Proto-Nakh-Daghestanian (i.e., Proto-Northeast Caucasian) reconstructions by Nichols (2003):[1]
Note: The numerals in the "grammatical category" column refer to the 5 gender classes in Proto-Nakh-Dagestanian. The reconstructions below are also marked by pound signs rather than asterisks to indicate that they are tentative pseudo-reconstructions.
Symbols:
| C | consonant |
| V | vowel |
| D | gender affix |
| = | gender affix boundary |
| + | compound boundary |
| No. | English gloss | Proto-Nakh-Dagestanian | Grammatical category |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | fire | #c’ar(i), #c’ad(i) | 4 or 5 |
| 2 | leave | #=Vt | Verb |
| 3 | tooth | #cVl- | 5 ? |
| 4 | one | #cV (#cʕV ?) | Num |
| 5 | take, hold | #(l)-aRc / #D=V(R)c | Verb |
| 7 | ram | #ko-(m), #ko-(i) | 3 |
| 8 | hand, arm | #kV, #kol- | 4 |
| 9 | pear | #qur / #qar; #qʕur ? | 3 |
| 10 | barley | #(m)uq, #(m)aq- | 3 |
| 13 | bile, gall | #sttim | 3 |
| 14 | bull | #stu; #(M=)stu, #(B=)stu | 3 |
| 15 | measure | #D=ust | Verb |
| 16 | what | #sti- | Pronoun |
| 19 | fill | #=Vc’ (#=uc’, #=ac’) | Verb |
| 20 | black | #alč’i- (#ʕalč’i-) | Adjective |
| 21 | thin | #(C)=uƛ’Vl- | Adjective |
| 22 | die, kill | #D=Vƛ’ | Verb |
| 23 | heart | #rVk’u / #Vrk’u | 4 |
| 24 | axe | #(r)=ik’(ʕ-u) | 4 |
| 26 | earth | #(l)ončči | 4 |
| 27 | we, us | #(n)Vƛƛo / #(n)Vƛƛw- | Pronoun |
| 28 | five | #(W)=ƛƛi / #ƛƛwi | Numeral |
| 31 | name | #cc’Vr, #cc’Vri | 4 or 5 |
| 32 | right | #haRčč’i | Adjective |
| 34 | winter | #ƛƛ’Vn-i | ? |
| 35 | meat | #(CV)=(lV)ƛƛ’ | 4 |
| 36 | yoke | #...ƛ / #...ƛƛ’ | 4 |
| 37 | wild boar; pig | #...ƛ / #...ƛƛ’ | 3 |
| 38 | ashes | #rV=uqq’ / #rV=uƛƛ’ | ? |
| 39 | back | #D=uqq’ | 3 |
| 40 | road | #D=eqq’ / #D=aqq’ | 3 |
| 42 | dry | #D=aqq’(u) / #D=uqq’ | Adjective |
| 43 | sun | #bVrVg | 3 |
| 44 | moon | #baʒVr / #buʒVr | 3 |
| 45 | tongue | #maʒ-i | 3 |
| 46 | nettle | #miǯ | 3 or 4 |
| 48 | round | #goRg / #gog-R- | Adjective |
| 50 | frost, hoarfrost | #(V)sVr, #(V)sVl | class? |
| 51 | year | #...š... / #...s... | 4 |
| 52 | bear | #sVʔin / #cVʔin / #čVʔin | 3 |
| 53 | wool (unspun) | #(D=)Vɬa(-j) | 4 |
| 54 | water | #ɬɬin | 4 |
| 55 | long, far | #(CV=)RVxx- | Adjective |
| 56 | break, destroy | #D=Vxx | Verb |
| 57 | apple (etc.) | #hʕam(V)c / #hʕam(V)č | 3 |
| 60 | weave | #=šš | Verb |
| 62 | eye | #(b)ul, #(b)al | 3 |
| 63 | burn | #D=Vk’ | Verb |
| 65 | know | #(=D=)Vc’ | Verb |
| Vocabulary lists of North Eurasian languages |
|---|
|
European • Balkan • Hurro-Urartian • Hattic • Sumerian (Swadesh) • Elamite • Etruscan • Burushaski • Ural-Altaic • Paleosiberian • p-Japanese • p-Ainu • p-Nivkh • p-Chukotko-Kamchatkan • p-Yukaghir • p-Yeniseian |
| Caucasian |
|
Caucasian • p-Northwest Caucasian • p-Nakh-Daghestanian • p-Kartvelian |
| Uralic |
|
p-Uralic (stable roots) • Finnic • Saami • Mordvinic • Mari • Permic • Ugric • Samoyedic |
| "Altaic" linguistic area |
|
"Altaic" • "p-Altaic" • Turkic • Mongolic • Common Mongolic • Khitan • Taghbach |
| Indo-European |
|
Germanic • Celtic • Romance • Baltic • East Slavic • West Slavic • South Slavic |