Proto-Lule-Vilela reconstructions:[1]
(In Spanish)
| Proto-Lule-Vilela | Lule | Vilela |
|---|---|---|
| *aky’isV | isa- | at(’)iso- ‘estornudar’ |
| *alu | alu- | alu- ~ aru- ‘calor, caliente’ |
| *amIL | amil | ameL ‘avispa lechiguana’ |
| *anV | an-ts(a)-p ‘hoja’ | ane ‘hierba’ |
| *anʔV- | a(-) ‘hacia arriba’ | an- ‘subir’ |
| *aqo+qo | ako+ko | oqo+qo ‘sapo’ |
| *aqwa | ‘hormiga colorada’ | oqo ‘mosca’ |
| *awyI | awi | aye ‘campo’ |
| *axy(V) | as ‘yerno’, ‘cuñado’ | ahe- ‘hermano mayor’ |
| *ayAm | ayan | ayem ‘iguana’ |
| *ba ~ *bA | wa ‘nosotros’ | -ba ~ -be ‘1a. p. pl. incl.’ |
| *bayA | waya ‘algarrobo’ | baye ‘mistol’ |
| *bÏ | u | ba-lit ‘langosta’ |
| *č’ini- | ts(’)ini ‘diminutivo’ | č’in+č’ini- ‘pequeño’ |
| *čaqwetLi- | tsakwetsi- | čaqotLi- ‘azul, verde’ |
| *čil- | ta-tsil- | ah-čil+čil- ‘salpicar’ |
| *ču- | tsu(-) ‘grano’, ‘ojos’ | ču(+ču)- ‘granos (de la piel), llagas’ |
| *Ekyi- | etsi- | ati- ‘bien, bueno’ |
| *elE- | ele- | eli- ‘acostarse’ |
| *ElEs | eles ‘espina’ | ilis ‘tunita’ |
| *ëwe | ewe | awo ‘sangre’ |
| *ewI | ewi- | owe ‘mucho’ |
| *ëʔLu | eʔLu | aLu ‘cuchillo’ |
| *gEmë | *eme ‘esposa’ | gima ‘cónyuge’ |
| *gOsEyü | oseyu | gusi- ‘malo’ |
| *GUsI | usi ‘miedo’ | Gose- ‘asustar, asustarse’ |
| *GVtse | itse- | Gos(e) ‘alma’, ‘corazón’ |
| *gwënï- | enu | wane ‘casa’ |
| *gwënï+gwënï- | enu+nu- ‘enemigo’ | wan+wane ‘toba’, ‘guaicurú’ |
| *gwëʔnÏqw- | eʔnup(-) | wanaq- ‘juego, jugar’ |
| *gwÏLïgwÏkV | uLuku ‘garrapata grande’ | walewagwak ‘garrapata’ |
| *gwulus | ulus | wulus ~ gulus ‘rata, ratón’ |
| *ik’etV | ik’eto ‘horrible’ | ik’et ‘feo, malo, enfermo’ |
| *ini-Lë | in-le ‘ayer’ | ini-La ‘viejo’ |
| *isi- | is | isi- ‘mano’ |
| *IʔO | iʔo- | ah-eyu ‘tardar’ |
| *k’a | k(’)a ‘boca’ | k’o ‘agujero’ |
| *k’ëky(e)+k’ëky(e) | k(’)e+k(’)es- | k’at(e)+k’at- ‘caber bien, ajustar’ |
| *k’opi | -k(’)op ‘luz (de astro)’ | k’opi ‘luna’ |
| *kAlIp- | kalip- ‘brillar’ | kelep+lepa ‘brillo’ |
| *kanakwV | kanap | kanake ‘hígado’ |
| *kELi | kesi | kiLi+kiLi ‘cadillo’ |
| *kiLa | kiLa ‘muchacha india’ | kiLa ‘mujer, hembra’ |
| *kobil | kowil-p’o+p’o ‘azucena’ | kobil ‘cebolla, ajo’ |
| *kOlOs | kolos- ‘torcido’ | kulus ‘enroscado’ |
| *koʔe | koʔ- ‘útero’ | kowe ‘vagina’ |
| *kUlü | kulu- ‘rodear’ | ko+koli ‘redondo’ |
