enene
|
| lua |
*kahɨtʰi |
*keeri
|
| macaco |
*kuhdi |
|
| macaco-barrigudo |
|
*kaapa-ru
|
| machado |
|
*epiʧi; *ʧipaala
|
| madeira |
*anda; *-mɨna |
|
| mama |
|
*-iini
|
| mão |
*kʰapɨ; *-wahku |
*kaapi
|
| marido |
|
*iini-li
|
| marimbondo |
|
*piitʰairu
|
| martim-pescador |
|
*jali-ru
|
| matar |
|
*maanalii
|
| matrinxã |
|
*mamu-li
|
| mel |
*maba |
|
| milho |
*marikɨ; *mariki |
*kaanhai
|
| molhado |
*isa- |
|
| montanha |
|
*hiipa-
|
| morcego |
|
*piiʦi-li
|
| morrer |
|
*maanalii
|
| mosquito |
*hainiju |
|
| mulher |
*ʧ-ɨna-(ru) |
*-iina{-ru}
|
| mutum |
|
*kuiʧi
|
| nariz |
|
*hɨtaku
|
| noite |
|
*ndaipi; *ndai(a)pi
|
| nuvem |
|
*iiʦa
|
| olho |
*uke; *ukɨ |
*i-dhui
|
| onça |
*manɨ-tʲi |
*jawi
|
| orelha |
|
*hainaku
|
| osso |
*(n)apɨ |
|
| outro |
*ba |
|
| ouvir |
*kema |
|
| ovo |
|
*eewhe
|
| paca |
*pʰɨkɨlɨ; *lapa |
|
| pai |
|
*hani-li
|
| pajé |
|
*mali-
|
| papagaio |
|
*koliko-li; *waaru
|
| pássaro |
*kudɨ- |
|
| pato |
|
*kuumanda
|
| paxiúba |
|
*puupa
|
| pé |
*kɨhti |
*hiʔipa
|
| pedra |
*kʰiba |
*hiipa; *hiipahɨ
|
| peito |
*tiku |
|
| peixe |
*hima |
|
| pele |
*mada |
|
| pelo |
*si; *-iti |
*-ʧii
|
| pena |
|
*pʰai
|
| peneira |
|
*dupiʧi
|
| pênis |
|
*iiʦipɨ
|
| periquito |
|
*keɻike-li
|
| perna |
*kɨhti |
|
| pescoço |
*ʧano |
*iiʦipɨ
|
| pessoa |
|
*winaiwi-ki
|
| pimenta |
*haʧɨ(dɨ); *aʧɨdɨ |
*haʦi; *aʦi
|
| piolho |
*nih |
|
| piranha |
|
*umai
|
| pium |
|
*maapii-li
|
| plantar |
|
*-aapana
|
| pomba |
|
*hutuku-li
|
| pombo |
|
*huliitu
|
| porco-do-mato |
*haapiʤa- |
|
| preto |
*kʰuere |
|
| pulga |
|
*iiʦito; *iiʦi-tu
|
| pupunha |
|
*piipi-
|
| quati |
*kʰahpedi |
*kapɨʦi
|
| rabo |
|
*iiʦipɨ
|
| raia |
|
*inatu-li
|
| raiz |
*pale; *ata-pa-le |
*-aʔapali
|
| raposa |
*kema |
|
| rato |
|
*hii-li
|
| remédio |
|
*taape; *tapee
|
| rosto |
|
*-eekua
|
| sal |
*idɨwɨ |
*hiiwi
|
| sangue |
|
*iʔira-na
|
| saracura |
|
*kuuʧa
|
| semente |
*aki |
*iinda
|
| sogro |
*kuhko |
|
| sol |
*kamui; *kamɨ- |
*kamu-i
|
| surubi |
|
*kuli-li
|
| tabaco |
*ʤaɨ-ri |
*jeema
|
| tamanduá-mirim |
|
*muundu-ʦi
|
| tartaruga |
|
*haara; *(h)iiku-li
|
| tateto |
|
*jamu
|
| tatu |
*kaʃa |
*jaʔi
|
| temer |
*pɨnka |
|
| terra |
*kɨpa-ʧi |
*hiipa-(h)ɨ
|
| tio |
*kuhko |
*kʰui-lɨ
|
| trovão |
|
*eeno
|
| um |
*ba |
|
| umbigo |
|
*-he(ʔ)pure; *-heʔepu-
|
| urucum |
|
*pʰɨːli
|
| veado |
|
*inatu-li; *nee-ri
|
| verde |
|
*aapana
|
| vermelho |
*kɨra |
*kiira
|
| vespa |
*hanɨ |
|
| vila |
|
*jakalee
|
Pronouns
Proto-Arawak pronimal system:
| person |
singular |
plural
|
| 1
|
*nu-/*ni-/*no- |
*wi/*wa-
|
| 2
|
*pɨ- |
*hi-
|
| 3
|
*ri-; *tʰu |
*ra-/*na-
|
Affixes
Grammatical morphemes:
| Portuguese gloss |
Proto-Arawak
|
| absoluto |
*-ʧi
|
| causativo |
*-ta; *a-
|
| classificador (longo, flexível) |
*-pi
|
| classificador (semente) |
*-ki
|
| dativo |
*-kɨ
|
| existencial/progressivo |
*-ena
|
| feminino |
*-ru
|
| interrogativo |
*-ka
|
| locativo/direcional |
*-kɨ
|
| negativo |
*-ʧɨ
|
| negativo/privativo |
*ma-
|
| passado |
*-pe
|
| possessivo |
*-ne, *-re, *-te
|
| privativo |
*ma-
|
| reflexivo |
*-wa
|
| voz passiva |
*-ka
|
| verbalizador |
*-d
|
References
See also