Proto-Maweti-Guarani reconstructions:
Reconstruction of Proto-Maweti–Guarani, along with Mawe, Aweti, and Proto-Tupi–Guarani cognates according to Meira & Drude (2015).[1]
| gloss | Proto-Maweti–Guarani | notes (Proto-Maweti–Guarani) | Maweti | Aweti | Proto-Tupi–Guarani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3SG | *i- | i- | i- | *i- | |
| about | *ete | ete | ete | *ece | |
| agouti | *akuti | akuri | akuzu Ɂjɨt | *akuti | |
| anu bird | *anjũ, *aniũ | ajũ-nɁi | ajũ | *anũ | |
| armadillo | *tjajtju | sahu | tatu-pep | *tatu | |
| ashamed | (*tĩ) | tĩ | – | *tĩ | |
| at/in | *pe | pe | pe | *pe | |
| ax | *kwɨ | ɨwɨ-hap | kɨ | *jɨ | |
| back | *(Ɂ)ape | ape | Ɂape | *ape | |
| be/live | *eko | eko | eko | eko | |
| beans | *kumana | (? – possible borrowing) | kumanã | kumanaɁĩ | *kumana |
| big | *wat(o/u) | wato | watu | waču | |
| bitter | *rõp | nop | lop | *rop | |
| black | *kwuun | huun | – | *un | |
| blood | *tjuwɨ(k) | suu | uwɨk | *(r)uwɨ | |
| blow | *pekwu | pehu | petu | *peju | |
| bone | *kaŋ | kaŋ | kaŋ | *kaŋ | |
| branch | *tjakã | jãŋã | akã | *(r)akã | |
| burn | *apɨ | apɨ | apɨ | *apɨ | |
| buriti (palm) | (*m(u/i)riti) | (? – possible borrowing, TG > Mawe) | miriti | – | *muriti |
| chest | *potiɁa | potiɁa | pozɨɁa | *potiɁa | |
| chief | (*morekwat) | (? possible borrowing) | morekwat | morekwat | – |
| call | *enõj | h-enoj | ejõj | *enõj | |
| cloud | *(ɨwɨ)tjiŋ | ɨwɨ-hiŋ | ɨwɨ-tiŋ | ɨßa-tiŋ | |
| COM.CAUS (= comitative causative) | *er(o/e)- | er-, ere- | zo- | ero | |
| come | *ut | (u)ut | ut | *ut | |
| cooked | *kwɨp | wɨp | o-kɨp | *jɨp | |
| corn | *aßati | (? – probable borrowing) | awati | awati | *aßati |
| curassow | *mɨtiũ(ŋ), *mɨtjũ(ŋ) | mɨjũ | mɨtuŋ | mɨtũ | |
| deer | *(ɨ)tɨɨ | – | tɨ-wapat, ɨtɨɨ | ||
| die (pl.) | *pap | pap | pap | *pap | |
| do | *rj(u/o)ŋ, *nj(u/o)ŋ | nuŋ | juŋ | *ruŋ ~ *roŋ ~ *noŋ (Rodrigues & Dietrich 1997), *noŋ (Mello 2000) | |
| door | *oken | oken-ɨpɨ | oten | *oken | |
| earth | (*Ɂɨj) | Ɂɨj | – | *Ɂɨj | |
| eat | *Ɂu | uɁu | Ɂu | *Ɂu | |
| egg | *upiɁa | upiɁa | n-upiɁa | *upiɁa | |
| enter | *ejke | we-eke | ece | *(e)jkje | |
| exit | *tem | wẽẽ-tem | tem | *čem | |
| eye | *et-tja | (e)ha | (e)ta | eča (Rodrigues and Dietrich 1997), eca (Mello 2000) | |
| face | *(e/o)ßa | (e)wa | owa | *oßa | |
| fall | *Ɂat | aɁat | Ɂat | *Ɂat | |
| father | *tjup | sup | up | *(r)up | |
| feed | *poj | poj | poj | *poj | |
| fetid | *riem, *rjem; (*rem) | nem | jem | *nem ~ *rem | |
| field | *ko | ko | ko | *ko | |
| finger (nail) | *p(uɁ)u(j)ã | puɁujã | puã | *pwã | |
| fire | *atia, *atja | arja | aza | *ata | |