| *kum | kum | kum ‘caracol’ |
| *kwal(a)- | -kala - | ah-pal- ‘apretar’ |
| *kwi- | kikulu[ | pi- ‘estar de pie’ |
| *kwulu- | yʔu] ‘viento’ | pulu ‘corriente de aire’ |
| *-ky’op | -k(’)op | -rop ‘sin’ |
| *kyEle | tsele- ‘carbón’ | kire ~ tire ‘madera, leña, carbón’ |
| *-kyi | -ts, -s, -t | -ki ~ -ti, -h ‘1a. p. sing. sujeto’ |
| *kyike | tsike- ‘¿cuánto?’ | tik(e) ‘¿qué?’ |
| *la- | la- ‘subir’ | laoe ~ lawe ‘arriba’ |
| *lepV | lep- ‘entrar’ | lopa ‘dentro de’ |
| *lëxI | lei- ‘anca’ | lahe ‘nalgas’ |
| *Lu | Lu | Lu ‘diente’ |
| *m- ~ -m | me- ‘causativo’ | -bi ‘factitivo’ (junto a um- ‘causativo’) |
| *m- ~ -m | mi-ma ‘aquél’, me-oto ‘aquellos’ | -m (-V), -me ~ -mi (-C) ‘3a. p. objeto’ |
| *-mA | -ma | -be ‘locativo’ |
| *max | ma-ma ‘polilla’ | mah ‘gusano, larva’ |
| *më | -me *‘líquido’ | ma ‘agua’ |
| *mox- | mo-p ‘harina’ | mo(h)- ‘fino’ |
| *moʔ- | moʔ-le ‘antiguamente’ | mo-p ‘abuelo’ |
| *naxwo- | nawo- ‘cresta’ | nahu- ‘cabello, pelo’ |
| *në- | ne-p ‘espiga’ | na-pe ‘vaina o legumbre’ |
| *nÏ- | nu-p ‘otro’ | na- ‘base de los pron. pers.’ |
| *nikol- | nikol- ‘enredar’ | nikolom ‘enredaderas’ |
| *nikyoyV | nikoyo | nite-pa ~ nike-pa ‘señor’ |
| *nipV | tam-lip | nipe ‘tres’ |
| *nitsulÏ- | nitsulu- | nisula- ‘cosquillas’ |
| *noqo | noko | ma-noqo ‘chaguar’ |
| *-nox | -no ‘dubitativo’ | -noh ‘futuro remoto’ |
| *nüxyV | nus | nihi- ‘nariz’ |
| *nVʔLA | naʔLa ‘hierba’ | niLe ‘hoja’ |
| *(o)ʔO- | oʔo ‘polvo’ | hu ‘arena’ |
| *okyA | otsa ‘que tiene mucho...’ | otie ‘mucho, muy’ |
| *oʔo- | oʔokoʔ- | oho- ‘tos, toser’ |
| *p’e | pe | o- ‘padre’ |
| *p’eas | peas ‘pez’ | was ‘tararira’ |
| *-p’ep | -pep | -op ‘3a. p. sing. sujeto imperativo’ |
| *p’oq- | pok- | um-hoq- ‘cavar’ |
| *p’oʔ- | poʔ- | p’o-, dial. o- ‘blanco’ |
| *p’Ulïm | pulum | olem- ‘grande’ |
| *p’ülügü | pulu+lu-s- ‘dar vuelta’ | p’iligi- ‘darse vuelta’ |
| *pElV | pele ‘hombre’ | pile ~ pila ‘hombre joven’ |
| *pim+pim | pin+pin | pim+pim ‘pulga’ |
| *pis- | pis- | pis- ‘vena’ |
| *pixyV | pis | ruk-pihe ‘raíz’ |
| *poqo- | poko- ‘apolillarse’ | poqo+poqo-li ‘mariposa’ |
| *qalV | ka+kala- ‘mancha (en piel)’ | qolo-p ‘bataraz, manchado’ |
| *qapV | kopo ‘quirquincho’ | qapi ‘mataco o tatú bolita’ |
| *qaxpaxy | kopas ‘avispa’ | qahpa ‘avispa, abeja’ |
| *sApixy | saps ‘delgado’ | sepi ‘serpiente’ |
