Appendix:Proto-Utian reconstructions

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Proto-Utian reconstructions:[1]

Callaghan (2014)

Gloss Proto-Utian Proto-Costanoan Proto-Southern Costanoan Proto-Miwok Proto-Sierra Miwok Proto-Eastern Miwok Proto-Western Miwok
abalone *hasˑyn ?
abdomen *piˑti, *pitˑi
ablative case *-tu *{-mˑy}
above *riˑni(h), *rinˑi(h) *tapre-j *liˑle
abuse, to *čaˑm-y
accursed *ʔekte
ache, to *kaˑji
acorn flour *kawˑa-n
acorn soup or bread *ṣetne-n *nypˑa- *ʔyle- *ʔulki
acrid *tep-tep
Adam’s apple *myʔˑyṭ-(ˑ)a-
add on, to (again) *ʔaˑj *ʔaj-ki-
adj.-noun suf. *-me *-e *-ma-, *-ṭY- *-la-
adj. suffix *-(ṣ)i-, *-ṭˑe-, *-Cˑi-
adverbial case *-yj
advise, to *monṣe
adv. suf. *-ˑč
afflict (illness) *peṭˑe
afraid, to be *helaj-ne
after *topˑa
again *ʔaˑj
agentive *{-ʔˑa-} *-ṭak, *-ak
agentive. (instrumental) *-nˑi
ahead *hojˑu ?
alder tree *sotˑum
all *ʔaˑj *toˑko-, *ʔajtu- *ṣokˑe-, *ṣykˑe-
allative case *-to
alone *kenˑe
always *nuna-
andative *-jˑi *-na *-te-, *-ṭi ?
andative imv. *-sy-, *-s, *jˑi *-aH-n
angleworm *keˑṣu-, *keˑsy-
angry *ʔyṣyˑ-ṭa-
animal suffix *-wa *-ma-ṭi-
animate *-h, *-min, *-n, *-ni- *...kan *-ja *-ˑwi-?, *-CˑV- ? *-na-
animate plural *-jˑa
another *numa
ant *poškuj-min? *ʔotˑow *ṭisiˑnaj ?
antelope *haˑlu-ṣ
antler(s) *čiˑri *kilˑi
anus *kynat.-ˑa-
anything *ṭ? *tinˑy-
appear, to *mi(n) *ma(n) ‘it *ʔatˑa ʔatˑe *lak-ṣy-, *miˑy-ksy-
approach, to *hajˑe- *haje-m-pa-, *ʔynyˑ-pa-, *ʔyny-pˑa-
arise, to *ʔitma *talˑi
arm *paˑčan *tawlik
armpit(s) *kakpul, *kakpus
arrive, to *hyˑja, *hyˑwa
arrow *lanta
arrowhead *kiˑe-, *siṭˑik(ˑ)iniwa- *čiˑča
as(like) *kaṭu, *katu
ashamed *ʔuj(ˑ)a
ashes *joˑko *jymˑi? *sikˑe-
ash tree *panˑa-ṣ
ask for, to *raṣˑe
augmentative *-ˑli *-ṭˑi-, *-ṭi-, *-ˑṭi-?
aunt (mat.) *ʔanˑa-knis *ʔanˑis *toˑmu- *ʔamko, *ʔamoˑko, *ʔola-čˑi
aunt (pat.) *ʔen(ˑ)e-
avoid offence *čokaj-ŋe-
awake *ʔaw-si
awl *čylˑa
baby *ʔečelˑy
back (of body) *lumˑa, *luˑma *keˑwy- *kyčyj
backpack *ṭyjyˑ-ma
back up, to *kynˑe
bad *ʔekṭe *ʔyṣˑy- *ʔomu
bake, to *husˑu *hinep-na- *hupˑa, *hupˑu
bald *ṭak..., *tak…
ball, to play *počku ?
bank *čoˑk, *čoˑko
bark, to *šajˑa
bark (tree) *sim(ˑ)e, *ṣim(ˑ)e
base, behind *ʔit. …
bashful *ʔoja-ṣ
basket (acorns, seeds) *čakˑa-
basket (Sp. batea) *tiprin
basket (burden) *čiˑkel, *čikˑel
basket (cooking) *pulak-ˑa-
basket, cradle *hiki
basket, dipper *pulis-ˑa-
basket, small *sotˑon
basket, storage *ṣiˑwen *ʔulˑit.
basket, winnowing *warṣi-n *hetˑal
bat (animal) *ṣim... *ṭ/tipiˑsi-si
bathe, to *ʔel... *ʔyp-ṣy
be, to *-ˑe-
be located, to *roˑte *ʔuˑču-
beach *kaw…
beads *maˑṣe(h) *hoˑwot. *howˑot
beak, bill *huˑk *hukˑu
bear *ʔore-ṣ *kule
bear, grizzly *ʔyṣyˑ-ma-ṭi
beard *heˑjek/s
beat, to *haṭˑa *mylˑa *ṭak-ja-
become, to *-pu-ṣnu-, *-tu-ṣnu-
bed *ˑeˑṭ, *ˑet. ˑy *tokˑo-h *jaˑŋa-
bedrock *talpas/ṣ
begin, to *hojˑu ? *munˑi
behind, base *ʔitṭ…
belch, to *hyʔse-
believe, to *hyʔi-, *hyʔi-
belly *puṭˑul, *puṭlu *hutˑu, *piˑti, *pitˑi *loto- *puluk
below *ʔaˑla
benefactive *-nY
berries (coffee) *loʔˑo
bet, to *hyˑk-y
big *wetˑel *ʔyṭˑi
bighorn *haˑlu-ṣ
bird *čič... *mile, *mele
birth, to give *ʔeseˑ-ly-
bite, to *ʔyˑs-y, *ʔys-? *kaṣˑe *jylˑy-
bitter *kahˑa *tep-tep *ček-ček, *sek-sek *kaj-kaj
black *mulu- *ṣoklo, *ṣolko *kulu-
blackberry *ʔinˑa-n ?
blackbird (Brewer) *čap…
blackbird (redwing) *kulja-n
black widow *pokˑum
blanket *tolˑi-, *tonˑi- *jypti-
blaze *jul…
bleed, to *kičaw
blind, to be *pelˑe
blink, to *činpy-., *pel-.
block, to *maˑhi *katˑa-
blood *pajˑa-n *kičˑaw
blow, to *henˑa
blow (mouth) *puṣel, *puˑṭe
blow (wind) *kanmy
blow nose, to *sinak
bluebird *čiwkol
blue bird sp. *ʔašit
blue jay *ṭajiṭ, *ṭajič, *ṣajič ?
boat *sak(ˑ)as
body *ʔam(ˑ)a *miwˑe-ʔa-
body part suf. *-kal, *-tal
boil, to *lowˑa- *loṭˑa-
bone *tajˑi *kyčˑyč *kulum
born, to be *mokˑo
borrow, to *henˑi-
bounce, to *ṭowṣe-, *ṭowṣu-
bow *lawa-n *tanukˑa- *koˑno
boy *čali-, *naŋˑa-tˑi- *heˑna-ṣ
brag about, to *hyʔˑi-, *hyˑʔi-
braid hair *ṭoṭ-, *ṭaṭ-
brains *lup…
bread (acorn) *čipˑa
break, to *ʔat.-, *ʔot.- *koṭˑa *taṣ-
break (string) *sot..., *sat…
break by itself *kot.-ˑu-ŋˑe-
break in two *ʔalˑe *jytˑy, *jytˑa, *koṭˑa, *ṭupˑu-.
break off, to *koṭ-, *pej-, *poj- *tep-wa-
break s.t., to *kap-ku?, *koṭˑa
break wind, to *ṣiwˑe *holak
break wind noisily, to *kyn-ṣy
breakfast, eat *mul-tu
breast(s) *muˑs, *muˑṣ ?
breath *hena
breathe, to *noṣwe *henˑa *hen-si-
bring, to *(h)ynˑy.
brother (older) *takˑa *ʔat(ˑ)a *taˑči-
brother (yr.) *tawṣi *čale-
brush *limˑe
brush, smoke *pajwa
bubble, to *pok- ?
buckeye *ʔuˑnu
buckthorn *loʔˑo-
build, to *ʔokja ʔokje
bullhead *ṣoko ?
bumblebee *toˑjo-h
burn, to *hyl-si, *jul..., *wyˑk-y- *ʔahji *wyl-ki-
burn to ashes *jokˑo-ni
burned *koˑm
burr *hylˑa-la-
burst, to *pak-ṭy, *pak-ṭe, *puṭ-ṣu, *puṭ-ṣe
bury, to *tunˑe *pira *hamˑe- *ʔalˑe
bush, brush *čaw(ˑ)il *čaku ?
but *men, *menu
butterfly *šiwluluk? *hol(ˑ)o... *woloˑlok
buttocks *koˑwi
buy, to *tiwˑa
buzz
buzzard *ṭujlu-n, *ṭutlu-n *huˑṣu- ? *čyˑṣy-
