Appendix:Proto-Kongo reconstructions

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The following list of Proto-Kongo (Proto-Kikongo) reconstructions is from Goes (2016).

Goes (2016)

BLR (Bantu Lexical Reconstruction) numbers are also given for each Proto-Kikongo reconstruction, as Proto-Kikongo is a descendant of Proto-Bantu.

English gloss Proto-Kikongo BLR number
divide, give away *-gàb- 1274
divide *-gàbʊd- 1275
tie up *-gàng- 1331
egg *-gí 1368
bellows *-gʊ̀bà 1476
spear *-gòngá 1448
kidney *-pígò 2568
walk, go *-gènd 1362
cook, boil *-dàmb- 842
follow *-dànd- 853
finger *-démbó 923
fish with line *-dób- 1088
vomit *-dʊ́k- 1179
stone *tádè 2726
path *-jìdá 1594
weep *-dìd 959
finger-nail, toe-nail, claw *-jádà 1558
bitter, sour, sharp, fierce *-kádì 1667
tail *-kídà 1793
death *-kúídì 2102
birdlime *-dìmbò 985
weep, shout, wail *-dìd 959
tongue *-dɪmi 973
eat *-dyá 944
tread *-dɪat 948
puff-adder *-pɪdɪ 2508
francolin *-kʊadɪ 1972
bitterness *-dʊdi 1166
rule over, govern *-biad 166
boil up *-bìd 176
be ill *-béed 119
begin *-bádɪk 23
begin *-bánd 88
breast *-béénè 147
man *-bàkàdà 70
announce, announce a deatyh *-bík- 198
stop, shut eyes *-dibɪkɪd- 1024
to know *-jíjab 6207
glitter *-bèng 153
man *-bàkàda 70
breast *-béénè 147
arm *-bókò 260
door *bédò 135
to sweep *-kómb- 1919
adult; senior; elder; principal; big; old; mature *-kʊ́dʊ́- 2003
navel *-kʊmba ?
announce, announce a death *-bík- 198
boil up, bubble up *-tòk- 2967
knife bag, basket *-kʊ́tʊ̀ 2083
eyelash *-kongɪ 10015
dance, play *-kín- 1805
red pepper *-cefu 10014
monkey *-kímà 1798
woman *-káíntʊ̀ 9300
tree *-tí 2881
fear, run away *-tím- 2899
heart *-tímà 2895
to stand *-tédam- 2816
five *-táànò 2768
buttock, rear part; back *-tákò 2741
set trap *-támb- 2759
boil up, bubble up *-tòk- 2967
put through; thread or string; plait; sew; tie up; build; close (in) *-tʊ́ng- ?
to come from *-tʊ́ʊk- 3052
to cultivate *-vááta- ?
bear (child); bear (fruit) *-bʊ́t- 346
to stand *-tédam- 2816
burn (intr) *-pí- 2491
bone *-pìcí 2506
give *-páan- 2345
breath, rest *-pʊ́ʊm- 2647
slave *-pìkà 2513
pound, stamp, beat, forge *-pònd- 2607
kidney *-pígò 2568
hide, cover *-pic 2563
press, squeeze *-pin- 2527
paddle *-kapi- 2725
root, base of tree trunk, banana-tree *-tina 2926
push, push back *-tind- 2933
bow-string; tendon, vein *-tinga 2941
nape of neck; neck; occiput *-koti 1963
one *-moti 2212
neck; nape; voice *-kingo 1845
smoke *-jiki 3442
swell *-bimb 240
thief *-jibi 3396
turn round, tr./intr.; wind round, wrap up *-ding- 1062
bury *-diɪk 1044
fish, animal *-bidi 6135
taboo *-gida 1397
resemble each other *-puan- 2670
foam *-pudo- 2677
flour *-pupu 5123
teach; punish; accuse *-tund 3022
night *-tukʊ 3005
red pepper *-ketu 10014
to die *-ku- 2089
to kneel *-kukam 2111
to chew *-takun- 2742
rain *-buda 368
abdomen; pregnancy *-bumo 375
hippopotamus *-gʊbu 1480
take off (clothes) *-duʊd 1241
roar, rumble (?) *-dum 1256
beard; chin *-dedu 897
tortoise *-kʊdu 2015
hippopotamus *-gubʊ 1532
be rotten *-gund 1542

References

  • Goes, Heidi. 2016. Proto-Kikongo segmental phonology. (February 29, 2016 version.) ACAL 47, 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, March 23-26, 2016.
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