Proto-Chumash reconstructions:[1]
| no. | gloss | Proto-Chumash | Proto-Southern Chumash | notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | advise, to | *si/umun | ||
| 2 | all | *yimlaʔ | ||
| 3 | alone | *l-ho | ||
| 4 | already | *kVla- | ||
| 5 | ant | *tkaya’ | plus sound symbolism | |
| 6 | armpit | *ti/uq’olo(lo) | stem: *q'olo(lo) | |
| 7 | arrive | *ki/um | ||
| 8 | arrow | *ya' | ||
| 9 | arroyo | *l’VmV | ||
| 10 | ascend | *-nVpa | ||
| 11 | ashamed, to be | *-nos- | ||
| 12 | ashes | *qSa | ||
| 13 | ask, to | *-VsqVnV | ||
| 14 | back (body part) | *mVtV’ | ||
| 15 | ball | *-apapa | reduplicated stem | |
| 16 | bat (animal) | *mVkala | ||
| 17 | bathe, to | *k-ep’ | ||
| 18 | bear (animal) | *qus | ||
| 19 | bee | *olo | plus sound symbolism | |
| 20 | begin, to | *-nVna’ | reduplicated stem? | |
| 21 | blow, to | *aq-(tV)-p-; *-kVt | *-wu- | |
| 22 | boil, to | *-wi- | ||
| 23 | bone | *Se | ||
| 24 | bow (noun) | *aqa | ||
| 25 | break, to | *k’oto; *eqe | ||
| 26 | breast | *kVtet | ||
| 27 | breathe; breath | *kal-haS; *-haS | ||
| 28 | bring, to | *kVlhi | ||
| 29 | burn, to | *qi/ut | ||
| 30 | cost, to | *piw’ | ||
| 31 | carry, to | *kum | ||
| 32 | carry on back, to | *sVpV | ||
| 33 | cheek | *po' | ||
| 34 | chest (body part) | *kVwV | ||
| 35 | chia | *’epV- | ||
| 36 | canoe | *tomolo | ||
| 37 | clitoris | *Cele ~ *C’ele | ||
| 38 | cold, to feel | *toqom ~ *qotom | ||
| 39 | comb, to | *ti/ukikS | ||
| 40 | come, to | *yit-i; *VlhVw | ||
| 41 | concerned with, to be | *tak | ||
| 42 | cooked | *pSel | ||
| 43 | cough, to | *oqoqo- | reduplicated stem; onomatopoetic | |
| 44 | cover, to | *Vqmay | ||
| 45 | crack, split, to | *-eqe | ||
| 46 | cut, to | *’iwa | plus reduplication | |
| 47 | dark-colored, to be | *Soy | ||
| 48 | day | *qSi; *-iSa- | ||
| 49 | deaf | *tu’ | ||
| 50 | deep | *l-hiy | ||
| 51 | die, to | *qSa | ||
| 52 | dirt | *uyu | ||
| 53 | drink; thirsty, to be | *aq-mihi-l-ha; *o- | ||
| 54 | ear | *tu’ | ||
| 55 | earth | *šup | ||
| 56 | eat, to | *uw | ||
| 57 | eye, face | *tVq | ||
| 58 | eyes, face, having to do with | *weqe | ||
| 59 | far, to be | *mVkV | ||
| 60 | fat | *qilhi | ||
| 61 | fight, to | *aqi/u | ||
| 62 | fire | *ne | ||
| 63 | flower | *pey’ | ||
| 64 | flea | *-tep (Proto-Central Chumash) | ||
| 65 | fly (insect) | *axulpes | ||
| 66 | follow, to | *pey | ||
| 67 | food (cf eat) | *uw- | *uw- 'eat' plus *-mu (nominalizing suffix) | |
| 68 | foot | *teme’ | ||
| 69 | forget, to | *may | ||
| 70 | full from eating, to be | *qti’ | ||
| 71 | get up, to | *kVta’ | ||
| 72 | gopher snake | *pSoSo | reduplicated stem | |
| 73 | grasshopper | *ti/uqu | root: *-qu | |
| 74 | gull sp. | *miyV | ||
| 75 | hair, fur | *SuSV | reduplicated stem? | |
