Proto-Utian reconstructions:[1]
| Gloss | Proto-Utian | Proto-Costanoan | Proto-Southern Costanoan | Proto-Miwok | Proto-Sierra Miwok | Proto-Eastern Miwok | Proto-Western Miwok |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| abalone | *hasˑyn ? | ||||||
| abdomen | *piˑti, *pitˑi | ||||||
| ablative case | *-tu | *{-mˑy} | |||||
| above | *riˑni(h), *rinˑi(h) | *tapre-j | *liˑle | ||||
| abuse, to | *čaˑm-y | ||||||
| accursed | *ʔekte | ||||||
| ache, to | *kaˑji | ||||||
| acorn flour | *kawˑa-n | ||||||
| acorn soup or bread | *ṣetne-n | *nypˑa- | *ʔyle- | *ʔulki | |||
| acrid | *tep-tep | ||||||
| Adam’s apple | *myʔˑyṭ-(ˑ)a- | ||||||
| add on, to (again) | *ʔaˑj | *ʔaj-ki- | |||||
| adj.-noun suf. | *-me | *-e | *-ma-, *-ṭY- | *-la- | |||
| adj. suffix | *-(ṣ)i-, *-ṭˑe-, *-Cˑi- | ||||||
| adverbial case | *-yj | ||||||
| advise, to | *monṣe | ||||||
| adv. suf. | *-ˑč | ||||||
| afflict (illness) | *peṭˑe | ||||||
| afraid, to be | *helaj-ne | ||||||
| after | *topˑa | ||||||
| again | *ʔaˑj | ||||||
| agentive | *{-ʔˑa-} | *-ṭak, *-ak | |||||
| agentive. (instrumental) | *-nˑi | ||||||
| ahead | *hojˑu ? | ||||||
| alder tree | *sotˑum | ||||||
| all | *ʔaˑj | *toˑko-, *ʔajtu- | *ṣokˑe-, *ṣykˑe- | ||||
| allative case | *-to | ||||||
| alone | *kenˑe | ||||||
| always | *nuna- | ||||||
| andative | *-jˑi | *-na | *-te-, *-ṭi ? | ||||
| andative imv. | *-sy-, *-s, *jˑi | *-aH-n | |||||
| angleworm | *keˑṣu-, *keˑsy- | ||||||
| angry | *ʔyṣyˑ-ṭa- | ||||||
| animal suffix | *-wa | *-ma-ṭi- | |||||
| animate | *-h, *-min, *-n, *-ni- | *...kan | *-ja | *-ˑwi-?, *-CˑV- ? | *-na- | ||
| animate plural | *-jˑa | ||||||
| another | *numa | ||||||
| ant | *poškuj-min? | *ʔotˑow | *ṭisiˑnaj ? | ||||
| antelope | *haˑlu-ṣ | ||||||
| antler(s) | *čiˑri | *kilˑi | |||||
| anus | *kynat.-ˑa- | ||||||
| anything | *ṭ? | *tinˑy- | |||||
| appear, to | *mi(n) *ma(n) ‘it | *ʔatˑa ʔatˑe | *lak-ṣy-, *miˑy-ksy- | ||||
| approach, to | *hajˑe- | *haje-m-pa-, *ʔynyˑ-pa-, *ʔyny-pˑa- | |||||
| arise, to | *ʔitma | *talˑi | |||||
| arm | *paˑčan | *tawlik | |||||
| armpit(s) | *kakpul, *kakpus | ||||||
| arrive, to | *hyˑja, *hyˑwa | ||||||
| arrow | *lanta | ||||||
| arrowhead | *kiˑe-, *siṭˑik(ˑ)iniwa- | *čiˑča | |||||
| as(like) | *kaṭu, *katu | ||||||
| ashamed | *ʔuj(ˑ)a | ||||||
| ashes | *joˑko | *jymˑi? | *sikˑe- | ||||
| ash tree | *panˑa-ṣ | ||||||
| ask for, to | *raṣˑe | ||||||
| augmentative | *-ˑli | *-ṭˑi-, *-ṭi-, *-ˑṭi-? | |||||
| aunt (mat.) | *ʔanˑa-knis | *ʔanˑis | *toˑmu- | *ʔamko, *ʔamoˑko, *ʔola-čˑi | |||
| aunt (pat.) | *ʔen(ˑ)e- | ||||||
| avoid offence | *čokaj-ŋe- | ||||||
| awake | *ʔaw-si | ||||||
| awl | *čylˑa | ||||||
| baby | *ʔečelˑy | ||||||
| back (of body) | *lumˑa, *luˑma | *keˑwy- | *kyčyj | ||||
| backpack | *ṭyjyˑ-ma | ||||||
| back up, to | *kynˑe | ||||||
| bad | *ʔekṭe | *ʔyṣˑy- | *ʔomu | ||||
| bake, to | *husˑu | *hinep-na- | *hupˑa, *hupˑu | ||||
| bald | *ṭak..., *tak… | ||||||
| ball, to play | *počku ? | ||||||
| bank | *čoˑk, *čoˑko | ||||||
| bark, to | *šajˑa | ||||||
| bark (tree) | *sim(ˑ)e, *ṣim(ˑ)e | ||||||
| base, behind | *ʔit. … | ||||||
| bashful | *ʔoja-ṣ | ||||||
| basket (acorns, seeds) | *čakˑa- | ||||||
| basket (Sp. batea) | *tiprin | ||||||
| basket (burden) | *čiˑkel, *čikˑel | ||||||
| basket (cooking) | *pulak-ˑa- | ||||||
| basket, cradle | *hiki | ||||||
| basket, dipper | *pulis-ˑa- | ||||||
| basket, small | *sotˑon | ||||||