call, to *haˑwa *jejˑa, *jajˑu
can (modal) *-nˑi
cane (walking) *čiˑjas *sija- *keja
care of, to take *(h)ajˑe ? *ʔut.(ˑ)as-
careful, to be *hajˑa-po-kṣu-
carrot (wild) *jum(ˑ)ut
carry, to *paṭy
catch fire, to *wyˑk-y
catch up, to *nak-pa
catfish *ṣoko ?
cattail *haˑle
causative *-kˑy, *-nˑu-, *-py
caus., invol. *na
caus., med. pas. *-mpi < **-n-pi
cave *holˑaw
cedar/cypress *moˑnuk ?
change, to *pyṣ iˑ-ly
charcoal, coals *kuˑs(a), *kusˑa *kulˑa-
chase, to *ʔoṭwe *ʔenpu-, *ʔonpu- *haˑˑ..., *haˑt...
cheek(s) *ṭamˑV-ṣˑ, *ṭaˑmV-ṣ
chest (body part) *tuˑkaj *nysyˑ-li-? *tena
chew, to *ṭikaˑ *čiwˑa-?
chew on bone *kyč-my-
chia *patˑi-h
chief *hajaˑ-po
child *ṣinˑi, *ṣiˑni *ʔesˑe-, *ʔeselˑy- *ʔelaj
chills *liwˑuṭ
chin *hewˑe
chipmunk *pisu-
choke, to *čiˑnu
clap hands, to *ṭampa- ?
claw *ṭiˑs, *ṭiˑsy *tuˑr, *tuˑri-š
clay (white) *hupˑa(k)
clear (sky) *helak, *wyˑče-, *wyčˑe(k)
clear (water) *kywyw-ˑi-
clear up, to *helaˑk-y-
cliff, clod *čoˑk čoˑko
climb, to *hope *ʔetˑy *ʔetˑu
close, to *maˑhi *katˑa- *witˑen, *wetˑen
close eyes, to *činpy-
close mouth, to *mympy
cloud *meˑč..., *miˑč... *moˑṭo ? *ʔoˑpa
cloud up, to *ʔopaˑ-ty-
clover *roˑreh *kokˑač *kaˑli-ṣ
clover, sour *ṣakṣam
coals, charcoal *kuˑs(a), *kusˑa *kulˑa-
coals (live) *joˑko
coffee berries *loʔˑo-
coil baskets, to *čyˑl-y-
cold *ṭiˑs- ? *kawˑi, *kawˑe, *ṭahsa-
come! *ha(ˑ)ju
come, to *(h)ynˑy *waˑ-te
come out, to *ʔiˑje, *ʔiˑji
com. Case *-ṭu *-ni
condor *wasˑaka *molˑuk ?
continue, to *menoˑk-u-
continuative *-ksy
cook, to *hinep-na-
cooked, ripe *hiwˑu-ṣ-te *kili, *ṭoˑm *hinepˑu-
cooked, to get *hiwˑu-n
coot *toṣlok, *toṣkol ?
copulate, to *honˑa
cords (muscle) *ṭupˑin, *ṭuˑpin
corpse *čamyˑṣ-a-
cottontail *hika(k) *nome-ṣ
cottonwood *patˑakˑa(l)?
cough, to *kolˑe-
count, to *metˑu, *mitˑu
cousin *towˑe
cover, to *molˑy *ʔeṣˑe *topoˑn-u-
cover with lid *mosˑe
coyote *majˑa *ʔole *ʔaṣe-ˑli-
crab *čaˑma-ṭa
crack by itself *ʔaṭ-ˑu-ŋˑe-, *ʔot.-ˑu-ŋˑe-
crack s.t., to *kap-ku ?
cradle basket *hiki
crawl, to *čutˑe *ṭeweˑ-jy-
creek *wak…
cricket *kiṭiṭ- ?
cripple *tynˑy-ma-
crooked *paṭˑiw-i-
crouch, to *mekuṣ
crow, raven *kaˑkari?, *ṣaˑraj *kaˑkuli, *kaˑkali ? *ʔaˑwyč ?
crown of head *lupˑuluk ? *tuktuj, *tutkuj ?
crush, to *pičak
cry, to *walak, *jalak *nočˑu, *nočˑa
cure, to *huˑna
cut, to *wala *tepˑa-
cut hair, to *ṣiˑk-y-
cypress/cedar *moˑnuk ?
dance *kalŋa
dance, to *čitˑe
dance house *čitˑe-msa *han(ˑ)i-, *han(ˑ)e-
dark *mulu- *kulu-
dark (outside) *čyt-
daughter *kaˑn *tuˑne
dawn *čak…
dawn, to *ʔawˑe-n *waliˑ-sy- *ča(ˑ)ʔ...
day *ṭuˑhi *hiˑṣ *hiʔeˑma-
dazed, dizzy *him... ?
dead *čaˑm ?
Declarative Series *-sy, *-s *-ak
deer *toˑṭe, *toˑṭ? *ʔywyˑ-ja-
defecate, to *kyn-ṣy
deliberate *-ki *-ku
demonstrative *ṭi ?
destructive *-wa-
dew *sičˑin
diarrhea, to have *čulki??
die, to *čem-, *sem- *čam-ṣy-
different *luṭˑi-, *luˑṭi-, *pyṣˑi- *numa
dig, to *ʔolˑu-
dim (outside) *čyt-
diminutive *-knis, *-kniš *-čˑi-?? *-tˑi-
dip water, to *ʔulˑe- *puluˑ-tu-
directed action *-pa
directional *-ka-, *-tˑY-t *-wi-
dirt *muˑn ? *jotˑok *jowa
dirty *ṣiksa-ṣte
disappear, to *ṣatpy
discont. Iter *-ˑVCˑY-
dislike, to *heč..., *heṣ…
dizzy, to get *jyŋˑe-
do, to *hin-te *mi-čˑy-
do, make *hišˑe, *hašˑe ?
do again, to *ʔojo?
do hard, to *hiṭeˑ-pu *hyliˑn-y-
do something *loṭu(k)
doctor (power) *huˑni-ṣ
dodge, to *nan-ṣy-
dog *haju *čuku-
dogwood *riris
doll *tunje
door *ʔuku-j-ˑa- *kaˑ
double *ʔojˑa, *ʔoˑja
dough *ʔulem
dove *hu(ˑ)nu? *hulˑu- *pulˑu
down *walˑi-
drain, to *laskʷi, *laswi
dream *ʔekˑut
dream, to *ʔektu
dreamer *huˑni-ṣ *ʔalˑini
dried up *kawhi-ṣ-te, *kawhe-ṣ-te
drink, to *ʔuwˑi-, *ʔuwˑe *ʔuṣˑu
drip, to *lat. ˑu-n *čokat ? *čol-ka- *čutˑa-, *čutˑe-
drive animals *mykˑa- *haˑč..., *haˑt...
drown s.t., to *muˑn-y
drum (foot) *ṭumˑa-
dry *čuṭul, *kaˑj *hewe-
dry, to get *hew-ŋe-, *kaj-ŋe-
dry s.t., to *kawhi/e *hewˑe-
duck *haṭ-ha(ˑ)ṭ-a- *hik(ˑ)as
duck (mallard) *wal... *watmal
duck, to *nan-ṣy-
dust *ṭukˑe- *sikˑe-
eagle *ṣiˑrih
ear(s) *ṭolku-ṣ, *ṭokṣu-ṣ *ʔočˑok *ʔalok
earth *walˑi(p) *pire
east *jak- ? *ʔaˑla
eastern *hiṣoˑt-a-
Easterner *hiˑṣ-yto-
eat, to *ʔamˑa *ʔywy- *jolum
eat clover, to *koˑk-u-
edge *tunˑe-tka *kawi-tka
egg *moṭˑe-h *haˑn, *hanˑy
eight *kawˑi-n-t.a- *ʔot.-huja
elbow *kuluˑlis, *kulˑulis ?
elderberries *ʔantaj
eleven *kenˑe walˑik
elk *hakˑaˑ-ja-
emphatic *ma(ˑ)
empty *hal(ˑ)e(s)
end, edge *naki(ṣ), *nake(ṣ)
end, to *kawra
enemy *(w)ajˑa, *(w)aˑja, *(w)aˑji *koˑji- *koˑna-s
enough *naʔˑa-
enter, to *ʔaˑku
even *melˑa-
evening *ʔyme
every(thing) *ṣokˑe-, *ṣykˑe-
excessive *-me-
excessive (verb) *jowˑen, *joˑwen
excrement *kyˑn
explode, to *pak-ṭy, *pak-ṭe
extract, to *hut-ki, *hut-ke
eye *šynty *čit…
eye, to hurt *čit-wa
eyebrow *šimpur *piwˑe-
eyebrows? *winˑa-s
eyelashes? *winṭa-s
eyelashes *tutper < **tutpes ? *tataˑp..., *ṭyp(ˑ)yˑ-la-
eye speck *pač(ˑ)ak ?
eyes (pertain- ing to) *pel…
face *ṭamˑV-ṣṭaˑmV-ṣ *maˑka-ṣ *ʔonˑi
faded *čaˑm ? *ṭaka-
fall, to *ʔinˑa-n