| flat | *peep | peep | ɨwɨ-pep | *pep | |
| flea | *tiuŋ, *tjuŋ | juŋ | tuŋ | *tuŋ | |
| flower | *pojtjɨɨt | i-pohɨɨt | Ɂa-potɨt | *potɨt | |
| foot | *pɨ | pɨ | pɨ | *pɨ | |
| fruit | *Ɂa | Ɂa | Ɂa | *Ɂa | |
| grandfather | *am(õ/ũ)(j) | h-amũ | amũj | *amõj | |
| go | *to | to | to | *co | |
| good | *kajtju | kahu | katu | *katu | |
| hair | *tjap | sap | ap | *(r)ap | |
| hammock | *(Ɂ)(i/ɨ)nĩ | Ɂɨni | Ɂinĩ | *inĩ | |
| hand | *po | po | po | *po | |
| head hair | *Ɂatjap | (from *Ɂa ‘head’ + *tjap ‘hair’) | asap | Ɂap | *Ɂap |
| heavy | *potɨj | potɨj | potɨj | *pocɨj | |
| hot | *tjakup | sakup | akup | *(r)akup | |
| house | *(tj)ok | sok | ok | *(r)ok | |
| hunger | *tjɨɨɁa(t) | sɨɨɁat | tɨɁa-ßot | ||
| kill | (*kwuka) | Ɂa-uka | *juka | ||
| leaf | *tjop | ɨ-hop | op | *(r)op | |
| lick | *eereep | eereep | ezep | *erep | |
| lip | *tjẽpe | jẽpe | ẽpe | *(r)eme | |
| louse | *ŋɨp | ŋɨp | Ɂakɨp (from earlier *Ɂa ‘head’ + *kɨp ‘louse’) | *kɨp | |
| manioc | *mani | mani | maniɁok | *maniɁok (cf. Aweti, Tupi-Guarani Ɂok ‘tuber’) | |
| man's daughter | *tjakwiɁɨt | sakiɁɨt | atiɁɨt | *(r)ajɨt | |
| man's sister | *(i/e)nɨt | inɨt | jĩt | *enɨt | |
| man's older brother | *(Ɂ)ɨkeɁɨt | ɁɨkeɁet | ɨtiɁɨt | *ɁɨkeɁɨt | |
| many | *(e)tia, *(e)tja | =-rja | =-za | *eta | |
| medicine | *pot-tjaŋ | pohaŋ | potaŋ | *pocaŋ | |
| moon | *kwaatɨ | waatɨ | tatɨ | *jačɨ | |
| mortar | *(wẽ)kuɁa | wẽkuɁa | ɁẽkuɁa | *ɨŋuɁa | |
| mosquito | *kwatiɁũ | watiɁũ | tazɨɁũ | *jatiɁũ | |
| mother | *tɨ | tɨ | tɨ | *čɨ | |
| neck | *kwut | hut-Ɂɨp | tur-Ɂɨp | *jut | |
| name | *tjet | set | et | *(r)et | |
| navel | *pɨrupɁã | pɨrumɁa | pilup | pɨruɁã (Rodrigues; Dietrich, 1997), pɨruã (Mello, 2000) | |
| O.NZ (= object nominalizer) | *mi- | mi- | mi- | *mipa | |
| in | *tjatɨ | satɨ | atɨ | *(r)ačɨ | |
| pass | *kotjap | kosap | kwap | *kwap | |
| place | *etiam, *etjam | ejam | tam, etam | *etam | |
| pull | *ekɨj | ekɨj | ekɨj | *ekɨj | |
| rain | *ama(a)n | iɁ-ama(a)n | aman | *aman | |
| red | *kwup | hup | tup | *jup | |
| red | (*pɨraŋ) | – | pɨlaŋ | pɨraŋ (perhaps reconstructible only to Proto-Aweti-Guarani) | |
| RFL (= reflexive) | *kwe- | we- | te- | *je | |
| root | *tjapo | sapo | apo | *(r)apo | |
| saliva | (*tjẽtɨ) | jẽtɨ-hɨ | – | *(r)enɨ | |
| salt | *kwukɨt | ukɨt | tukɨt | *jukɨt | |
| search | *(i/e)kaat | (i)kaat | (j)kat | *ekat | |
| see/hear | *ẽtup | wan-ẽtup | (ẽ)tup | *enup | |
| seed | *tjaɁĩj | jaɁĩj | aɁĩj | *(r)aɁĩj | |
| seize | *pɨtɨk | pɨtɨk | pɨtɨk | *pɨtɨk | |
| seize | *(j)aat | aat | – | *(j)at | |
| shoot | (*(Ɂ)ɨßõ) | – | Ɂɨwõ | ɨßõ | |
| shoulder | *tj(a/ã)tiɁɨp(i) | jãtiɁɨpɨ | azɨɁɨp | *(r)atɨɁɨp | |