| basket, storage | *ṣiˑwen | *ʔulˑit. | |||||
| basket, winnowing | *warṣi-n | *hetˑal | |||||
| bat (animal) | *ṣim... | *ṭ/tipiˑsi-si | |||||
| bathe, to | *ʔel... | *ʔyp-ṣy | |||||
| be, to | *-ˑe- | ||||||
| be located, to | *roˑte | *ʔuˑču- | |||||
| beach | *kaw… | ||||||
| beads | *maˑṣe(h) | *hoˑwot. *howˑot | |||||
| beak, bill | *huˑk *hukˑu | ||||||
| bear | *ʔore-ṣ | *kule | |||||
| bear, grizzly | *ʔyṣyˑ-ma-ṭi | ||||||
| beard | *heˑjek/s | ||||||
| beat, to | *haṭˑa | *mylˑa | *ṭak-ja- | ||||
| become, to | *-pu-ṣnu-, *-tu-ṣnu- | ||||||
| bed | *ˑeˑṭ, *ˑet. ˑy | *tokˑo-h | *jaˑŋa- | ||||
| bedrock | *talpas/ṣ | ||||||
| begin, to | *hojˑu ? | *munˑi | |||||
| behind, base | *ʔitṭ… | ||||||
| belch, to | *hyʔse- | ||||||
| believe, to | *hyʔi-, *hyʔi- | ||||||
| belly | *puṭˑul, *puṭlu | *hutˑu, *piˑti, *pitˑi | *loto- | *puluk | |||
| below | *ʔaˑla | ||||||
| benefactive | *-nY | ||||||
| berries (coffee) | *loʔˑo | ||||||
| bet, to | *hyˑk-y | ||||||
| big | *wetˑel | *ʔyṭˑi | |||||
| bighorn | *haˑlu-ṣ | ||||||
| bird | *čič... | *mile, *mele | |||||
| birth, to give | *ʔeseˑ-ly- | ||||||
| bite, to | *ʔyˑs-y, *ʔys-? | *kaṣˑe | *jylˑy- | ||||
| bitter | *kahˑa | *tep-tep | *ček-ček, *sek-sek | *kaj-kaj | |||
| black | *mulu- | *ṣoklo, *ṣolko | *kulu- | ||||
| blackberry | *ʔinˑa-n ? | ||||||
| blackbird (Brewer) | *čap… | ||||||
| blackbird (redwing) | *kulja-n | ||||||
| black widow | *pokˑum | ||||||
| blanket | *tolˑi-, *tonˑi- | *jypti- | |||||
| blaze | *jul… | ||||||
| bleed, to | *kičaw | ||||||
| blind, to be | *pelˑe | ||||||
| blink, to | *činpy-., *pel-. | ||||||
| block, to | *maˑhi | *katˑa- | |||||
| blood | *pajˑa-n | *kičˑaw | |||||
| blow, to | *henˑa | ||||||
| blow (mouth) | *puṣel, *puˑṭe | ||||||
| blow (wind) | *kanmy | ||||||
| blow nose, to | *sinak | ||||||
| bluebird | *čiwkol | ||||||
| blue bird sp. | *ʔašit | ||||||
| blue jay | *ṭajiṭ, *ṭajič, *ṣajič ? | ||||||
| boat | *sak(ˑ)as | ||||||
| body | *ʔam(ˑ)a | *miwˑe-ʔa- | |||||
| body part suf. | *-kal, *-tal | ||||||
| boil, to | *lowˑa- | *loṭˑa- | |||||
| bone | *tajˑi | *kyčˑyč | *kulum | ||||
| born, to be | *mokˑo | ||||||
| borrow, to | *henˑi- | ||||||
| bounce, to | *ṭowṣe-, *ṭowṣu- | ||||||
| bow | *lawa-n | *tanukˑa- | *koˑno | ||||
| boy | *čali-, *naŋˑa-tˑi- | *heˑna-ṣ | |||||
| brag about, to | *hyʔˑi-, *hyˑʔi- | ||||||
| braid hair | *ṭoṭ-, *ṭaṭ- | ||||||
| brains | *lup… | ||||||
| bread (acorn) | *čipˑa | ||||||
| break, to | *ʔat.-, *ʔot.- | *koṭˑa | *taṣ- | ||||
| break (string) | *sot..., *sat… | ||||||
| break by itself | *kot.-ˑu-ŋˑe- | ||||||
| break in two | *ʔalˑe | *jytˑy, *jytˑa, *koṭˑa, *ṭupˑu-. | |||||
| break off, to | *koṭ-, *pej-, *poj- | *tep-wa- | |||||
| break s.t., to | *kap-ku?, *koṭˑa | ||||||
| break wind, to | *ṣiwˑe | *holak | |||||
| break wind noisily, to | *kyn-ṣy | ||||||
| breakfast, eat | *mul-tu | ||||||
| breast(s) | *muˑs, *muˑṣ ? | ||||||
| breath | *hena | ||||||
| breathe, to | *noṣwe | *henˑa | *hen-si- | ||||
| bring, to | *(h)ynˑy. | ||||||
| brother (older) | *takˑa | *ʔat(ˑ)a | *taˑči- | ||||
| brother (yr.) | *tawṣi | *čale- | |||||
| brush | *limˑe | ||||||
| brush, smoke | *pajwa | ||||||
| bubble, to | *pok- ? | ||||||
| buckeye | *ʔuˑnu | ||||||
| buckthorn | *loʔˑo- | ||||||
| build, to | *ʔokja ʔokje | ||||||
| bullhead | *ṣoko ? | ||||||
| bumblebee | *toˑjo-h | ||||||
| burn, to | *hyl-si, *jul..., *wyˑk-y- | *ʔahji | *wyl-ki- | ||||
