Proto-Taranoan reconstructions:[1]
Internal classification of the Taranoan languages according to Meira (1998):
| gloss | Proto-Taranoan |
|---|---|
| sharp | *aecaka |
| how | *aeke |
| how many | *(a/ɨ)htaːrə |
| if/when | *ahtawə |
| younger sibling | *akəmi |
| cut | *akətə |
| little | *akɨi |
| hard | *akɨpəe |
| foam | *akɨro |
| mortar | *ako |
| other | *akorono |
| agouti | *akuri |
| tucuma | *amana |
| heavy | *am(ɨ/e)cimcaka |
| steal | *amɨnə |
| shadow/soul | *amore |
| fingernail | *amo(sa)i, *omo(sa)i |
| grow | *anɨhta |
| we | *anja |
| corn | *a(ː)naci |
| fall | *anota |
| arm | *apə, *əpə |
| seize | *apəci |
| seat | *apəi, *əpəi |
| wing | *apəri |
| elbow | *apəri(t/c)(ɨ/i)kV |
| open/uncover | *apumaka |
| close/cover | *apuru |
| bee | *arama |
| alligator | *ariwe |
| take | *arə |
| leaf | *arɨ |
| penis | *arokɨ, *orokɨ |
| warm | *atumcaka |
| warmth | *atunu |
| what | *(a/ə)tɨ |
| swell | *awo |
| rib | *awotɨ |
| coal | *camarakətə |
| sand | *camutu |
| hither | *carə |
| otter | *caro |
| spider | *c(a/i)waraka(r)u |
| turtle | *cawaru |
| this | *(c)enɨ |
| this | *(c)(e/ə)rə |
| coati | *ceu |
| flea | *cikə |
| stingray | *cipari |
| body hair | *(ci)potɨ |
| star | *cirikə |
| breast | *cucu |
| urine | *cuku |
| bite | *eceka |
| path | *ecema |
| throat | *e(c)ena |
| be | *eci |
| lip | *ehpi, *əhpi |
| armpit | *(e)jahta |
| name | *(ej)ecetɨ |
| give | *ekarama |
| hip | *ekunu, *əkunu |
| comb | *ekurima |
| throw | *ema |
| daughter | *emci |
| teach | *empa |
| face | *empata, *əmpata |
| wrist | *emekunu, *əmekunu |
| scrotum | *emu, *əmu |
| eat fruit | *ena |
| see | *ene |
| bring | *ene |
| drink | *enɨ |
| hand | *enja, *ənja |
| base | *entu |
| eye | *enu, *ənu |
| hole | *eota, *əota |
| nose | *eona |
| exit | *epataka |
| sap | *e(p/c)eku |
| fruit | *eperu |
| under | *epinə |
| bathe | *epɨ |
| trunk | *epɨ, *əpɨ |
| find | *epo |
| sap | *epuku, *euku |
| sweat | *eramuku |
| liver | *ere, *əre |
| song | *eremi, *əremi |
| food | *erepa, *ərepa |
| vulva | *erɨ, *ərɨ |
| hear | *eta |
| saliva | *etaku, *ətaku |
| yawn | *etapo |
| hammock | *etatɨ |
| beard | *etɨpotɨ, *ətɨpotɨ |
| laugh | *euran(a/ɨ) |
| answer | *eu |
| rope | *ewa, *əwa |
| heart | *ewanɨ, *əwanɨ |
| three | *əcerawə |
| two | *əcəkənə |
| whither | *ə(c/j)a |
| come | *(ə)e |
| hunt | *(ə)eciwa |
| snake | *əkəi |
| you (2) | *əmə |
| thorn | *əməcinə |
| eat meat | *ənə |
| who | *(ənə)kɨ |
| sleep | *(ə/o)ːnɨkɨ |
| you (2col) | *ənjamo |
| heron | *(ə/o)nore |
| curassow | *əoko |
| seat | *əpəi |
| trunk | *əpɨ (epɨ?) |
| song | *əremi |
| smoke | *ərencitə (?) |
| clay | *ərinə |
| cassava stone | *əripo |
| caterpillar | *ərukə |
| I | *əwɨ |
| in | *hkawə |
| into | *hkak(a/ɨ) |
| urinate | *i(ː)cuhta |
| wash | *(i)cuka |
| mother | *i(-)je |
| lake | *ikutupə |
| paint | *i(-)menuhtə |
| root/vein | *imi |
| he | *i |
| timbó | *ineku |
| ant | *irakə |
| it (3in) | *irə |
| forest | *itu(h) |
| chameleon | *iwana |
| arrive | *(i/ɨ)(-)tunta |
| go get | *(i)wa |
| capivara | *iwɨrɨ |
| louse | *ja(p/c)amɨ |
| chin | *jaramata / *jamarata |
| burn | *jatu |
| otter | *jawi |
| tooth | *je |
| bone | *jetɨpə |
| lizard | *joci |
| father | *jumu |
| say | *ka |
| new | *kaenano |
| jaguar | *kaikuci |
| deer | *kajakə |
| into | *(h)kak(a/ɨ) |
| yellow | *kananamano |
| canoe | *kanawa |
| armadillo | *kapaci |
| sky | *kapu |
| inga | *karau |
| gourd | *kariwa |
| fat | *katɨ |
| high | *kawə |
| with | *ke |
| fishhook | *kewei |
| fever/cold | *kəci |
| shout | *kəhtu |
| grate | *kɨ |
| we (1+2) | *kimə |
| we (1+2col) | *kɨnjamo |
| macaw | *kɨnoro |