| skin/body | *piit | piit | pit | *pit | |
| slap | (*petek) | petek | – | petek | |
| sleep | *ket | ket | tet | *kjet | |
| smoke | *tjiŋ | ɨ-hiŋ (probably *Ɂɨp ‘tree, wood’ + *tjiŋ) | tiŋ | *tiŋ | |
| snake | *mõj | moj | mõj | *moj | |
| squirrel | (*kutiere, *kutjere) | kutiere | kuceze-Ɂjɨt | – | |
| sweet | *i-tjeɁẽ | heɁẽ | teɁẽ | *čeɁẽ (apparently a lexicalized third-person form) | |
| swim | *ɨjtja(p) | ɨha | ɨta-tap | *ɨtap | |
| termite | *ŋupi | ŋupi-Ɂa | kupi-Ɂa, kupi-Ɂĩ | kupi-Ɂi | |
| tail | *tjuwaj | suwaj-po | uwaj | *(r)uwaj | |
| thick | *anam | iɁ-anam | Ɂajam | *anam | |
| thigh | *Ɂup | Ɂup | Ɂup | *Ɂup | |
| tooth | *tjãj | jãj | ãj | *(r)ãj | |
| tortoise | *kwaßoti | wawori | tawozɨ | *jaßoti | |
| toucan | *tiukan, *tjukan | jũkan | tukan | *tukan | |
| traíra (fish) | (*taraɁɨra) | (? – possible borrowing, TG > Mawe) | taraɁɨra | – | taraɁɨr-a |
| two | (*mokõj) | – | mokõj | *mokõj | |
| village | (*taaßa) | (? – possible borrowing, TG > Mawe) | taawa | – | *taßa |
| vulture | *urußu | uruwu | uzuwu | *urußu | |
| wasp | *ŋap | ŋap | kap | *kap | |
| water | *Ɂɨ | ɨɁɨ | Ɂɨ | *Ɂɨ | |
| wind | *ɨßɨt(u) | (? – possible borrowing, TG > Mawe) | ɨwɨtu | ɨwɨt | *ɨßɨtu |
| woman's son | *mẽpɨt | mẽpɨt | mẽpɨt | *memɨt |
Reconstructions of Proto-Tupí, Proto-Mawé-Awetí-Tupí-Guaraní, Proto-Awetí-Tupí-Guaraní, and Proto-Tupí-Guaraní by Corrêa-da-Silva (2013):[2]
| Portuguese gloss | Proto-Tupí | Proto-Mawé-Awetí-Tupí-Guaraní | Proto-Awetí-Tupí-Guaraní | Proto-Tupí-Guaraní | Mawé | Awetí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| batata doce | **wetjɨk | *jetjɨk | *jetɨk | teʐɨk | ||
| cará | **awa, awaj | *awaj | awaj-ʔa | |||
| mandioca | **mani | *mani | *mani | *mani | mani | mani |
| planta cucurbitácea | **kurua | *kurua | *kurua | |||
| fumo | **pe | *pe | *pe-tɨm | pe | ||
| cabaça | **ɨʔa | *ɨʔa | *ɨʔa | ɨʔa | ||
| cavador | **tʃɨt | *tʃɨt | *tʃɨt | *tʃɨr | tɨt-ʔi | tɨt |
| machado | **wɨ | *wɨ | *jɨ | *jɨ | ɨ-wɨ-kap | kɨ |
| roça | **ŋko | *ŋko | *ŋko | *ko | ko ~ ŋo | ko |
| cavar | **koj | *koj | *koj ‘cavar’ | *ɨβɨ-koj ‘terra-cavar’ | koj ‘plantar’ | |
| socar, pisar | **tʃekw | *tʃokw | *tʃokw | *tʃok | tok | |
| ralar | **eʔe | *eʔe | *-eʔe | -eʔe | ||
| cesta | **ɨrju | *ɨrju | *ɨru | *ɨru | hɨt | |
| cipó | **ɨtʃʔɨpo | *ɨtʃʔɨpo | *ɨtʃɨpo | *ɨtʃɨpo | ɨrɨpo | ɨtɨpo |
| corda | **tʃʔam | *tʃam | *tʃam | tam | ||
| folha | **epW | *opw | *opw | *-oβ | -op | -op |
| rede de dormir | **ẽri | *ĩri | *ĩri | *ini | ĩni | inĩ |
| barro | **tʔup | *tup | *tu-juk (< *juk ‘podre’) ‘lama’ | |||
| barro para cerâmica | **waʔẽuʔum | *jauʔum | *jauʔum | taʔum | ||