| burn to ashes | *jokˑo-ni | ||||||
| burned | *koˑm | ||||||
| burr | *hylˑa-la- | ||||||
| burst, to | *pak-ṭy, *pak-ṭe, *puṭ-ṣu, *puṭ-ṣe | ||||||
| bury, to | *tunˑe | *pira | *hamˑe- | *ʔalˑe | |||
| bush, brush | *čaw(ˑ)il | *čaku ? | |||||
| but | *men, *menu | ||||||
| butterfly | *šiwluluk? | *hol(ˑ)o... | *woloˑlok | ||||
| buttocks | *koˑwi | ||||||
| buy, to | *tiwˑa | ||||||
| buzz | |||||||
| buzzard | *ṭujlu-n, *ṭutlu-n | *huˑṣu- ? | *čyˑṣy- | ||||
| call, to | *haˑwa | *jejˑa, *jajˑu | |||||
| can (modal) | *-nˑi | ||||||
| cane (walking) | *čiˑjas | *sija- | *keja | ||||
| care of, to take | *(h)ajˑe ? | *ʔut.(ˑ)as- | |||||
| careful, to be | *hajˑa-po-kṣu- | ||||||
| carrot (wild) | *jum(ˑ)ut | ||||||
| carry, to | *paṭy | ||||||
| catch fire, to | *wyˑk-y | ||||||
| catch up, to | *nak-pa | ||||||
| catfish | *ṣoko ? | ||||||
| cattail | *haˑle | ||||||
| causative | *-kˑy, *-nˑu-, *-py | ||||||
| caus., invol. | *na | ||||||
| caus., med. pas. | *-mpi < **-n-pi | ||||||
| cave | *holˑaw | ||||||
| cedar/cypress | *moˑnuk ? | ||||||
| change, to | *pyṣ iˑ-ly | ||||||
| charcoal, coals | *kuˑs(a), *kusˑa | *kulˑa- | |||||
| chase, to | *ʔoṭwe | *ʔenpu-, *ʔonpu- | *haˑˑ..., *haˑt... | ||||
| cheek(s) | *ṭamˑV-ṣˑ, *ṭaˑmV-ṣ | ||||||
| chest (body part) | *tuˑkaj | *nysyˑ-li-? | *tena | ||||
| chew, to | *ṭikaˑ | *čiwˑa-? | |||||
| chew on bone | *kyč-my- | ||||||
| chia | *patˑi-h | ||||||
| chief | *hajaˑ-po | ||||||
| child | *ṣinˑi, *ṣiˑni | *ʔesˑe-, *ʔeselˑy- | *ʔelaj | ||||
| chills | *liwˑuṭ | ||||||
| chin | *hewˑe | ||||||
| chipmunk | *pisu- | ||||||
| choke, to | *čiˑnu | ||||||
| clap hands, to | *ṭampa- ? | ||||||
| claw | *ṭiˑs, *ṭiˑsy | *tuˑr, *tuˑri-š | |||||
| clay (white) | *hupˑa(k) | ||||||
| clear (sky) | *helak, *wyˑče-, *wyčˑe(k) | ||||||
| clear (water) | *kywyw-ˑi- | ||||||
| clear up, to | *helaˑk-y- | ||||||
| cliff, clod | *čoˑk čoˑko | ||||||
| climb, to | *hope | *ʔetˑy *ʔetˑu | |||||
| close, to | *maˑhi | *katˑa- | *witˑen, *wetˑen | ||||
| close eyes, to | *činpy- | ||||||
| close mouth, to | *mympy | ||||||
| cloud | *meˑč..., *miˑč... | *moˑṭo ? | *ʔoˑpa | ||||
| cloud up, to | *ʔopaˑ-ty- | ||||||
| clover | *roˑreh | *kokˑač | *kaˑli-ṣ | ||||
| clover, sour | *ṣakṣam | ||||||
| coals, charcoal | *kuˑs(a), *kusˑa | *kulˑa- | |||||
| coals (live) | *joˑko | ||||||
| coffee berries | *loʔˑo- | ||||||
| coil baskets, to | *čyˑl-y- | ||||||
| cold | *ṭiˑs- ? | *kawˑi, *kawˑe, *ṭahsa- | |||||
| come! | *ha(ˑ)ju | ||||||
| come, to | *(h)ynˑy | *waˑ-te | |||||
| come out, to | *ʔiˑje, *ʔiˑji | ||||||
| com. Case | *-ṭu | *-ni | |||||
| condor | *wasˑaka | *molˑuk ? | |||||
| continue, to | *menoˑk-u- | ||||||
| continuative | *-ksy | ||||||
| cook, to | *hinep-na- | ||||||
| cooked, ripe | *hiwˑu-ṣ-te | *kili, *ṭoˑm | *hinepˑu- | ||||
| cooked, to get | *hiwˑu-n | ||||||
| coot | *toṣlok, *toṣkol ? | ||||||
| copulate, to | *honˑa | ||||||
| cords (muscle) | *ṭupˑin, *ṭuˑpin | ||||||
| corpse | *čamyˑṣ-a- | ||||||
| cottontail | *hika(k) | *nome-ṣ | |||||
| cottonwood | *patˑakˑa(l)? | ||||||
| cough, to | *kolˑe- | ||||||
| count, to | *metˑu, *mitˑu | ||||||
| cousin | *towˑe | ||||||
| cover, to | *molˑy | *ʔeṣˑe | *topoˑn-u- | ||||
| cover with lid | *mosˑe | ||||||
| coyote | *majˑa | *ʔole | *ʔaṣe-ˑli- | ||||
| crab | *čaˑma-ṭa | ||||||
| crack by itself | *ʔaṭ-ˑu-ŋˑe-, *ʔot.-ˑu-ŋˑe- | ||||||
| crack s.t., to | *kap-ku ? | ||||||