fall (person) *liswo-n
fall (tree), to *hoˑl-u- ?
fan hot air, to *wile
far *ʔenaˑk
fart, to *ṣiwˑe *holak
farther out *hukˑ-e-
fast (a fast) *ʔo(ˑ)ma
fast, to *ʔusˑu-pi? *ʔoˑm-u-
fat *sawˑer *symˑit
father *ʔapˑa, *ʔapˑi
fear, to *čormo-n *helaj, *ṣelaj
feather *ṣipˑo-ṣ *ṣale
feathers, down *pu(ˑ)ṭ, *putˑe
fell a tree, to *hol-
female *ʔoṣˑa-
fern, fern roots *kepek
fetch water *ʔukʷˑi, *ʔukʷˑe *ʔuṣ-te-
field *py(ˑ)la
fifteen *juˑʔali-
fifth *maṣko-pa-
fight, to *nimˑi
fighting *myˑla
fill, to *laˑsu-n *cu(ˑ)jaʔ-ny-
find, to *nanˑy-
find out, to *ʔimˑa, *ʔemˑa
finger
fingernail, toenail *ṭiˑs, *ṭisˑy *tuˑr, *tuˑri-š
finish, to *kawra
fire *ti? *tinˑy-
fire, to catch *wyk-ty
fire, to light *(h)yl-si? *huja *wyl-ki-
firebrand *hij(ˑ)i-ṣ
fire drill *kajin, *kajan ?
firewood, get *tapru
first *hojˑu?
fir tree ? *čapaˑha-??
fish *(h)el… *lapiˑsaj
fish, to *huneˑm-y-
fish eggs *pyˑle, *pyˑl
five *mišˑur, *mišru *masṣˑo-kˑa- *kenekˑuṣ
fix, to *ʔen-ṣy-
yflash (light- ning) *wilep
flash, to *čatku- ?
flat (rock) *ṭapˑe *talpas/ṣ
flat place *pyˑlaj
flea *poˑr *ky(ˑ)ky-ṣ
fledgling **ṣyle
flee, to *haˑhe
flesh *ʔočˑuk
flip, to *tip-, *tap-
flirt, to *liˑŋy-, *lyˑŋy
flood, to *pol-ku
flow, to *čolo, *ṣolo *wakṣi
flower *tiˑwi-ṣˑ, *tiwˑi-ṣ *pokṣa
flute *huṣek *ṣulep-ˑa-
fly (insect) *muˑmur-i, *mumˑur-i
fly, to *humˑu-n *ṣyleˑ-ty- *lilˑu
foam *puṭa ?
fog *moˑṭo ? *hune
foggy, to get *huneˑ-ty-
follow, to *ʔenpu-, *ʔonpu-
following *topˑa
food *ʔywʔy
foot *haṭˑa
football, play *ʔamaˑṭ-y-
forage, to *wyn-ty-
ford, to *myˑŋ-y-
forehead *timˑa-h *ṭikˑi(t) *ṭopˑel-e-
forest (monte) *hujˑa
forget, to *misˑu-n *ʔemˑe-n *heŋuˑ-lu-
formerly *ʔokse
four *kaṭwa-ṣ *ʔuˑṭit *ʔojˑis *huja
fox *juwˑel
freshet *waˑkiṣ
friend *neˑnut, *ʔojˑam
frog *wakrač-min *waṭaˑk
from *-pa-(See under )
front *hojˑu ? *hukˑ-e-
frost *wakˑa-n *susˑa-
full, to be *laˑsu-n
fur *hiˑsok
future *-sˑi- *{-ˑikˑy-}
future (nom.) *-Hji-
future imv *-ṣ, *-ˑṣi
gall *siwˑen
gamble, to *hyˑk-y
gather, to *ʔot.o *rutˑa
genitive case *{-yn}
get, to *wel-ki
get up, to *talˑi, *tiˑli ? *ʔitma
ghost *ṣuˑle-ṣ *ʔylˑi
girl *ʔatša-kniš *lupu-, *ʔoṣˑa-tˑi- *koli- ? *koˑla
give, to *ʔamˑy *hara, *ṣuˑmi *waja, *waje
give drink, to *ʔumˑi, *ʔuˑmi
gizzard *was(ˑ)in ?
gnaw, to *leṭmy- *kyč-my-
go! *haṭˑi!, *hoṭˑo! ?
go, to *wyˑ, *waˑ, *wiˑ
go around *hinˑe hinˑi-
go down (swelling) *čyˑṭ *ṭam-ṣy
go in, to *ʔaˑku
go out, to *ʔiˑje, *ʔiˑji
go through, to *menoˑk-u-
godetia *tokop
good, to be *mišˑi(h) ?
good-tasting *čy(ˑ)k... ?
goose *lowˑot?, *waˑwo? *laklak
gooseberry *ṣaˑwan-a ? *kiˑli
gopher *siwˑot
gossip, to *potše ?
grab, to *hoˑjo
granary *čakˑa
grandchild *mere-ṣ *čačˑo *ʔače
grandfather *paˑpa
grandmother *melˑe *menˑe *(h)amˑa *ʔysˑy-
grapes (wild) *mut(ˑ)e
grapevine *kimˑis
grasp, to *paṭˑy
grass *muˑre-n ? *kole
grasshopper *po(ˑ)lok… *koˑṭo ?
gray, gray hair *losko *poto(k) ?
gray (dull) *pot.o-
graze, to *koˑk-u-
grease *sawˑer *symˑit
great, to be *ʔen-ṣy
green *čutku
green, grass *čit…
green, raw *ʔima
grieve. To *kuṣ-ŋe-
grind, to *jikˑa *hykˑa *čosˑe- *ʔut.uk
gristle *pasuˑka-, *posuˑka- *latˑik, *laˑtik
grosbeak *čimitˑolo ??
ground *walˑi- *jotˑok *jowa
grouse (blue) *mučˑama-ṣ, *mučˑuma-ṣ
grow, to *miṭˑe-n, *miṭˑi-n
grow (plants) *čoˑp-u-
grow up, to *ʔypel-ŋe
growl, to *loˑna(k) ? *not.aˑk-y-
grown one *miṭˑe-ṣte ?
grub *pyne
guess *ta(ˑ)wy-, *tawˑy-
gulp down *law…
gush, to *čolo, *ṣolo *čiṭi-ty ?
gut, to *puṭ-ku
guts *puṭˑul, *puṭlu- *piˑti, *pitˑi, *riˑṭuk, *riˑṭok *puluk
hail *jokop, *jopok *sawˑin *saˑwin
hail, to *sawiˑn-y-
hair *ṣaˑpa
hair (body) *ṭaˑp *hiˑsok
hair (head) *ʔuṭu *ʔoli *juṣˑe(ṣ) *myˑn, *mynˑy-
half *moṭ… *kaˑwi- *kowˑa
halt, to *hačˑ-y-
hand *ʔekˑu
hand game *hinwo-
hand game,to play *hinoˑw-u-
hand game bones *haˑna-, *haˑni- ?
hang, to *hik... *jyṭ-ki- *joˑke
happy *hyjak, *hyjka
hard (effort) *hywˑa-
hard (solid) *witṭi
hard (tough) *kaṭˑy
hate, to *heč..., *heṣ…
having *-ma-
hawk (chicken) *ṣiwker *ʔelej-min *sujˑu
hawk (duck) *wek-wek
hawk (fish) *tuk-tuk
hawk (redtail) *ṣiwker
hawk (small) *čiliskan ?
hawk (sparrow) *tetˑete-
hawk sp. *kaknu
hay *kole
hazel nuts *ṣolˑuk ?
he, she, it *ʔiˑš ʔišˑy *waˑk(a) *mi *ʔisˑak
head *uṭu *ʔoli *hanˑa- *tolo-
headdress *wa(ˑ)r… *ṭ/tamak..., *ṭ/tamek...
healed (sore) *ṭaˑm
health *ʔučˑʔu-
hear, to *ṭol-, *ṭal- ? *ʔalˑy *ṭoleˑ-jy-
heart
heat, to *takˑa-mpi
heat up, to *ṭoˑm-u- ?
heavy *parwi *lewˑe-ṭˑ, *lewṭe-ṭ
heel *tynˑi-ṣ
help, to *ʔesyˑt-y-
Here! *joˑ!
here, now *niˑ, *ni
here, this *neˑš, *nešˑy
hiccough, to *hyʔ…
hide *ṭalka-
higher *lilˑe-ka-
hill *leme- *pawi-ṣ, *paji-ṣ
his/her *-n (*-n- ?)
his/her/its *ʔi
hit, to *liˑki *mylˑa
hit (pelt), to *maʔ-ta-, *meʔ-ta- *čeˑʔ-y-
hit with a rock *pakˑa
hit with a stick *haṭˑa
hit with the fist *kom-ta ?
hoarse, to be *ṣekil
hole *holˑaw
hole (ground) *ʔičˑin, *ʔisˑin
hollow *holˑu
horn, antler *čiˑri *kilˑi
hortative part. *čaʔ
hot *tawˑa
hot (spicy) *kahˑa *tep-tep *kaj-kaj
hot (weather) *wiˑlaw