| man | *(k/g)ɨrɨ |
| night | *koko |
| yesterday | *kokonjaːrə |
| afternoon | *kokonje |
| morning | *kokonkərə |
| night fall | *koːma |
| rain | *konopo |
| grandmother | *kuku |
| bacaba | *kumu |
| milipede | *kunepepe |
| good | *kure, *kurano |
| tortoise | *kurica |
| paca | *kurima(u/o) |
| painful | *kutumcaka |
| mosquito | *macakə |
| tapir | *macipuri |
| mother | *mama |
| jacamim | *mami |
| sieve | *manare |
| breast | *manatɨ |
| ankle | *man(j)iCV |
| pium | *mapiri |
| fire | *mapoto |
| rattle | *maraka |
| jacu | *mara(t/c)i |
| with | *marə |
| inaja | *maripa |
| tipiti | *matapi |
| cotton | *mauru |
| jenipapo | *menu |
| coatipuru | *meri |
| this | *mə(c)e |
| these | *mə(c)ecamo |
| those | *məːjamo |
| those | *məkɨjamo |
| that | *məkɨ |
| that | *məkɨrə |
| wait | *mə |
| that | *mənɨ |
| that | *mərə |
| husband | *jo |
| cat | *mi(k/c)i |
| back | *ka |
| scorpion | *mɨnətə |
| pregnant | *mɨnoto |
| house | *mɨnnə |
| long | *mɨ(p/c)a |
| shoulder blade | *pa |
| mouth | *ta |
| break | *mo |
| relatives | *m(o/ə)itɨ |
| spider | *mojoci |
| groin | *mone |
| big | *mono |
| shoulder | *mota |
| pubic hair | *motɨ |
| worm | *moto |
| blood | *munju |
| rat | *munjupə |
| child/son | *muku |
| child | *mure, *m(u/ɨ)rehti |
| they | *namo(ro) |
| yam | *napəkə |
| potato | *napi |
| leave | *nə |
| s/he (3an) | *nərə |
| still | *nkərə |
| earth | *nono |
| tongue | *nore |
| old woman | *notɨpə |
| moon | *nunnə |
| wasp | *okomo |
| bury | *ona |
| cashew | *oroci |
| again | *pa |
| acouchy | *paci |
| suitcase | *pakara |
| peccary | *pakira |
| house | *pakoro |
| pacu | *paku |
| ear | *pana |
| father | *papa |
| papaya | *(p/m)apa(i)ca |
| grandchild | *pa(n) |
| banana | *paːru(ru) |
| village | *pata |
| traíra | *patakaci |
| long ago | *pena |
| wind | *pepeci |
| thigh | *petɨ |
| peccary | *pəinəkə |
| about | *pəkə |
| pepper | *pəməi |
| piranha | *pəne |
| inambu | *pətunə |
| little | *pica |
| brain | *picaku |
| hawk | *pijana |
| older brother | *pipi |
| skin | *pitipə |
| shaman | *pɨjaci |
| neck | *pɨm(ə/ɨ) |
| egg | *mo |
| mountain | *pɨ(pɨ?) |
| leg | *repa |
| arrow | *pɨrəu |
| chest | *ropɨ |
| sole | *ta |
| wife | *pɨtɨ |
| anus | *p(ɨ/u)tɨkɨ |
| clothes | *po |
| in | *po |
| to | *pona |
| navel | *ponɨ |
| tell | *pono |
| dress | *po(h/n)tə |
| beak | *potɨ |
| undress | *poka |
| blow | *puːka |
| think | *punə |
| flesh | *punu |
| foot | *pupu |
| head | *putupə |
| bat | *rere |
| horn | *rctɨ |
| really | *rə, *ro |
| only | *r(ə/e)kene |
| jacuraru | *rupeci |
| by | *tae |
| here | *t(a/ə)rə |
| not | *taike |
| into | *taka |
| yonder | *tanə |
| red | *ta(ː/h)miːre |
| grandfather | *tamoko, *tamu |
| old man | *tamutupə |
| in | *tawə |
| one | *t(ə/e)in(j)ə |
| go | *tə |
| stone | *təpu |
| dirty | *t(ɨ/u)kuice |
| short | *tɨntɨː(c/j)e |
| make | *rɨ |
| bird | *torono / *tonoro |
| hummingbird | *tukuci |
| water | *tuna |
| torch | *turi |
| not | *(w)aːkene |
| belly | *waku |
| comb | *w(a/ə)nka(c)i |
| açaí | *wapu |
| before | *wapo |
| heron | *wara |
| sloth | *(w)arekore |
| anteater | *(w)ar(ɨ/i)ci |
| know | *waːrə |
| excrement | *watə, *wetɨ |
| fart | *wecakɨ |
| sun | *wei |
| defecate | *weka |
| vomit | *we(ː)naru |
| ash | *(w)(ə/e)renə |
| knee | *(w)erece(m/n)a |
| fly | *werewere |
| woodpecker | *wetu |
| tree/wood | *wewe |
| older sister | *wəi-ko |
| woman | *wər(i/ɨ)ici |
| anatto | *(w)(i/ɨ)puce |
| manioc | *wɨi |
| to | *wɨja, *oja, *ja |
| deer | *(wɨ)kapa(u/o) |
| bow | *raːpa |
| person | *wɨtoto |
| ax | *wɨwɨ |
| drink | *wokɨ |
| voice | *womi |
| speak | *wompa |
| savanna | *wowɨ |