| cradle basket | *hiki | ||||||
| crawl, to | *čutˑe | *ṭeweˑ-jy- | |||||
| creek | *wak… | ||||||
| cricket | *kiṭiṭ- ? | ||||||
| cripple | *tynˑy-ma- | ||||||
| crooked | *paṭˑiw-i- | ||||||
| crouch, to | *mekuṣ | ||||||
| crow, raven | *kaˑkari?, *ṣaˑraj | *kaˑkuli, *kaˑkali ? | *ʔaˑwyč ? | ||||
| crown of head | *lupˑuluk ? | *tuktuj, *tutkuj ? | |||||
| crush, to | *pičak | ||||||
| cry, to | *walak, *jalak | *nočˑu, *nočˑa | |||||
| cure, to | *huˑna | ||||||
| cut, to | *wala | *tepˑa- | |||||
| cut hair, to | *ṣiˑk-y- | ||||||
| cypress/cedar | *moˑnuk ? | ||||||
| dance | *kalŋa | ||||||
| dance, to | *čitˑe | ||||||
| dance house | *čitˑe-msa | *han(ˑ)i-, *han(ˑ)e- | |||||
| dark | *mulu- | *kulu- | |||||
| dark (outside) | *čyt- | ||||||
| daughter | *kaˑn | *tuˑne | |||||
| dawn | *čak… | ||||||
| dawn, to | *ʔawˑe-n | *waliˑ-sy- | *ča(ˑ)ʔ... | ||||
| day | *ṭuˑhi | *hiˑṣ | *hiʔeˑma- | ||||
| dazed, dizzy | *him... ? | ||||||
| dead | *čaˑm ? | ||||||
| Declarative Series | *-sy, *-s | *-ak | |||||
| deer | *toˑṭe, *toˑṭ? | *ʔywyˑ-ja- | |||||
| defecate, to | *kyn-ṣy | ||||||
| deliberate | *-ki | *-ku | |||||
| demonstrative | *ṭi ? | ||||||
| destructive | *-wa- | ||||||
| dew | *sičˑin | ||||||
| diarrhea, to have | *čulki?? | ||||||
| die, to | *čem-, *sem- | *čam-ṣy- | |||||
| different | *luṭˑi-, *luˑṭi-, *pyṣˑi- | *numa | |||||
| dig, to | *ʔolˑu- | ||||||
| dim (outside) | *čyt- | ||||||
| diminutive | *-knis, *-kniš | *-čˑi-?? | *-tˑi- | ||||
| dip water, to | *ʔulˑe- | *puluˑ-tu- | |||||
| directed action | *-pa | ||||||
| directional | *-ka-, *-tˑY-t | *-wi- | |||||
| dirt | *muˑn ? | *jotˑok | *jowa | ||||
| dirty | *ṣiksa-ṣte | ||||||
| disappear, to | *ṣatpy | ||||||
| discont. Iter | *-ˑVCˑY- | ||||||
| dislike, to | *heč..., *heṣ… | ||||||
| dizzy, to get | *jyŋˑe- | ||||||
| do, to | *hin-te | *mi-čˑy- | |||||
| do, make | *hišˑe, *hašˑe ? | ||||||
| do again, to | *ʔojo? | ||||||
| do hard, to | *hiṭeˑ-pu | *hyliˑn-y- | |||||
| do something | *loṭu(k) | ||||||
| doctor (power) | *huˑni-ṣ | ||||||
| dodge, to | *nan-ṣy- | ||||||
| dog | *haju | *čuku- | |||||
| dogwood | *riris | ||||||
| doll | *tunje | ||||||
| door | *ʔuku-j-ˑa- | *kaˑ | |||||
| double | *ʔojˑa, *ʔoˑja | ||||||
| dough | *ʔulem | ||||||
| dove | *hu(ˑ)nu? | *hulˑu- | *pulˑu | ||||
| down | *walˑi- | ||||||
| drain, to | *laskʷi, *laswi | ||||||
| dream | *ʔekˑut | ||||||
| dream, to | *ʔektu | ||||||
| dreamer | *huˑni-ṣ | *ʔalˑini | |||||
| dried up | *kawhi-ṣ-te, *kawhe-ṣ-te | ||||||
| drink, to | *ʔuwˑi-, *ʔuwˑe | *ʔuṣˑu | |||||
| drip, to | *lat. ˑu-n | *čokat ? | *čol-ka- | *čutˑa-, *čutˑe- | |||
| drive animals | *mykˑa- | *haˑč..., *haˑt... | |||||
| drown s.t., to | *muˑn-y | ||||||
| drum (foot) | *ṭumˑa- | ||||||
| dry | *čuṭul, *kaˑj | *hewe- | |||||
| dry, to get | *hew-ŋe-, *kaj-ŋe- | ||||||
| dry s.t., to | *kawhi/e | *hewˑe- | |||||
| duck | *haṭ-ha(ˑ)ṭ-a- | *hik(ˑ)as | |||||
| duck (mallard) | *wal... | *watmal | |||||
| duck, to | *nan-ṣy- | ||||||
| dust | *ṭukˑe- | *sikˑe- | |||||
| eagle | *ṣiˑrih | ||||||
| ear(s) | *ṭolku-ṣ, *ṭokṣu-ṣ | *ʔočˑok | *ʔalok | ||||
| earth | *walˑi(p) | *pire | |||||
| east | *jak- ? | *ʔaˑla | |||||
| eastern | *hiṣoˑt-a- | ||||||
| Easterner | *hiˑṣ-yto- | ||||||
| eat, to | *ʔamˑa | *ʔywy- | *jolum | ||||
| eat clover, to | *koˑk-u- | ||||||
| edge | *tunˑe-tka | *kawi-tka | |||||
| egg | *moṭˑe-h | *haˑn, *hanˑy | |||||