hot thing *wylyṭ
house *ruwˑa *koč(ˑ)a *ʔuˑču-
house (cere- monial) *tuˑpen *hani-, *hane-
house (temporary) *ʔumuč-ˑa-
how much? *mi-t(ˑ)a-kˑo- ?
hug, to *kap(ˑ)il, *kap(ˑ)al *lyˑti ?
hum *hym…
hummingbird *humuˑña *kulu- ? *liˑčiˑ-či-
hunger *hakaj
hungry *munu
hungry, to get *hitka-n
hunt, to *punji *wynty-
hurt, to *ʔamˑu-
hurting (adj.) *siken-me-
husband *makˑu
husband’s sr. *koliˑ-na-
husk acorns, to *paˑka
I *kanˑi, *kaˑn *-te-
I-you pl. vol. *-tok-ni
ignorant *katˑi- *henu-
impact *-ta-
impede *tik-
imperative *-jˑi- *ʔaˑ?
inchoative *tyma
infix *-j-
inhale, to *čuˑt..., *ṣuˑt…
in-law *meˑm, *ʔojˑam
instr. Case *-ṣu, *-su
intensifier *-mu-
inter. suf *-ka, *-ṭo *-n(ˑ)i-, *-ta-
intestines *riˑṭuk, *riˑṭok
intransitive *-si-, *-te *-tu *-ŋi-, *-pY ?
inundate, to *tunˑe
invalid *siken-me-
invite, to *jejˑa, *jajˑu
it *mi(n), *ma(n)
itch *heṣko *puṭu- ?
iterative *-ṭe *-ja *-ta-
iter. destr. *-la-
jab, to *ripˑa
jackrabbit *čeˑjis ? *ʔepa-ˑli- *čami-ṣ
jay (California) *ṣajiˑč
jay (crested) *kaj-kaj ?
jealous *ʔarse
johnny-jump- ups (white) *ṭoṭoˑkol
jump, to *čulu *ṭujaˑŋ-y-
just barely *ʔeke-ṣˑu
keep on, to *tokoˑʔ-u-
kick with heel *kalaˑ-ŋy- *tunˑa
kick with toe *ṭek-my
kidney *paspas
kill, to *nimˑi *liˑki *jynˑa- *joˑṣ-u-
killdeer *tiwiˑtuk
kind (adj.) *ʔejaṣ
kindle, to *hyl-si *huja
kingfisher *čaˑṭa-ˑṭa- ?
kingsnake *luˑlumi? *hoˑtoŋ-ja- *laˑnaka-ṣ
knee *mokʷ(ˑ)i *toˑlo-ṣ *honˑoj
kneel, to *honoˑj-u- ?
knife *ṭipˑe
knot *ṣotil-ˑa-
know, to *nan..., *nen... ? *hinṣu
lacking *tiˑl
land *py(ˑ)la
land (bug), to *ṭoʔ-ŋe-
language *liwa-
last *topˑa
late *ʔuˑjak-
late, to get *ʔujka
late (delayed), to be *momˑe-n
later *ʔysˑa-
laugh *hyjak, *hyjka
lay eggs, to *haŋyˑ-jy-
lay s.o. down *jaˑŋ -y-
leach, to *molpa-, *molaˑp-y-
leader (female) *maˑjen
leaf, leaves *ma(ˑ)ra-h *tatˑa-, *taˑta-
leaf out, to *tataˑ-ty-
leak, to *laswi-n
lean (meat) *ʔočˑuk
lean against, to *holoṣ
learn, to *ʔurse
leave behind *ʔelˑy-
left (remaining) *ʔaˑj *ṭaˑŋa-
left (side) *čajˑa- ?
left over *jowˑi-n
leg (lower) *hoˑčon
lend, to *kamˑo
Let him! *jeˑla!
let’s (go) *hijˑe
lick, to *lak-ṭy-
lie (deceive) *ṭaˑw-y-
lie down, to *nimˑi *ja ˑe-
lie face down *mekus
lie face up, to *c/aj(ˑ)ol-
lift, to *jyṭyˑ-ty-
light (weight) *heṣ..., *hoṣ…
lightning *wilˑep
like (that way, similar to) *kaṭu, *katu ? *nymiṣ
like, to *welak
lily (Mariposa) *čikiwči-
lips *welˑewel(e), *wepˑel(i)
live, to *tawra
liver *kylˑa
lizard *meher
location *-mˑa-ṭy- *-w(ˑ)i *-wa
locative case *{-my}
log *hoˑl
long *ʔenaˑk
long ago *ʔokse
look (seem) *mičy-ksy-
Look! *(h)yṭe!
look askance *kel-ṭe
look at, to *(h)yṭe
look back, to *ʔečaˑ-jy-
look for, to *wele, *wole ? *li(ˑ)ma
look out, to *ʔatˑa, *ʔatˑe
look out for *hajˑa-po-kṣu-
loosen, to *ṭokˑu-
lose (game), *luṣ-ˑu-ŋˑe-
lost, to get *tonˑe-n *henil-
loud, to be *hiṭeˑ-pi
louse (body) *raˑh, *raˑhe *čypsi
louse (head) *kahˑaj ? *keˑt, *ketˑy ?
love, to *lekjy-
lumpy *lytˑyp, *lytˑyj
lunch (packed) *pyne
lunch, to take *pyneˑ-ty-
lungs *poṣˑol, *poṣlo- ?
lying down *jaŋˑa-čˑy-
magpie *ʔaṭ-ʔaṭ *ʔač-ʔač
make, to *ʔokja, *ʔokje *ʔen-ṣy-
make, do *hišˑe, *hašˑe ?
mallard *watmal
man (male) *ṭa(ˑ)li-ṣ *mukʷ, *mukʷˑe *nanˑa-
many *toˑko-
manzanita (berries) *mokˑo-s.
manzanita(small berries) *ʔeˑje, *ʔejˑe
maple *ṣaˑji-
mark *syk(ˑ)a-
marrow *koˑsot ? *silpet
marry a man *mak-h-u *nanaˑ-jy-
marry a woman *ʔoṣa-jy-
mash, to *pičak
massage, to *lojˑa
mat *heti
maybe *(h)ane, *luˑṭiˑ
meadowlark *čiˑrit-min
meal (a meal) *ʔywʔy-
measure,to *nenˑa-
meat *riˑṣ *toˑṭe **mičeˑm-a-
medicine *wene
medio-passive *-ṣny *-n *-ṣy, *-ṭy, *-ṭe *-nY- *-ne-
melt, to *čoˑk, *čuˑk *jojˑa-
merely *heŋy-j
middle *horpe-j *kaˑwi- *kowˑa
middle finger *kawˑi-n-ṭa
milk *muˑs, *muˑṣ
miss (long for) *jonˑe-, *joˑne-
miss the mark *ʔomsu
mist *meˑč..., *miˑč…
mistaken *katiʔ-me-
mistletoe *ṭintʔik-la- ?
mix, to *himˑe
molar teeth *kaˑra-s (*karwa-s ?)
mole (animal) *moˑlo *tymˑel, *timˑil
molt, to *ṣup-ku-
monster *tinˑy-ṭˑi
monte *hujˑa
moon *kolme ?
more *jowˑin *ʔaˑj
morning *ʔawˑe-
mortar *ʔylwa ? *?ymˑe
morta rbedrock *čoˑse-
mosquito *šojˑu ? *ʔyjyˑky-ṣ
mother *ʔanˑa-n, *ʔaˑna-n *ʔyta- *ʔunu
mother- in-law *ʔuhi
mountain *leme- *pawi-ṣˑ, *paji-ṣ
mountain lion *hiˑliˑča- *ʔupukṣe
mountain mahogany *sype-
mouse *ṣolˑo *riˑña *ṭolˑo..., *t.olˑi… *pusˑiʔ-na- *jeṣˑe
mouth *haˑj *lup(ˑ)e *ʔawˑo- *lakum
much *yṭˑiʔ *toˑko-
mudhen *toṣlok, *toṣkol
mumble *hym...
mussel *hakˑaw
mute *čepi- čypi-
my *-ṭ -ṭi *-ṣ-
my, mine *kan
myth, story *ʔutne-
name *laˑkat *ʔojaˑ-ṣe-
name, to *laˑkat *ʔojˑa-
nape *to pa
navel *lo puṭ, *lop uṭ ?
near *hajˑe-
neck *heleˑki
neck, nape *lanˑa, *laˑna
necklace *han i
nephew/niece *ʔypsa- *tow e
nest (bird) *heˑsa, *heˑṣa
nest, to make *hesaˑ-jy-
net *laṣˑa-
nettles *ṣoṣoˑl...
new *ʔiṭˑa
next *toˑpa-
nice *ʔejaṣ
night *mulu-.
nine *pakˑi *woʔe-
nipple *musuʔ-ˑa-
nit *ṣaˑkar
no, not *ʔakwe, *ʔekwe *helˑa *ken, *ket, *ke(ˑ)
noise, to make *ʔočko *hyl-ka