| *su | su | su+su-li ‘hormiga’ |
| *suʔkwEye | suʔkwe ‘lana’ | sukwiye- ‘esquilar’ |
| *sʔalA | sʔala | sale ‘ciervo’ |
| *-t | -t ‘3a p. sing. no imperativo’ | -t ‘alomorfo de 3ª p. no imperativo’ |
| *t’ I-tat(’)i-ta | t(’)i-te ‘este’ | t’e-t(e) ‘este, ese’ |
| *t’u | -t’u ‘colectivo (de plantas)’ | ru-pe ‘mucho, muy’ |
| *t’V- | t’i- | rV- ‘hacer’ |
| *toqV | tok-le ‘semilla’ | toqe ~ toqo ~ toq- ‘ojo’ |
| *tsaʔ- | tsaʔ- | sa-na- ‘verde’ |
| *tsiky’i- | tsits- | sik’i- ‘atar’ |
| *tsukwï | a-tsupu | suke ‘ceniza’ |
| *tum- | tum | tum- ‘terminar, detenerse’ |
| *tVsO | a-kso | tusu ‘humo’ |
| *UxU | u ‘voz’ | oho- ‘decir’ |
| *üxyi | usi ~ isi ‘pozo’ | hi- ‘cueva’ |
| *üyax | uya ‘bolsa’ | iyah ‘hamaca’ |
| *uyʔV | uyʔo | uy(-at) ‘noche’ |
| *UʔqU | uʔku- ‘ladrar’ | oqo- ‘gritar’ |
| *Vkye- | itse- | ke- ‘crecer’ |
| *VL üm | uLum- ‘llama’ | ah-lim+lim- ‘llamarada’ |
| *VlapegA | alapea ‘uno, único’ | lapge ‘todo’ |
| *VqUlV | kule ‘perro’ | oqol ‘zorro’ |
| *Vt’A | t(’)a- ‘recoger plantas, segar’ | are- ‘tomar, agarrar’ |
| *VtILV | a-tiLa ‘barro, pantano’ | iteL ‘río’ |
| *(V)tU | tu-we- ‘tío materno’ | oto- ‘tía paterna’ |
| *Vxye | se- | ehe- ‘llorar’ |
| *Vxy-kyEs | s-tses+s-tses ‘diminutivo’ | ah-tis ~ ah-kis ‘pequeño’ |
| *VxynüxyV | snus | ahnih- ‘convidar, invitar’ |
| *Vyëxy- | eyes- ‘secreto’ | yah+yah- ‘callarse’ |
| *wakal | wakal | wakal ‘mujer’ |
| *walA | wala ‘quebracho colorado’ | wale ‘quebracho blanco’ |
| *walAmA | walamal | waleme ‘vizcacha’ |
| *wAnanak- | walanak | wenak ‘vieja (un pez)’ |
| *wene- | wenek- ‘comprar’ | wenel- ‘vender’ |
| *wët | wet | wat ‘nombre’ |
| *wëxye- | wes- ‘comer vegetales’ | wah(e)- ‘comer’ |
| *wokat’A | wokat’a | wokare ~ okare ‘gallina’ |
| *wokwe | tam-op | uke ‘dos’ |
| *wOlO(m)pO | wolop+lo- ‘mariposa’ | wulumpu+pu ‘tábano’ |
| *xünV | un- ‘sabor’ | hin(i)- ‘dulce’ |
| *xwos- | wos- | hos- ‘llegar’ |
| *yap-, *yep- | yap-, yep- | yap-, yep- ‘con las manos’ |
| *yAptO- | yaptoy- | yeptu- ‘sacar, quitar’ |
| *yasi- | yasi- ‘quedarse’ | yasi- ‘sentarse’, ‘estar (sentado)’ |
| *yEp- | yep- ‘dar’ | yip- ‘repartir, dar, servir’ |
| *yos(i)- | yos ‘una especie de víbora’ | yos(i)- ‘ser flaco’ |
| *yoʔ | yoʔ | yo ‘calabaza, zapallo’ |
| *yU-pA | yu-pa ‘calabazo, mate’ | yo-pe ‘cuenco, olla’ |