| eight | *kawˑi-n-t.a- | *ʔot.-huja | |||||
| elbow | *kuluˑlis, *kulˑulis ? | ||||||
| elderberries | *ʔantaj | ||||||
| eleven | *kenˑe walˑik | ||||||
| elk | *hakˑaˑ-ja- | ||||||
| emphatic | *ma(ˑ) | ||||||
| empty | *hal(ˑ)e(s) | ||||||
| end, edge | *naki(ṣ), *nake(ṣ) | ||||||
| end, to | *kawra | ||||||
| enemy | *(w)ajˑa, *(w)aˑja, *(w)aˑji | *koˑji- | *koˑna-s | ||||
| enough | *naʔˑa- | ||||||
| enter, to | *ʔaˑku | ||||||
| even | *melˑa- | ||||||
| evening | *ʔyme | ||||||
| every(thing) | *ṣokˑe-, *ṣykˑe- | ||||||
| excessive | *-me- | ||||||
| excessive (verb) | *jowˑen, *joˑwen | ||||||
| excrement | *kyˑn | ||||||
| explode, to | *pak-ṭy, *pak-ṭe | ||||||
| extract, to | *hut-ki, *hut-ke | ||||||
| eye | *šynty | *čit… | |||||
| eye, to hurt | *čit-wa | ||||||
| eyebrow | *šimpur | *piwˑe- | |||||
| eyebrows? | *winˑa-s | ||||||
| eyelashes? | *winṭa-s | ||||||
| eyelashes | *tutper < **tutpes ? | *tataˑp..., *ṭyp(ˑ)yˑ-la- | |||||
| eye speck | *pač(ˑ)ak ? | ||||||
| eyes (pertain- ing to) | *pel… | ||||||
| face | *ṭamˑV-ṣṭaˑmV-ṣ | *maˑka-ṣ | *ʔonˑi | ||||
| faded | *čaˑm ? | *ṭaka- | |||||
| fall, to | *ʔinˑa-n | ||||||
| fall (person) | *liswo-n | ||||||
| fall (tree), to | *hoˑl-u- ? | ||||||
| fan hot air, to | *wile | ||||||
| far | *ʔenaˑk | ||||||
| fart, to | *ṣiwˑe | *holak | |||||
| farther out | *hukˑ-e- | ||||||
| fast (a fast) | *ʔo(ˑ)ma | ||||||
| fast, to | *ʔusˑu-pi? | *ʔoˑm-u- | |||||
| fat | *sawˑer | *symˑit | |||||
| father | *ʔapˑa, *ʔapˑi | ||||||
| fear, to | *čormo-n | *helaj, *ṣelaj | |||||
| feather | *ṣipˑo-ṣ | *ṣale | |||||
| feathers, down | *pu(ˑ)ṭ, *putˑe | ||||||
| fell a tree, to | *hol- | ||||||
| female | *ʔoṣˑa- | ||||||
| fern, fern roots | *kepek | ||||||
| fetch water | *ʔukʷˑi, *ʔukʷˑe | *ʔuṣ-te- | |||||
| field | *py(ˑ)la | ||||||
| fifteen | *juˑʔali- | ||||||
| fifth | *maṣko-pa- | ||||||
| fight, to | *nimˑi | ||||||
| fighting | *myˑla | ||||||
| fill, to | *laˑsu-n | *cu(ˑ)jaʔ-ny- | |||||
| find, to | *nanˑy- | ||||||
| find out, to | *ʔimˑa, *ʔemˑa | ||||||
| finger | |||||||
| fingernail, toenail | *ṭiˑs, *ṭisˑy | *tuˑr, *tuˑri-š | |||||
| finish, to | *kawra | ||||||
| fire | *ti? | *tinˑy- | |||||
| fire, to catch | *wyk-ty | ||||||
| fire, to light | *(h)yl-si? | *huja | *wyl-ki- | ||||
| firebrand | *hij(ˑ)i-ṣ | ||||||
| fire drill | *kajin, *kajan ? | ||||||
| firewood, get | *tapru | ||||||
| first | *hojˑu? | ||||||
| fir tree ? | *čapaˑha-?? | ||||||
| fish | *(h)el… | *lapiˑsaj | |||||
| fish, to | *huneˑm-y- | ||||||
| fish eggs | *pyˑle, *pyˑl | ||||||
| five | *mišˑur, *mišru | *masṣˑo-kˑa- | *kenekˑuṣ | ||||
| fix, to | *ʔen-ṣy- | ||||||
| yflash (light- ning) | *wilep | ||||||
| flash, to | *čatku- ? | ||||||
| flat (rock) | *ṭapˑe | *talpas/ṣ | |||||
| flat place | *pyˑlaj | ||||||
| flea | *poˑr | *ky(ˑ)ky-ṣ | |||||
| fledgling | **ṣyle | ||||||
| flee, to | *haˑhe | ||||||
| flesh | *ʔočˑuk | ||||||
| flip, to | *tip-, *tap- | ||||||
| flirt, to | *liˑŋy-, *lyˑŋy | ||||||
| flood, to | *pol-ku | ||||||
| flow, to | *čolo, *ṣolo | *wakṣi | |||||
| flower | *tiˑwi-ṣˑ, *tiwˑi-ṣ | *pokṣa | |||||
| flute | *huṣek | *ṣulep-ˑa- | |||||
| fly (insect) | *muˑmur-i, *mumˑur-i | ||||||
| fly, to | *humˑu-n | *ṣyleˑ-ty- | *lilˑu | ||||
| foam | *puṭa ? | ||||||
| fog | *moˑṭo ? | *hune | |||||
| foggy, to get | *huneˑ-ty- | ||||||
| follow, to | *ʔenpu-, *ʔonpu- | ||||||
| following | *topˑa | ||||||
| food | *ʔywʔy | ||||||