nom. Case *{-ʔ}
nominal suffix *-ṭ *-h *-ča- *-mˑa-
north *ʔawˑa-s *tamal
north wind *kan(ˑ)ym ?
northerner *tamˑyl-e-
nose, nostrils *huˑk, *hukˑy *niṭo-
not know, not understand *henˑu-
not recognize *pyṣi -jy-
now *ne-m *ni(ṣ)
numeral suffix *-kˑo- *-ka
nurse at breast *muˑs-y, *muˑṣ-y *pu(ˑ)ṭ …
oak (black) *ṭele-ˑli-
oak (live) *juˑki-ṣ *saˑṭa
oak (small) *suˑk ?
oak (valley) *ʔalwe-š *wilˑi-ṣ *hakja
oak (white) *molˑa, *moˑla *leˑka- *muˑle
oak sp. *tuh(ˑ)e
oar * o(ˑ)lak
objective case *{-yč}
obsidian *siṭˑik(ˑ)iniwa-
ocean *kalˑe
old *hojˑu ?
old man *hunṭa(č), *hunaˑṭa(č)
old woman *ʔonoṣˑo- < **ʔona- ?
one *him- *kenˑe *luṭˑi-
one who *-ṣ-min
one(s) *ʔam(ˑ)a
onion (wild) *ʔuˑner *puˑču
only *keŋˑe-tˑi-
open (country) *hal(ˑ)e(s)
open, to *haj-ki *mah-wi *witiṣ, *wetiṣ
open mouth, to *šačar *haˑhaj-ˑy-
opening (hole) *holˑaw
optative part. *čaʔ
ordinal marker *-pa-
oriole *čakaˑ-čaka ?
other *luṭˑi-, *luˑṭi-
our incl. *-čˑi-
outside *kari(j) *walˑi
owl (barn, screech) *čaˑhi *wičˑiki-ṣ *woṭi
owl (great horned) *tukˑu-ˑli-
owl (ground) *weˑči-či ? *ṭok(ˑ)ok...
pack, to *(h)apˑu, *(h)ipˑu *ṭyjyˑ-ty- *ʔaˑwiṣ
paint *walan…
paint, to *ʔenˑe *wakˑa-
parent-in-law *hewˑas
parent(s) of child’s spouse *maksi-
partner *ʔojˑam
pass by, to *ʔeˑpe
pass s.o., to *maˑŋ-y-
passive *-ṣny, *-ˑu *-ku
passive (involuntary) *-pa-ṣny-
past (remote) *-ṣy, *-sˑy
past tense *kaˑ, *ka
patch, to *tanki ?
peel, to *ṭol-
penis *haˑn, *hanˑy *tolˑol (*ṭolˑol ?)
pepperwood *ṣawla, *ṣalwa
perfect tense *maˑ, *ma *{-ak}
perfective *-ṭi
person *koˑṭa, *koṭˑa ?, *miˑkʷ, *mikʷˑy-, *ʔam(ˑ)a
pestle *lupˑu- *kawaˑ-či-
phlegm *maˑhul *kaˑle-ṣ
pick, to *rutˑa
pierced, to be *ṭel-ˑu-ṣ-te
pigeon *ʔumˑaˑwe(l) *lyŋˑy-ˑti-
pile, to *moˑla
pinch, to *ṭiˑn-y-
pine (gray) *saˑk, *sakˑy
pine (mountain) *san(ˑ)ak
pine (ponderosa) *wasˑa-
pine needles *čeˑke-
pine pitch *ju(ˑ)t...
pinewood *ṣakˑine, *ṣaˑkine
pinole *kurkah *tuj(ˑ)u- *ʔuṣkun
pinole, to eat *mujˑe
pipe *ṣumki ?
pity, to *ʔanˑa ?
plan, to *nenˑa-, *ṭyn-ṭyn-ny-
plant sp. *čajˑa
plant, to *čiˑp-y-
play, to *hal..., *hol... *ʔe·la ?
play ball, to *počku
play flute, to *huṣke
play games, to *ʔawˑi-
pleasant *čy(ˑ)k...
please, to *hyʔmy-
pluck, to *wičˑy-, *wiˑčy- *putˑa
plural *-kom *-kam, *-mak, *-kma *-kon
plural, animate *-jˑa
pop, to *pak-ṭy, *pak ṭe
porcupine *myˑhyˑ-na- ??
possessing *-jaHk *{-ak}
possibility *-nˑi-
point, to *čik..., *kiˑča, *kiˑči
poison *saˑn...? *jen-
poison oak *nykys *ʔitˑum
poke, to *hiṭe *hyl-ja- *čikˑo-, *čikˑu-
pond/pool *polˑaj
potatoes (wild) *waˑla *jum(ˑ)ut
pound, to(acorns) *pakˑa pound *lopˑa-, *os e-
pound (acorns) *čosˑe- *ʔuṭuk
pour, to *molˑe *čujˑa-
pour out, to *jolˑe-
pregnant *paˑji-ṣ-te, *paˑje-ṣ-te
prepare, to *ʔen-ṣy-
press down *pič-, *pit-
pretty, to be *misˑi(h)
pretty (girl) *lupˑu-, *mon...
pricked ears *jolṭo
prickle, to *hyl-ja-
puddle *polˑaj
pull, to *ṭupˑu-
pull out, to *hut-ki, *hut-ke
punch, to *kom-ta ? *ṭok-la-
puppy *čuku-tˑi-
purpose *-nˑi-
push, to *čutwa *kutˑe-
put, to *hoˑje
put away, to *lywˑe-
put down, to *maʔiˑl-y-
put in, to *hawi
put on, to (clothing) *ʔutˑu-pi
quail (mt.) *kujˑak-ˑa-
quail (valley) *hek…
quiet, to be *hamc/a, *hemc/o *mymˑy, *myˑmy
rabbit (brush) *weˑri-n
raccoon *šaš... ? *patkas
rain *ʔamˑan-i *nykˑa- *ʔupˑa, *ʔuˑpa
rain, to *ʔamne *ʔup.a, *ʔuˑpa
raise, to *jyṭyˑ-ty-
rash *paˑṭal, *poˑčol.
rat (kangaroo) *taˑči-n
rattle (cocoon) *ṣokoṣ-ˑa-
rattle (split stick) *ṭakaṭ-ˑa-
rattles (snake) *čata-
rattlesnake *ʔipˑiš ?
raven *kaˑkar-i ? *kaˑkul-i, *kaˑkal-i ?
raw, green *ʔaṣˑo- *ʔima
reach, to *ʔenaj *naˑk-y-
reciprocal *-mi, *-me
recognize *nan..., *nen... ?
recover, to *henak
red *joli, *ʔawa *weṭe-
red maid *ṣaˑpah
reflect (light) *čatku- ?
reflection *ʔylˑi-
reflexive *-po, *-pu.
reflexive imv. *-e-(ˑ)ṣi-
regret, to *kuṣ-ŋe-
relative *ʔojˑa
remain, to *jowˑi *ʔaˑj-y
remember, to *hinwi, *henwe *pesjo
repeat, to *ʔojo ?
repetitive *-ˑVCˑy
report, to *kojow-nu-
respect, to *hyʔˑi-, *hyˑʔi-
rest *ṭyje
rest, to *noṣwe
resultative *-ṣi, *-ši
rheum *pač(ˑ)ak
ribs *tawˑe ?
right (side, hand) *samˑa *hotˑo-
rinse, to *čomˑa
ripe, cooked *kili *hinepˑu-
ripen, to *hiwˑu-n *hinep-ŋe-
rise (sun), to *lak-ṣy- *čoˑp-u-
rise(water), to *tunˑe
rise up, to *taˑli
river *wak...
roadrunner *ʔujˑuj ?
roast, to *husˑu, *ʔa(ˑ)m... *hin a-
robin *wiṭˑap, *wiṣˑap
rock *lupˑu *ṣawa-
rock (for stone boiling) *paˑka-s
roll over, to *maʔiˑl-y- *puč(ˑ)el
root *hiˑkoṭ, *hiʔkoṭ
roots (basket ) *mulˑa, *suˑli
rotten (wood) *pot....
rotten, to be *ṣumˑu-ṣ-te
round house *han(ˑ)i-, *han(ˑ)e-
rub, to *liṭˑa *wakˑa-
run, to *ṭowˑe *hytˑaw, *hyčˑaw
run (water), to *wak...
run away, to *haˑhe
sage (lime leafed) *patˑi-h
salamander *ʔapˑan-ṭa-
saliva *lu(ˑ)s *jyˑp, *kaˑle-ṣ *hakˑoj
salmon *huˑraka *koˑsum *ṭukun *kaṣˑi, *kaˑṣi
salt *ʔawˑe-s *kojˑo
salt, to *ʔawse
same *melˑa-
sand *wi(ˑ)s..., *wi(ˑ)ṣ... *ṣukuj
sapsucker *ʔujaˑ-naˑna- ?
satisfy, to *hyʔmy-
save, to *ʔočˑa ?
say, to *kačˑy, *kajˑy