| 76 | hand | *pu | ||
| 77 | hang, to | *wayan ~ *waya | ||
| 78 | hear, to | *taq | ||
| 79 | heel | *’ososo | reduplicated stem | |
| 80 | hello (greeting) | *haku | ||
| 81 | hole | *loq | ||
| 82 | hole, cave, den | *Si ~ *SiSV | ||
| 83 | homosexual, to be | *’aqi’ | ||
| 84 | jimson weed | *mom’oy | from *moy | |
| 85 | knee | *pVm’V | ||
| 86 | knife | *’iw | ||
| 87 | lie down, to | *toy’ ~ *ton’ | ||
| 88 | liver | *c-al’a | ||
| 89 | look, to | *kuti ~ *kuti’ | ||
| 90 | louse | *Seke | ||
| 91 | low tide | *qVw | ||
| 92 | many, much | *equ | ||
| 93 | meat, body | *’Vmin’ | ||
| 94 | moist, to be | *so’ | ||
| 95 | money; clam sp. | *’ala-qu-Cum ~ *’ana-qu-Cum | *Cum is the root | |
| 96 | mosquito | *pewe(we)’ | ||
| 97 | mother-in-law | *mVSV | ||
| 98 | mountain lion | *tVkem’ | ||
| 99 | mouse | *qlo | plus reduplication | |
| 100 | mouth | *’Vk | ||
| 101 | name | *ti | ||
| 102 | neck | *ni’ | ||
| 103 | necklace | *el’ | ||
| 104 | nerve | *pilhil | ||
| 105 | nest | *patV ~ *patV’ | ||
| 106 | new, to be | *VmVn | ||
| 107 | now | *kipV(’) | ||
| 108 | oak spp. | *kuwu(’) | ||
| 109 | one-eyed, to be | *ta’ | ||
| 110 | open, to | *kal | ||
| 111 | overcast, to be | *iqVmay | ||
| 112 | pelican | *sew | ||
| 113 | person | *ku | ||
| 114 | pet | *qo’ | ||
| 115 | pick up, lift, raise | *lay | ||
| 116 | prickly pear | *qV’ | ||
| 117 | quail | *takaka | onomatopoetic | |
| 118 | rabbit/jackrabbit | *ma’; *kuni’ | ||
| 119 | rain, to | *tuhuy ~ *tuy | ||
| 120 | red | *qupe | ||
| 121 | roadrunner | *pu’ | ||
| 122 | rub, to | *muy | ||
| 123 | salt | *tepu(’) ~ *tipu(’) | ||
| 124 | save (rescue), to | *apay | ||
| 125 | seed | *’VmVn’ | ||
| 126 | skunk | *tVqema | ||
| 127 | smoke | *tuwo’ | ||
| 128 | snail, sea | *q’VmV’ | ||
| 129 | speak, say, to | *’ipi(’) | ||
| 130 | split-stick rattle | *wanS-aq’a ~ *wacs-aq’a | ||
| 131 | spread open | *kek-an | ||
| 132 | squirrel, ground | *emet’ ~ *em’et’ | ||
| 133 | steps | *tVyV- | ||
| 134 | stick to, to | *pey ~ *pey’ | ||
| 135 | sticky, to be | *pilhiy | ||
| 136 | stone, rock | *qVpV | ||
| 137 | straight | *tyiyeme ? | ||
| 138 | swordfish | *’eleyewun’ | ||
| 139 | tadpole | *qlo ~ *qyo | root: 'small creature' (cf. mouse) | |
| 140 | tail | *telheq’ | ||
| 141 | take off, to | *qe | ||
| 142 | tears | *tinik’ | ||
| 143 | tongue | *’elhew’ | ||
| 144 | tooth | *Sa | ||
| 145 | urinate, to | *Sol’ | ||
| 146 | vomit | *paS(V) | ||
| 147 | walk, to | - | ||
| 148 | warm self, to | *mol | ||
| 149 | water | *’o’ | ||
| 150 | whale | *paqat(V) | ||
| 151 | wood, tree, stick | *pono’ | ||
| 152 | woodpecker | *pVlak’a(k’) | ||
| 153 | wrinkled | *Sok’ | plus reduplication | |
| 154 | yawn | *San | plus reduplication | |
| 155 | yellow jacket | *ɨyɨ ~ *ɨyɨ’ |