| foot | *haṭˑa | ||||||
| football, play | *ʔamaˑṭ-y- | ||||||
| forage, to | *wyn-ty- | ||||||
| ford, to | *myˑŋ-y- | ||||||
| forehead | *timˑa-h | *ṭikˑi(t) | *ṭopˑel-e- | ||||
| forest (monte) | *hujˑa | ||||||
| forget, to | *misˑu-n | *ʔemˑe-n | *heŋuˑ-lu- | ||||
| formerly | *ʔokse | ||||||
| four | *kaṭwa-ṣ | *ʔuˑṭit | *ʔojˑis | *huja | |||
| fox | *juwˑel | ||||||
| freshet | *waˑkiṣ | ||||||
| friend | *neˑnut, *ʔojˑam | ||||||
| frog | *wakrač-min | *waṭaˑk | |||||
| from | *-pa-(See under ) | ||||||
| front | *hojˑu ? | *hukˑ-e- | |||||
| frost | *wakˑa-n | *susˑa- | |||||
| full, to be | *laˑsu-n | ||||||
| fur | *hiˑsok | ||||||
| future | *-sˑi- | *{-ˑikˑy-} | |||||
| future (nom.) | *-Hji- | ||||||
| future imv | *-ṣ, *-ˑṣi | ||||||
| gall | *siwˑen | ||||||
| gamble, to | *hyˑk-y | ||||||
| gather, to | *ʔot.o | *rutˑa | |||||
| genitive case | *{-yn} | ||||||
| get, to | *wel-ki | ||||||
| get up, to | *talˑi, *tiˑli ? | *ʔitma | |||||
| ghost | *ṣuˑle-ṣ | *ʔylˑi | |||||
| girl | *ʔatša-kniš | *lupu-, *ʔoṣˑa-tˑi- | *koli- ? | *koˑla | |||
| give, to | *ʔamˑy | *hara, *ṣuˑmi | *waja, *waje | ||||
| give drink, to | *ʔumˑi, *ʔuˑmi | ||||||
| gizzard | *was(ˑ)in ? | ||||||
| gnaw, to | *leṭmy- | *kyč-my- | |||||
| go! | *haṭˑi!, *hoṭˑo! ? | ||||||
| go, to | *wyˑ, *waˑ, *wiˑ | ||||||
| go around | *hinˑe hinˑi- | ||||||
| go down (swelling) | *čyˑṭ | *ṭam-ṣy | |||||
| go in, to | *ʔaˑku | ||||||
| go out, to | *ʔiˑje, *ʔiˑji | ||||||
| go through, to | *menoˑk-u- | ||||||
| godetia | *tokop | ||||||
| good, to be | *mišˑi(h) ? | ||||||
| good-tasting | *čy(ˑ)k... ? | ||||||
| goose | *lowˑot?, *waˑwo? | *laklak | |||||
| gooseberry | *ṣaˑwan-a ? | *kiˑli | |||||
| gopher | *siwˑot | ||||||
| gossip, to | *potše ? | ||||||
| grab, to | *hoˑjo | ||||||
| granary | *čakˑa | ||||||
| grandchild | *mere-ṣ | *čačˑo | *ʔače | ||||
| grandfather | *paˑpa | ||||||
| grandmother | *melˑe | *menˑe | *(h)amˑa | *ʔysˑy- | |||
| grapes (wild) | *mut(ˑ)e | ||||||
| grapevine | *kimˑis | ||||||
| grasp, to | *paṭˑy | ||||||
| grass | *muˑre-n ? | *kole | |||||
| grasshopper | *po(ˑ)lok… | *koˑṭo ? | |||||
| gray, gray hair | *losko | *poto(k) ? | |||||
| gray (dull) | *pot.o- | ||||||
| graze, to | *koˑk-u- | ||||||
| grease | *sawˑer | *symˑit | |||||
| great, to be | *ʔen-ṣy | ||||||
| green | *čutku | ||||||
| green, grass | *čit… | ||||||
| green, raw | *ʔima | ||||||
| grieve. To | *kuṣ-ŋe- | ||||||
| grind, to | *jikˑa | *hykˑa | *čosˑe- | *ʔut.uk | |||
| gristle | *pasuˑka-, *posuˑka- | *latˑik, *laˑtik | |||||
| grosbeak | *čimitˑolo ?? | ||||||
| ground | *walˑi- | *jotˑok | *jowa | ||||
| grouse (blue) | *mučˑama-ṣ, *mučˑuma-ṣ | ||||||
| grow, to | *miṭˑe-n, *miṭˑi-n | ||||||
| grow (plants) | *čoˑp-u- | ||||||
| grow up, to | *ʔypel-ŋe | ||||||
| growl, to | *loˑna(k) ? | *not.aˑk-y- | |||||
| grown one | *miṭˑe-ṣte ? | ||||||
| grub | *pyne | ||||||
| guess | *ta(ˑ)wy-, *tawˑy- | ||||||
| gulp down | *law… | ||||||
| gush, to | *čolo, *ṣolo | *čiṭi-ty ? | |||||
| gut, to | *puṭ-ku | ||||||
| guts | *puṭˑul, *puṭlu- | *piˑti, *pitˑi, *riˑṭuk, *riˑṭok | *puluk | ||||
| hail | *jokop, *jopok | *sawˑin | *saˑwin | ||||
| hail, to | *sawiˑn-y- | ||||||
| hair | *ṣaˑpa | ||||||
| hair (body) | *ṭaˑp | *hiˑsok | |||||
| hair (head) | *ʔuṭu | *ʔoli | *juṣˑe(ṣ) | *myˑn, *mynˑy- | |||
| half | *moṭ… | *kaˑwi- | *kowˑa | ||||
| halt, to | *hačˑ-y- | ||||||
| hand | *ʔekˑu | ||||||