| vasilha de barro | **waʔẽ | *waʔẽ | *jaʔe | *jaʔẽ | waʔã | taʔẽ |
| casa | **ekW | *okw | *okw | *ok | ok ‘ninho, teto’ | ok |
| porta | **ekWen | *ekWen | *okWen | *oken | oken-ʔɨpɨ | oten-ap |
| teto | **tʔap | *tap | *taβ ‘aldeia’; tapɨj ‘abrigo’ | tapɨj ‘cobertura’ | ||
| aldeia abandonada | **tʔappwet | *tapwet | *taper | |||
| praça da aldeia | **ekWat | *okWat | *okar | |||
| flecha | **ekWʔɨp | *oʔɨp | *uʔɨβ | uʔɨp | ||
| remédio | **potʔaŋ | *potʔaŋ | *potaŋ | *potsaŋ | pohaŋ | potaŋ |
| pacu | **paku | *paku | *paku | *paku | paku | paku |
| covo | **wekẽʔa | *jekeʔa | *jekeʔa | |||
| timbó | **tiŋ | *tiŋ | *tiŋ | |||
| anu-preto | **anu | *anu | *anu | *anu | aju | |
| arara | **karu | *karu | karu ‘arara amarela’ | |||
| arara | **arat | *arat | *arar | arar-an ‘arara azul’ | ||
| jacu | **waku | *jaku | *jaku | taku | ||
| mutum | **mɨtũ | * mɨtũ | *mɨtũ | *mɨtũ | mɨjũ | mɨtu |
| papagaio | **awuru | *awuru | *ajuru | *ajuru | ahut | |
| pato | **ɨpekj | *ɨpek | *ɨpek | ɨpeka (< Língua Geral Amazônica) | ɨpek | |
| tucano | **tukan | *tukan | *tukan | *tukan | jũkan | tukan |
| urubu | **urupwˀu | *urupwu | *urupwu | *uruβu | uruwu | ɨʐɨwu |
| asa, pena da asa | **pepʔo | *pepo | *pepo | *pepo | pepo | pepo |
| berne | **kʔut | * kʔut | * kʔut | *ʔur | ʔut | |
| bicho de pé | **tuŋ | *tuŋ | *tuŋ | *tuŋ | ju)ŋ | tuŋ |
| piolho | **ŋkɨp | *ŋkɨp | *ŋkɨp | *kɨβ | ŋɨp | ʔa-kɨp ‘cabeça-piolho’ |
| pium | **piʔũ | *piʔũ | *piʔũ | *piʔu | upiũ | piʔũ |
| mosquito | **watjiʔũ | *watjiʔu | *jatjiʔu | *jatiʔũ | watiʔũ | taʐɨʔũ |
| cupim | **ŋkupʔi | **ŋkupi | **ŋkupi | *kupi-ʔi | ŋupi-ʔa | kupi-ʔa |
| esp. de formiga | **akeke | *akeke | *akeke | |||
| avô | **amõj | *amõj | *amõj | *amõj | amũ ‘tio’, amũ-pot (< pot ‘velho’) ‘sogro’ | amũj, amõj |
| esposa | **atʔɨ | *atɨ | *-atɨ | ɨ-ʔi ‘esposa’ | -atɨ | |
| marido | **men | *men | *men | men | ||
| mãe | **tʃɨ | *tʃɨ | *tʃɨ | *tʃɨ | tɨ ~ nɨ | tɨ |
| pai | **-up | *up | *tuβ ‘pai de gente’ | up | ||
| homem | **aɨtʃe | *aɨtʃe | *-aɨtʃe ‘homem, parente do mesmo grupo de uma mulher’ | aɨte | ||
| filho de homem | **aʔɨt | *aʔɨt | *aʔɨt | *-aʔɨr | -aʔɨr-u | -aʔɨt |
| filho(a) de mulher | **mempɨt | *mempɨt | *mempɨt | *memɨr | mẽpɨt | mẽpɨt |
| irmã da mãe | **tʃɨʔɨt | *tʃɨʔɨt | *tʃɨʔɨr | |||
| irmã júnior de mulher | **kɨpʔɨʔɨt | **kɨpɨʔɨt | *kɨpɨʔɨr | |||
| irmã sênior da mulher | **ɨket | *ɨket | *-ɨker | |||
| irmão de mulher | **kɨpwɨt | *kɨpwɨt | *kɨpwɨt | *kɨβɨr | kɨwɨt | kɨwɨt |
| irmão júnior do homem | **ɨpwɨt | *ɨpwɨt | *ɨpwɨt | *-ɨβɨr | -ɨwɨt, ʔɨwɨt | -ɨwɨt |
| irmão sênior do homem | **ɨke | *ɨke | *ɨke | *ɨke-ʔɨr | ʔɨke-ʔet | *ɨti-ʔɨt- |