Proto-Chimakuan reconstructions:[1]
| Gloss | Proto-Chimakuan |
|---|---|
| generalizing base connoting existence | *ʔá- |
| chief | *ʔák̍ʷit |
| mountain | *ʔáʔaxit |
| naked | *ʔaláq̍ʷa |
| to make, to do | *ʔali- |
| food, to feed | *ʔalit- |
| my sibling | *ʔáliʔs |
| waves, choppy sea | *ʔl̍- |
| my grandparent | *ʔamáʔas |
| to leave, abandon | *ʔilax̣a- |
| to sweep | *ʔiq̍ʷ |
| many, much | *ʔixʷ-(i) |
| generalizing base yielding locatives and partitives | *ʔó- |
| house | *ʔot̍i-tikʷ(i) |
| nose | *-os |
| to bleed, blood | *can- |
| to move, run around | *caw- |
| to dig | *caqʷ- |
| egg | *cickʷa- |
| gum | *ci̇́xaʔ |
| it's straight | *ci̇́xaʔV |
| waterfall | *ci̇́x̣aʔ |
| move, go | *cots- |
| when | *-c̍ |
| negation, 'no, not' | *c̍a- |
| clothes, blanket | *-c̍a |
| diminutive suffix, 'a little, small' | *-c̍a |
| I cry | *c̍aksaʔli |
| shut tight, covered | *c̍ap- |
| water | *-c̍i, *-c̍o |
| to dive | *c̍ilak̍- |
| up, above | *c̍ilV́ w̍á |
| ground, world, universe | *c̍iq̍át- |
| high, above | *c̍ixiɬV |
| ground, floor | *-c̍o |
| hewn wood | *c̍okʷ- |
| come | *hakʷo- |
| good, well, pretty, handsome, delicious | *hak̍ʷi- |
| tree | *hám̍aʔa |
| to cover | *hap̍il |
| tired | *haq̍a- |
| to pack, carry on back | *haq̍ʷ- |
| to fall down, go down | *haw- |
| deer | *hawayisqa (?) |
| to breathe | *hax̣ál |
| generalizing base connoting identification or particularity | *hi- |
| stem connoting kinship | *hi̇́c- |
| grouse | *himhi̇́m |
| pigeon | *him̍o |
| father | *hi̇́na |
| daughter-in-law | *hóqɬ |
| to finish | *hoya- |
| hook | *kam̍- |
| to hang | *kan- |
| to hide | *kan̍- |
| parent's sister, aunt | *káy̍is- |
| to kick, dance | *kici̇́lV |
| to say, tell | *-kina |
| dog (probably wool-bearing type) | *kináno |
| across | *kita- |
| legend, story | *kixti- |
| to help | *ki̇́y̍a- |
| I hit, beat | *k̍ác̍illi (?) |
| stone | *k̍áλ̍a, k̍át̍ia |
| my younger sibling | *k̍an̍i̇́s |
| to be ashamed | *k̍asa- |
| snow | *k̍i̇́ʔ- |
| belly | *-k̍i |
| Roosevelt elk | *ki̇́kiɬ |
| lazy | *k̍ik̍iti- |
| every | *k̍itaʔ- |
| to tie up, bind | *k̍iy̍a- |
| finger | *kʷant |
| adopted | *kʷas- |
| demonstrative | *kʷiʔV |
| having an eye open | *kʷikʷ-i- |
| to lie down | *kʷikʷ-i-c̍óʔti- |
| large | *kʷikʷo- |
| six | *kʷi̇́ɬas |
| down, below | *kʷiyó w̍á |
| moving water | *kʷiw̍a |
| warm, cooked | *kʷyaɬa- |
| father's brother, uncle | *kʷyaq- |
| canoe | *-kʷo |
| full | *kʷok̍ʷi- |
| dead, gravely ill | *kʷol- |
| down, blow | *kʷoló w̍á |
| my wife | *kʷoɬis |
| spruce cone (?) | *kʷoyóqʷos |
| leg | *k̍ʷiɬ |
| to die, dead, to smite dead | *k̍ʷiq- |
| to steal | *k̍ʷot- |
| certain, truth, really | *k̍ʷóys- |
| dry | *k̍ʷoyxʷa |
| deceased | *-k̍ʷyayi |
| to lick | *lakʷi- |
| to travel | *laq̍a |
| slimy | *laqʷa- |
| to walk, foot | *law̍- |
| to eat | *-lax̣ |
| song, to sound like something | *-layo |
| face | *-li |
| to forget | *limi- |
| I go ashore | *liti̇́ʔ- |
| dizzy, spinning around | *li̇́xʷa- |