| hand game | *hinwo- | ||||||
| hand game,to play | *hinoˑw-u- | ||||||
| hand game bones | *haˑna-, *haˑni- ? | ||||||
| hang, to | *hik... | *jyṭ-ki- | *joˑke | ||||
| happy | *hyjak, *hyjka | ||||||
| hard (effort) | *hywˑa- | ||||||
| hard (solid) | *witṭi | ||||||
| hard (tough) | *kaṭˑy | ||||||
| hate, to | *heč..., *heṣ… | ||||||
| having | *-ma- | ||||||
| hawk (chicken) | *ṣiwker | *ʔelej-min | *sujˑu | ||||
| hawk (duck) | *wek-wek | ||||||
| hawk (fish) | *tuk-tuk | ||||||
| hawk (redtail) | *ṣiwker | ||||||
| hawk (small) | *čiliskan ? | ||||||
| hawk (sparrow) | *tetˑete- | ||||||
| hawk sp. | *kaknu | ||||||
| hay | *kole | ||||||
| hazel nuts | *ṣolˑuk ? | ||||||
| he, she, it | *ʔiˑš ʔišˑy | *waˑk(a) | *mi | *ʔisˑak | |||
| head | *uṭu | *ʔoli | *hanˑa- | *tolo- | |||
| headdress | *wa(ˑ)r… | *ṭ/tamak..., *ṭ/tamek... | |||||
| healed (sore) | *ṭaˑm | ||||||
| health | *ʔučˑʔu- | ||||||
| hear, to | *ṭol-, *ṭal- ? | *ʔalˑy | *ṭoleˑ-jy- | ||||
| heart | |||||||
| heat, to | *takˑa-mpi | ||||||
| heat up, to | *ṭoˑm-u- ? | ||||||
| heavy | *parwi | *lewˑe-ṭˑ, *lewṭe-ṭ | |||||
| heel | *tynˑi-ṣ | ||||||
| help, to | *ʔesyˑt-y- | ||||||
| Here! | *joˑ! | ||||||
| here, now | *niˑ, *ni | ||||||
| here, this | *neˑš, *nešˑy | ||||||
| hiccough, to | *hyʔ… | ||||||
| hide | *ṭalka- | ||||||
| higher | *lilˑe-ka- | ||||||
| hill | *leme- | *pawi-ṣ, *paji-ṣ | |||||
| his/her | *-n (*-n- ?) | ||||||
| his/her/its | *ʔi | ||||||
| hit, to | *liˑki | *mylˑa | |||||
| hit (pelt), to | *maʔ-ta-, *meʔ-ta- | *čeˑʔ-y- | |||||
| hit with a rock | *pakˑa | ||||||
| hit with a stick | *haṭˑa | ||||||
| hit with the fist | *kom-ta ? | ||||||
| hoarse, to be | *ṣekil | ||||||
| hole | *holˑaw | ||||||
| hole (ground) | *ʔičˑin, *ʔisˑin | ||||||
| hollow | *holˑu | ||||||
| horn, antler | *čiˑri | *kilˑi | |||||
| hortative part. | *čaʔ | ||||||
| hot | *tawˑa | ||||||
| hot (spicy) | *kahˑa | *tep-tep | *kaj-kaj | ||||
| hot (weather) | *wiˑlaw | ||||||
| hot thing | *wylyṭ | ||||||
| house | *ruwˑa | *koč(ˑ)a | *ʔuˑču- | ||||
| house (cere- monial) | *tuˑpen | *hani-, *hane- | |||||
| house (temporary) | *ʔumuč-ˑa- | ||||||
| how much? | *mi-t(ˑ)a-kˑo- ? | ||||||
| hug, to | *kap(ˑ)il, *kap(ˑ)al | *lyˑti ? | |||||
| hum | *hym… | ||||||
| hummingbird | *humuˑña | *kulu- ? | *liˑčiˑ-či- | ||||
| hunger | *hakaj | ||||||
| hungry | *munu | ||||||
| hungry, to get | *hitka-n | ||||||
| hunt, to | *punji | *wynty- | |||||
| hurt, to | *ʔamˑu- | ||||||
| hurting (adj.) | *siken-me- | ||||||
| husband | *makˑu | ||||||
| husband’s sr. | *koliˑ-na- | ||||||
| husk acorns, to | *paˑka | ||||||
| I | *kanˑi, *kaˑn | *-te- | |||||
| I-you pl. vol. | *-tok-ni | ||||||
| ignorant | *katˑi- | *henu- | |||||
| impact | *-ta- | ||||||
| impede | *tik- | ||||||
| imperative | *-jˑi- | *ʔaˑ? | |||||
| inchoative | *tyma | ||||||
| infix | *-j- | ||||||
| inhale, to | *čuˑt..., *ṣuˑt… | ||||||
| in-law | *meˑm, *ʔojˑam | ||||||
| instr. Case | *-ṣu, *-su | ||||||
| intensifier | *-mu- | ||||||
| inter. suf | *-ka, *-ṭo | *-n(ˑ)i-, *-ta- | |||||
| intestines | *riˑṭuk, *riˑṭok | ||||||
| intransitive | *-si-, *-te | *-tu | *-ŋi-, *-pY ? | ||||
| inundate, to | *tunˑe | ||||||
| invalid | *siken-me- | ||||||
| invite, to | *jejˑa, *jajˑu | ||||||
| it | *mi(n), *ma(n) | ||||||
| itch | *heṣko | *puṭu- ? | |||||
| iterative | *-ṭe | *-ja | *-ta- | ||||
| iter. destr. | *-la- | ||||||
| jab, to | *ripˑa | ||||||