scald (chicken) *ṣupˑa-
scare, to *helaj, *ṣelaj
scorched *koˑm
scorpion *ʔetˑym
scrape, to *wač(ˑ)u, *waṣˑu ? *wyṭˑa ?
scratch, to *wičˑa, *wisˑa *haṣˑa *ṭisyˑ-jy- *ṣekˑa ṣeˑka
season *walˑi
seat s.o., to *ṭˑoʔ-u-
seaweed *haṣku(ˑ)l-a
second *ʔoṭki-pa-
see, to *hajwe, *mehe *(h)yṭe
selfish *haji (*hači ?)
semi-acc. *-ka ?
send, to *hok(ˑ)i *hysˑi- *hija
set (sun), to *ʔaˑku *lep...
set s.t. down *ṭoˑʔ-u-
settle, to *čuˑn-u-
seven *kene-kˑa-k *ṣemlaˑwi
shade *molˑi-
shade, to *hewhe
shadow *heˑweh *molˑe
shake s.t., to *jihwi *jykaˑ-ty-
shake (dice) *čataˑ-ty-
shaking *jutu-ṭˑu-ṭˑu- ?, *liwˑuṭ
shaman *ʔuten ? *huˑni-ṣ
sharp *kytˑ-e-
sharpen,to *hykˑa
shave, to *hejse
shave wood, to *wočˑa
shear, to *ṣiˑk-y-
shell acorns, to *paˑka
shine *ṭul-
shine, to *čew(ˑ)a
shiver, to *jutu-ṭˑu-ṭˑu *ṭynˑa-
shoot, to *ṭyw- *ṭykˑy-
shore *kaw...
shoulder *ʔolˑo-ṭ, *ʔolˑo-ṣ
shoulder blade *tawˑaṣ, *taw(ˑ)ak *ṭalṭaʔla- < **ṭalṭal-ʔa-
shrivel, to *čuṭ-
sibling (yr.) *talˑe *ʔate- *ʔaˑmo
sick *siken-me- *sike-
sick, to get *kaˑji-n *sikeˑ-ny-
sick person *ʔiˑna
sift, to *puṣˑe ?
sinew(Sp. niervo) *hurek *ṭupˑin, *ṭuˑpin *pa/osuˑka- *latˑik, *laˑtik
sing, to *ṣaˑwe *mylˑi-
single *keŋˑe-tˑi- *luṭˑi-
sink, to *čuˑn-u-
sister (older) *taˑna(n) *teˑte- *woko
sister (yr.)! *kole-ˑ!
sister’s husband *kaˑw
sit, to *ṭakʷ-, *ṭokʷ- *huŋˑe-, *hyŋˑe-
six *ṣakˑe-n *tem... *pačˑi-ṭak
skin *patˑa-h ? *ṭalka-
skin, to *luṭˑu-, *luˑṭu-
skin (plant), to *luˑku-
skunk *jaˑwi *tihši-n *hisˑik *kaluk
skunk (spotted) *ṭonˑoko(s)
sky *ṭarah *wyˑče-, *wyčˑe(k)
slap, to *meṭ-ja
sleep *ʔeˑṭ, *ʔeṭˑy *ṭyje
sleep, to *ʔeˑṭ-y-
sleepy, to be *ʔeṭne-n
slick, slippery *liṭˑa-ṭa-
slicken, to *lik-ja- ?
slide, to *čuluˑṣ-u-
smear, to *wakˑa-
smell (tV) *hukˑy
smile, to *čuˑm...
smoke (fire) *kaˑl *hakˑis
smoke (fire), to *kaˑri *hakiˑs-y-
smoke pipe, to *ṣumki ? *paʔmy-
smoky, to get *haksi-
snake,rattle- snake *wakˑa-ˑli
snake (gopher) *koˑṭe-h
snake (water) *liˑs...
sneeze, to *ʔašnu ? *hatis, *hatsi-
sniff around *huk-huk
snore, to *loˑna(k) ?
snort, to *noṭaˑk-y-
snot *šun...
snow *wakˑa-n *jokop, *jopok *keˑla-
snow, to *jokpo, *jopko *kelˑa-
soak, to *čomˑa *čolˑa
soaproot *sakaˑn-i- *hakˑa-ṣ
soft *henˑa-na- *hop…
someone *mi(n), *ma(n), *ʔam(ˑ)a
something *hin-ṭi, *hin-ṭa *tinˑy-
sometimes *luˑṭiˑ
son *ʔinˑi-ṣ *mukˑe-h *ʔaŋsi-
son-in-law *maniˑṣa-
song *ṣaˑw *myˑli-
soon *ʔena-t
sorcerer *ʔuten ?
sore(s) *paˑṭal, *poˑčol. PMi, *ṭaˑm. *ṭaˑm.
sores (nits) ? *ṣaˑkar
soul *noṣˑow
south *kaˑku-n *čymˑe-č
southerner *čymˑe-to-
southwest *ʔoli
spank, to *met.-ja
spark, sparkle *čatku- ?
speak, to *ričˑa *liwˑa- *ʔaṭaw
spring (water) *ʔolˑol *ʔola(-ṣ)
spear *hylˑa-la-
speckled *ṭona- ?
spider *pokˑum
spider web *tyˑkema-, *tyˑkena- ?
spill, to *laswi *molˑe *jolˑe-
spine *koˑsot ?
spirit *noṣˑow
spit (saliva) *lu(ˑ)s(*lusˑe ?) *jyˑp *hakˑoj
spit, to *lus-wi *tukja, *tukṣe ?
split, to *ʔaṭ-, *ʔoṭ- *šal..., *ṣa -ki *t.al-wa-
split by itself *ʔaṭ-ˑu-ŋe-, *ʔoṭ-ˑu-ŋˑe-
spotted *ṭona- ?
spray (dog), to *ʔoṭuṣ-pa
spread out, to *tokˑo *heˑt-y-
springtime *čitak-no-
sprinkle, to *čiṭiˑ-ṭy-, *sit-
sprout, to *mokˑo
squeeze, to *čiˑnu, *ṭiˑnu
squirrel (ground) *ʔeˑš *sičok-na *ṭiča-ṣ *ʔopuk(si) *čiṭe
squirrel (tree) *meˑwe-
squirt, to *čiṭiˑ-ty-
stab, to *ripˑa
stammering *čepi- čypi-
stamp, to *haˑṭ-y-
stand, to *hačˑi-čˑy- *tala-ṣ
stand up, to *ličˑaj-pu, *lačˑaj-pu
star *pakrar *ṭyʔle *hosˑakˑon-a-
start, to *hojˑu ? *munˑi
state of being *ʔučʔu-
static *-č ?
static perf. *-čˑo-ˑṣ-ak
static vol. *-ˑsi-
stative *-s-te, *-h-te
stay, to *ʔuˑč-u-
steal, to *ha(ˑ)ṭa *wyl(ˑ)a
stem suffix *-mY-, *-se
step- (kinship) *-pu-
step, to *hačˑi *haˑṭ-y- *haṭˑa-?
stepdaughter *tunje
stepfather *hajʔi *ʔola
stick *tapˑur *tumaj
stick, to *hyl-ja-
stick together *peṭˑe
stick to s.t. *jutˑa-
stick upright *čiˑp-y-
stickers *ki li
sticky *jutˑa-ta-
still *ʔiṣˑa *nuna-
stingy *haji (*hači ?)
stink, to *ṭawri- *huk-si- *ṭok-
stink bug *ʔunčuš-min *kynˑys-taˑli-
stinky *ṭok-ṭok
stone *ʔirak *lupˑu *ṣawa-
stooped, to be *niṭli
stop, to *kawra, *kawra-n, *ličˑaj-pu, *lačaj-pu *čel-ku-, *haˑč-y-
story, myth *ʔutne-
straddle, to *waṭa- *haṭaˑ-ly-
strange *pyṣˑi-
stranger *luṭˑi-, *luˑṭi-, *pyṣˑi-
stream *wak...
string *ṣyčˑa ?
string beads, to *hiˑwu *kaṭi, *kačˑi <**kaṭ(ˑ)i
striped *hit.eˑ-pu *lyna...
sturgeon ? *huˑraka
subj. case *{-nu}
sub-morphemic sequence *...aj
suck, to *čuˑt..., *ṣuˑt...
suckerfish *ṣawakˑač
summer *helak
sun, sunny *hiṣ-me
supper, to eat *mičem
surface *lilˑe-mˑaṭy-
survive, to *čoˑp-u-
sycamore (Sp. aliso) *maˑra-h
swaddle, to *hik-ni-
swallow (bird) *salˑip
swallow, to *horko *lak- *myʔty-
swan (heron) *kow-kow
sweat, to *ča(ˑ)py, *ča(ˑ)pa ?
sweat house *čapy-(j-ˑa-) *han(ˑ)i-, *han(ˑ)e-
sweet *čuj-čuj
swell up, to *poˑko-n *makty-
swift *hywˑa
swim, to *ʔel... *ʔyp-ṣy
swing, to *juṣe..., *juṣu...
swing s.o., to *ʔejˑo, *ʔeˑjo
tadpole *ʔapoṭˑo-ṭˑo-
tail *koˑk *tuˑpuj *ṣuˑki-
take, to *hoˑjo *wel-ki
take care of *hajˑa