| canoe | *-lo |
| general possessive and ordinal suffix | *-lo |
| hole, cave, tunnel | *loq̍ʷa- |
| to shake | *l̍aq̍ʷo- |
| near, toward | *l̍ay̍- |
| intensifying particle, 'indeed' | *ɬa |
| in the woords | *ɬálow̍wto |
| hair, feathers | *ɬap- |
| eye | *ɬaq̍ʷo (?) |
| behind | *ɬawo- |
| two | *ɬaw̍ |
| face, leaf | *-ɬi |
| to tie | *ɬikʷi- |
| trail, road | *-ɬimt |
| tongue | *-ɬito |
| child | *-ɬk̍ʷa |
| strong | *ɬomi- |
| to spit | *ɬoxʷ |
| warrior | *ɬóxʷa |
| fish scales | *λ̍act- |
| nettle(s) | *λ̍álap, t̍ɬálap |
| bed | *λ̍ap- |
| swell up | *λ̍aqʷ- |
| to get up | *λ̍axʷ- |
| to sit down | *λ̍ay̍- |
| hard | *λ̍i̇́ka- |
| (blue) green | *λ̍i̇́q̍aʔ- |
| feathers | *λ̍óʔot- |
| break | *λ̍oq̍ʷ- |
| hard | *λ̍óx̣ʷa |
| wet | *maʔi |
| chipmunk | *mácmac |
| I'm thirsty | *mác̍il?li |
| to meet | *maq̍ʷo- |
| four | *máy̍as |
| hair | *mi̇́ɬkʷ |
| large, great | *mitsk̍a |
| thin, fine | *moc- |
| sleep | *m̍aɬ- |
| to smell, nose | *m̍as- |
| to lift, heavy | *m̍as- |
| beyond | *m̍aq- |
| to boil | *m̍óʔal (?) |
| to fetch fire | *naʔso |
| buttocks (female) | *-nac |
| prepare | *nikʷa |
| bird | *ni̇́noʔs |
| bark | *niq̍- |
| skin | *-nis |
| arrow | *-nis |
| tail, back | *-nosq̍ʷa |
| flat | *paɬ- |
| mouth, speak | *pil- |
| to know, understand | *piɬ- |
| light, moon, sun, sky | *pit̍-, *p̍it-, *p̍ikʷi- |
| white | *pix- |
| person, Indian | *póʔoqʷo |
| to blow | *poxʷ- |
| braids | *p̍acix̣V |
| pipe | *p̍aq- |
| to float | *p̍ax̣ʷa- |
| to fill, full | *p̍iλ̍a- (p̍it̍ɬa- ʔ) |
| seeː *pit̍- | *p̍it-, *p̍ikʷ- |
| to fall apart | *p̍oλ̍- |
| in front | *qal- |
| people in a canoe | *-qal |
| paddle | *qam̍- |
| just now, and then | *qati- |
| medicine | *qátil |
| grandchild | *qáxʷoli- |
| rapids | *-qc̍ |
| in a manner | *-qɬ |
| day, season | *-qtiya |
| bone | *q̍a- |
| pull in a direction | *q̍aɬ- |
| white | *q̍am- |
| circular | *q̍an- |
| to bite, spit out (?) | *q̍aq- |
| to cut off square | *q̍atsi- |
| to swallow | *q̍aw- |
| to tie a knot | *q̍i- |
| berry, fruit | *q̍i̇́c̍a |
| hand hurts | *q̍ist̍ay- |
| broken down | *q̍iy- |
| made for a purpose | *-qʷa |
| three | *qʷál̍V |
| roast, cook | *qʷaɬ- |
| summer | *qʷáy̍ato |
| how many | *qʷóʔoc |
| where | *qʷóʔokʷ |
| instrument | *-qʷoɬ |
| to hear (?) | *-qʷoq̍ʷa- |
| to tear, split | *q̍ʷiq- |
| to extend | *q̍ʷay- |
| back | *-q̍ʷay |
| seeː *xʷaq̍ʷ- | *q̍ʷixʷa- |
| neck | *-q̍ʷos |
| to pursue | *sak- |
| to fell a tree | *sam̍i- |
| to laugh | *saya- |
| sleep | *-si |
| cedar bark | *sik̍ʷó- |
| face | *-sil |
| water | *-sina |
| mosquito | *sinakʷiqʷoɬ |
| hair | *-sini |
| wing | *-skiyit |
| fire | *-so |
| roof | *sów̍at |
| bladder | *sóxʷal- |
| sour | *soyóxʷ- |
| fire | *-spa |
| remainder | *-stik |
| nominalizer | *-t |
| day | *-ta |
| female | *taɬ- |
| a long time | *taɬ |
| heart, intelligence | *taɬ |
| half | *taɬ- |
| who | *taqa, taqi- |
| to chop | *taqʷó |
| to kill | *táti- |
| contiguous day | *táwiɬ- |