take out, to *haw-j-i
talk, to *liwˑa- *ʔaṭaw
tangle (snarl) *ročo(j) ?
tarweed *jarka-ṣ
tattoo *syk(ˑ)a-
tea plant *huk...
tear, to *tep-wa-
tears *ʔiˑn, *ʔinˑy ?
tears, to weep *čiweˑl-y-
teeth, tooth *kyˑt, *kytˑy- *kyṭy-
teeth (molar) *kaˑra-s, *karwa-s ?
tell, to *ruta *monṣe *kojoˑw-u-, *liwˑa-
tell myths, to *ʔuteˑn-y-
temporal *-wa ? *-ta-
temporal case *{-no}
ten *tanac/, *tanc/a-h-te *naʔaˑ-ča-
tender (meat) *henˑa-na-
tendon (Sp. niervo) *hurek *pasuˑka-, *posuˑka- *latˑik, *laˑtik
testicles *ṣawtal
that *hin-, *han-, *mi(n)-, *ma(n) *ʔiˑke, *ʔeˑke
that one *ʔit(ˑ)e
that, over there *noˑšu, *nošˑu *piˑna
then *no-n
there *ti ? *no(ˑ)
these people *ne-kˑo
they *ʔi-kˑo
thick *lewˑy-ṣ
thief *wyl(ˑ)a
thigh *koˑwi *tun(ˑ)u, *tumu- ?
thin (leaf) *čak-
think, to *hinwi, *henwe *ta(ˑ)wy..., *tawˑy... *ṭyn-ṭyn-ny- *ṭonˑi-
third *telko-pa-
thirsty *ʔakˑi-n *lakˑo
this/here *neˑš, *nešˑy
thorn *hylˑa-la-
those *pin-ja
thou, thy, thine *(m)in.
thrasher (bird) *kulˑu-ˑṭi-
three *kape-s
throat *horko-ṣ *myʔˑyṭ-(ˑ)a-
throw over-hand *čeˑʔ-y-
thunder *timˑel-e-
thunder, to *timeˑl-y
tick(insect) *ṣaˑtar ? *ketˑa *huˑti-
tick (small) *winsir-i
tie, to *ṣ.yˑčy- *tyˑjy
tiein a knot, to *ṣotiˑl-y-, *sotli-
tight *čučˑe
tighten, to *pit.- *ṣyṭ-ki-
tip *tunˑe
tired, to be *ṭan-
toad *wakrač-min
tobacco (wild) *maṭˑel *kaˑṣy- *kajaw
toe *kolo
together *kenˑe-t
tongue *lasˑe-h *nepˑit *len/mtip
top *lilˑe-mˑaṭy-
touch, to *hajˑe-
tough *kaṭˑy
towhee *ṭew(ˑ)en ?
towhee, brown *čik-čik
toy *ʔawin-ˑa- *ʔe·la ?
toyon *totʲˑo-n < **tojˑon *koˑso-
tracks *kolo *haṭˑe-
trade, to *karwi, *karwe *temaˑl-y-
trail *ʔinˑu *muˑk, *mukˑu
trail, to *ʔenpu-, *ʔonpu-
trail by scent *hukˑa-
trample, to *jiṣˑa
transitive *-wa
transparent *čak-
travel, to *ʔinju
tree *ma(ˑ)ra-h, *tapˑur *laˑma-
tremble, to *jutuṭ-ˑu-ṭˑu
trout *ṭal..., *ṭol… *lapiˑsaj
try, to *menˑa(w), *meˑna(w)
tule (cattail) *haˑle
tule (round) *loˑko-ṣ ? *walakˑaj, *walˑakaj *liˑn, *linˑy-
turn into, to
turn over, to *ʔeṭ..., *ʔet...
turtle *ʔawan-, *ʔawin- *meleˑ-ja
twelve *ʔoṭik-ṣakeˑn-yʔ
twenty *naʔˑa-
twine, to *tewˑy
twin(s) *ʔojˑa
twist, to *paṭiˑ-wy-
two *ʔoṭi, *ʔoṭ-
two (counting) *ʔoṭiˑ-jak
ugly *ʔyṣyˑ-ṭa-
uncle *ʔetˑe *hajʔi
uncle (mat.) *kaˑka
uncle (pat.) *ʔola
understand, to *ṭoleˑ-jy-
union *himˑe-n
unite, to *himˑe
untangle, to *roč-wi
untie, to *ṭokˑu-
up *riˑni(h), *rinˑi(h) *liˑle
upward *liˑle-tˑy-t
urinate, to *čala *ʔoṭ-ṣu
urine *čala *ʔoṭa-
use up, to *takmy-
valley *pyˑlaj
vanish, to *ṣatpy-
veins *ṭupˑin, *ṭuˑpin
verbalizer *-ty, *-wy, *-y *-še?, *-te, *-wi *-ṣy, *-ˑli- *-jY-, *-nY-, *-ŋkY-, *-ŋY-, *-sY- *-čY-, *-lY-, *-tY-
verbal suffix *-ˑny ? *-ke
very *toˑko-
visit, to *wareˑ-pi *ʔemaˑ-jy-
vocative case *{-ˑ}
volitional *-ko- *-eH-, *-ni-
vomit, to *ʔaṭṣi *hoˑne-
wade, to *lyn...
wade across *myˑŋ-y-
wail for dead *jalaˑk-y
Wait! *jeˑla!
wait, to *hajˑa
wake up, to *talˑi, *tiˑli ? *ʔaw-j-e-n, *ʔeṭ-we-n
walk, to *hinˑe, *hinˑi, *ʔinju *wyˑn-y-
want, to *hiwse-n, *ʔunˑi *(h)eˑja(w) *welak
war, to wage *konaˑs-y-
warm *mošˑe ? *pet... *ṭom-ṭom
warm o.s., to *komˑu-
wash, to *čolˑa, *lolˑa
wash face, to *mulak
wasp sp. *poˑtor-, *poˑṭor-
watch, to *hajˑa, *wel-, *wol- *ṭen-
water *kiˑk, *kikˑy-
water, to get *ʔuṣ-te
watery, to get *sipri-n
we, us, our *makṣi
we du. incl. *ʔičˑi, *ʔiči, *ʔič
we pl. incl. *ʔoṭi-ṭˑi- *-ṭič
we two *ʔoṭiˑ-me-, *ʔoṭi-m *ʔoč(ˑ)i, *ʔoč
weak *henˑa-na-
weasel *čaṭi
weep, tears *čiwel
west *ramˑa
wet *čakaṣ, *puˑl *jyte-
wet, to *mol(ˑ)i
whale *ṭimˑe
what *hin-, *han-, *hin-ṭi, *hin-ṭa
what? *hin-ka *tinˑy-
what is that? *hin-ṭo
when? *hin-wa *mi-ta-n
where? *min i, *man i *han i
which *hampi
which?
while, a while *haˑna-ʔ
whip, to *meṭ-ja
whirl, to (wind) *pukuj
whirlwind *pukˑuj
whiskers *ʔuṭu *heˑjek/s
whisper, to *ṣekoj
whistle, to *kuˑji ? *huṣ-ke *kujak
white *puṭu-, *poṭo- *kele-lˑi-
who *mi(n)-, *ma(n) *hampi
wife *hawa,, *hawˑa *ʔoṣˑa- *kulˑe-ṣ
wife’s br. *wokˑoli-, *wokli-
wildcat *toˑrom(a) ? *tolˑo-mˑa *toleṣ
willow sp. *riˑpi-n *tarha…
win (game), to *luˑṣu-
wind *hena
wind (north) *kan(ˑ)ym ?
wing
wink, to *čitak *činpy-
winnow, to *puṣˑe ?
winter *ʔomču,, *ʔumču
wolf *ʔumˑu-h *huˑn, *hunˑu
woman *šurik,, **ṣulik *ʔoṣˑa- *ʔyṣyˑʔyṣ *počˑi-ṣ
womb *ʔuˑč-a-ni-
wood *tapˑur *tumaj *ṣyṣˑy-
wood, to fetch *tumˑu *sunˑu-
woodpecker *pala...? *čuruˑtu *pak-pak
woodrat *hireh *lolˑok *julˑu
woods(Sp. monte) *hujˑa
world *walˑi(p) *pire
worm *keˑṣu-, *keˑsy-
wormwood *kičin
worn out *čaˑm ?
worry, to *ṭyn-ṭyn-ny-
wrap, to *paṭˑi- *topoˑn-u-
wren (canyon) *ṣawa-n-ṭiˑṭi-
wring out, to *čiˑnu, *ṭiˑnu
wrinkle, to *čun-ta-
wrong *pyṣˑi- *numa
year *ʔomuˑča-, *ʔumuˑča *walˑi
yellow- brown *ṭaja-, *ṭaṭa- ?
yellow-green *čiwi-,, *ṣiwi-
yellow-hammer *ṭiw(ˑ)ak
yellow jacket *pinˑa-n *melna ? *ṣuṣˑu
yes *hyˑʔy, *ʔyˑ
yesterday *ʔujka
you pl. *mokˑom *mi-kˑo, *mi-ko
you pl. imv. *-ṭ
you sg. *(m)in
you sg. and I *ʔič(ˑ)i, *ʔič(ˑ)y
young man *koˑṭo, *koṭˑo *sali- *heˑna-ṣ

References

  1. ^ Callaghan, Catherine. (2014). Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary: with notes on Yokuts. Trends in Linguistics Documentation 31. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. →DOI
Vocabulary lists of Amerindian languages
North America

Amerindian • p-Amerind • p-Eskimo • p-Na-Dene • p-Athabaskan • p-Algonquian • Beothuk • p-Iroquoian • p-Siouan • Caddoan • Yuchi • Kutenai • Chinook • p-Sahaptian • p-Takelman • p-Kalapuyan • Alsea • p-Wintun • Klamath • Molala • Cayuse • Coos • Lower Umpqua • p-Utian • p-Yokuts • p-Maidun • p-Salishan • p-Wakashan • p-Chimakuan • p-Hokan • p-Palaihnihan • Chimariko • Shasta • Yana • p-Pomo • Esselen • Salinan • p-Chumash • Waikuri • p-Yuman • p-Yukian • Washo • p-Kiowa-Tanoan • p-Keresan • Coahuilteco • Comecrudo • Cotoname • Karankawa • Tonkawa • Maratino • Quinigua • Naolan • p-Muskogean • Natchez (Swadesh) • Atakapa • Adai • Timucua

Central America

p-Oto-Manguean • p-Oto-Pamean • p-Central Otomian • p-Otomi • p-Popolocan (p-Mazatec) • p-Chinantec • p-Mixtec • p-Zapotec • p-Uto-Aztecan • p-Aztecan • Purépecha (Swadesh) • Cuitlatec • p-Totozoquean • p-Totonacan • p-Mixe-Zoquean • Highland Chontal • Huamelultec • Tequistlatec • p-Huave • p-Mayan (Swadesh) • Xinca • p-Jicaque • p-Lencan • Lenca • p-Misumalpan

South America

p-Cariban • p-Taranoan • p-Chibchan • p-Barbacoan • Páez • p-Pano-Takanan • p-Panoan • p-Makú • Hupda • p-Tukanoan • p-Arawan • Harákmbut–Katukinan • p-Cahuapanan • p-Choco • p-Guahiban • p-Shuar • Candoshi • p-Shuar-Candoshi • Achuar • p-Nambikwaran • Tinigua • Timote • p-Lule-Vilela • Vilela • Chamacoco • Allentiac • Chaná • Arutani-Sape • p-Bora-Muinane • Bora • p-Witotoan • Witoto • p-Macro-Daha • Sáliba • Piaroa • Ticuna • Yuri • Caraballo • Andoque • p-Mataguayo • p-Guaicurú • Guachí • Payagua • Mura • Pirahã • Matanawi • Quechumaran • Quechuan • p-Zaparoan • p-Peba-Yagua • Iquito • p-Chapacuran • Andaqui • Guamo • Betoi • Kamsá • Otomacoan • Jirajaran • Hibito-Cholon • Cholón • Sechura-Catacao • Sechura • Culli • Mochica • Esmeralda • Taushiro • Urarina • Aiwa • Canichana • Guató • Irantxe • Aikanã • Kanoé (Swadesh) • Kwaza • Mato Grosso Arára • Munichi • Omurano • Puinave • Leco • Puquina • Ramanos • Warao • Yaruro • Yuracaré • Yurumangui

South America (NE Brazil)

Katembri • Taruma • Yatê • Xukurú • Natú • Pankararú • Tuxá • Atikum • Kambiwá • Xokó • Baenan • Kaimbé • Tarairiú • Gamela

South America (Arawakan)

p-Arawakan • p-Japurá-Colombia • p-Lokono-Guajiro • Wayuu • p-Mamoré-Guaporé • p-Bolivia • p-Mojeño • p-Purus

South America (Macro-Jê)

p-Macro-Jê • Rikbaktsa • p-Jê • Jeikó • p-Jabuti • p-Kamakã • Kamakã • Maxakali • Chiquitano • Dzubukua • Oti • p-Puri • p-Bororo

South America (Tupian)

p-Tupian • Puruborá • Karo • p-Tupari • p-Maweti-Guarani • p-Tupi-Guarani • Guaraní