| in front | *taw̍ |
| bow | *táxʷ-ɬ- |
| to jump | *tik̍- |
| to kindle a fire | *tik̍a- |
| heavy, full | *ti̇́la |
| instrument | *-tin, -tan |
| to do | *-tis |
| winter | *ti̇́tat |
| to carry | *tixʷi- |
| in the house | *tiwa- |
| man, male | *tiy̍aɬ- |
| dull | *tom̍- |
| to bind up | *topa- |
| possessive for body parts | *-tot |
| fire drill, drill | *tots- |
| canoe | *-tq |
| heart | *-tqay̍ |
| to shake | *tsosa- |
| to buy, sell | *t̍akʷi-, *takʷo- |
| middle, half | *t̍akʷi- |
| missing, crave, want | *t̍aɬ- |
| straighten up, out | *t̍am- |
| tail | *-t̍an̍aq |
| to crawl | *t̍aqal |
| to miss one's aim | *t̍aq- |
| hot | *t̍ax̣- |
| hand | *-t̍ay |
| to cut | *-t̍ay |
| to feel, taste, smell, sense | *t̍ik- |
| to jump | *t̍ik̍- |
| rope | *t̍ikʷ- |
| taste, good-tasting | *-t̍ina |
| head | *-t̍ikʷ |
| name | *t̍i̇́soqʷoɬ |
| young | *t̍sin- |
| negation, 'no, not' | *wa |
| to split | *wakʷi- |
| one | *waɬ-, *wiɬ-, *wi̇́- |
| woman | *wisac̍opat |
| in that place | *w̍á |
| to whistle | *xʷapáʔa |
| dry | *xʷaq̍ʷ- (?) |
| relative by marriage after the link is dead | *xʷixʷi- |
| low in pressure, easy | *xʷónaʔV |
| to carve | *xʷopa- |
| to freeze, ice | *x̣ákaʔ |
| to make an incision | *x̣al- |
| to eat, drink | *-x̣axʷi |
| shoulder | *-x̣ay̍it |
| parent-in-law | *x̣ʷayislo- |
| tree, wood | *ya- |
| my niece, nephew | *yápilitis |
| prairie | *yáqʷo |
| snake | *yáyw̍a (?) |
| out on the beach, in front | *yáxʷoɬV |
| attenutive infix, 'a little' | *-yi- |
| dead, ghost | *yil-, *-yil |
| dollar | *-yixit |
| to look for, get, collect | *-ʔalixʷi- |
| chest | *-camɬ- |
| hum, noise | *c̍an- |
| old | *-c̍ayi |
| to fish with a pole | *c̍ayoq |
| onomatopoetic term, 'squeal' | *c̍inikʷa |
| female (having to do with reproduction) | *-c̍o |
| to shake | *c̍oxʷ- |
| weave (?), materials for weaving (?) | *hokʷ- |
| to hammer | *k̍ax- |
| heel | *-k̍iɬ- |
| to be crooked, have a protuberance | *k̍opaʔ- |
| weak from sickness or hunger (?) | *kʷica- |
| stomach | *kʷiqin (?) |
| to arrive by canoe | *kʷol- |
| to fly | *kʷyakʷya- |
| get lost, go wrong | *liko-, *lika- (?) |
| to flow from the source | *lól̍o |
| outside | *lot- |
| to run | *l̍ita- (?) |
| old | *ɬim- (?) |
| alder | *λ̍ic-, *λixic (?) |
| breast (female) | *máqas (?) |
| claw, fingernail | *m̍aɬ- |
| to bob, nod | *naq- (?) |
| frighten | *naw-a |
| enough | *pan- (?) |
| hole | *paxʷ (?) |
| tears, to cry | *qaʔt- |
| snuggled inside | *qap- |
| stream (?) | *q̍a- |
| hair | *q̍a-, q̍a (?) |
| to peep | *q̍a- |
| small | *q̍at̍in- (?) |
| chew | *q̍ik̍ʷo-, q̍ikʷi- |
| grey with age | *q̍ʷáyti- |
| stomach | *siq̍ʷo- |
| to vanquish | *tip- |
| throat, upper chest | *tomi- |
| having to do with the mind and perceiving (?) | *t̍akʷi- |
| to hit a target | *t̍akʷi- |
| to sit on | *t̍aq- |
| mist, fog | *xʷaʔ |
| to hit | *xʷac- |
| cold | *xʷiy-, *xʷoy- |
| movement | *-x̣ (?) |
| to bite | *-x̣ic- |
| go out and return | *yakʷi- |