| jackrabbit | *čeˑjis ? | *ʔepa-ˑli- | *čami-ṣ | ||||
| jay (California) | *ṣajiˑč | ||||||
| jay (crested) | *kaj-kaj ? | ||||||
| jealous | *ʔarse | ||||||
| johnny-jump- ups (white) | *ṭoṭoˑkol | ||||||
| jump, to | *čulu | *ṭujaˑŋ-y- | |||||
| just barely | *ʔeke-ṣˑu | ||||||
| keep on, to | *tokoˑʔ-u- | ||||||
| kick with heel | *kalaˑ-ŋy- | *tunˑa | |||||
| kick with toe | *ṭek-my | ||||||
| kidney | *paspas | ||||||
| kill, to | *nimˑi | *liˑki | *jynˑa- | *joˑṣ-u- | |||
| killdeer | *tiwiˑtuk | ||||||
| kind (adj.) | *ʔejaṣ | ||||||
| kindle, to | *hyl-si | *huja | |||||
| kingfisher | *čaˑṭa-ˑṭa- ? | ||||||
| kingsnake | *luˑlumi? | *hoˑtoŋ-ja- | *laˑnaka-ṣ | ||||
| knee | *mokʷ(ˑ)i | *toˑlo-ṣ | *honˑoj | ||||
| kneel, to | *honoˑj-u- ? | ||||||
| knife | *ṭipˑe | ||||||
| knot | *ṣotil-ˑa- | ||||||
| know, to | *nan..., *nen... ? | *hinṣu | |||||
| lacking | *tiˑl | ||||||
| land | *py(ˑ)la | ||||||
| land (bug), to | *ṭoʔ-ŋe- | ||||||
| language | *liwa- | ||||||
| last | *topˑa | ||||||
| late | *ʔuˑjak- | ||||||
| late, to get | *ʔujka | ||||||
| late (delayed), to be | *momˑe-n | ||||||
| later | *ʔysˑa- | ||||||
| laugh | *hyjak, *hyjka | ||||||
| lay eggs, to | *haŋyˑ-jy- | ||||||
| lay s.o. down | *jaˑŋ -y- | ||||||
| leach, to | *molpa-, *molaˑp-y- | ||||||
| leader (female) | *maˑjen | ||||||
| leaf, leaves | *ma(ˑ)ra-h | *tatˑa-, *taˑta- | |||||
| leaf out, to | *tataˑ-ty- | ||||||
| leak, to | *laswi-n | ||||||
| lean (meat) | *ʔočˑuk | ||||||
| lean against, to | *holoṣ | ||||||
| learn, to | *ʔurse | ||||||
| leave behind | *ʔelˑy- | ||||||
| left (remaining) | *ʔaˑj | *ṭaˑŋa- | |||||
| left (side) | *čajˑa- ? | ||||||
| left over | *jowˑi-n | ||||||
| leg (lower) | *hoˑčon | ||||||
| lend, to | *kamˑo | ||||||
| Let him! | *jeˑla! | ||||||
| let’s (go) | *hijˑe | ||||||
| lick, to | *lak-ṭy- | ||||||
| lie (deceive) | *ṭaˑw-y- | ||||||
| lie down, to | *nimˑi | *ja ˑe- | |||||
| lie face down | *mekus | ||||||
| lie face up, to | *c/aj(ˑ)ol- | ||||||
| lift, to | *jyṭyˑ-ty- | ||||||
| light (weight) | *heṣ..., *hoṣ… | ||||||
| lightning | *wilˑep | ||||||
| like (that way, similar to) | *kaṭu, *katu ? | *nymiṣ | |||||
| like, to | *welak | ||||||
| lily (Mariposa) | *čikiwči- | ||||||
| lips | *welˑewel(e), *wepˑel(i) | ||||||
| live, to | *tawra | ||||||
| liver | *kylˑa | ||||||
| lizard | *meher | ||||||
| location | *-mˑa-ṭy- | *-w(ˑ)i | *-wa | ||||
| locative case | *{-my} | ||||||
| log | *hoˑl | ||||||
| long | *ʔenaˑk | ||||||
| long ago | *ʔokse | ||||||
| look (seem) | *mičy-ksy- | ||||||
| Look! | *(h)yṭe! | ||||||
| look askance | *kel-ṭe | ||||||
| look at, to | *(h)yṭe | ||||||
| look back, to | *ʔečaˑ-jy- | ||||||
| look for, to | *wele, *wole ? | *li(ˑ)ma | |||||
| look out, to | *ʔatˑa, *ʔatˑe | ||||||
| look out for | *hajˑa-po-kṣu- | ||||||
| loosen, to | *ṭokˑu- | ||||||
| lose (game), | *luṣ-ˑu-ŋˑe- | ||||||
| lost, to get | *tonˑe-n | *henil- | |||||
| loud, to be | *hiṭeˑ-pi | ||||||
| louse (body) | *raˑh, *raˑhe | *čypsi | |||||
| louse (head) | *kahˑaj ? | *keˑt, *ketˑy ? | |||||
| love, to | *lekjy- | ||||||
| lumpy | *lytˑyp, *lytˑyj | ||||||
| lunch (packed) | *pyne | ||||||
| lunch, to take | *pyneˑ-ty- | ||||||
| lungs | *poṣˑol, *poṣlo- ? | ||||||
| lying down | *jaŋˑa-čˑy- | ||||||
| magpie | *ʔaṭ-ʔaṭ | *ʔač-ʔač | |||||
| make, to | *ʔokja, *ʔokje | *ʔen-ṣy- | |||||
| make, do | *hišˑe, *hašˑe ? | ||||||
| mallard | *watmal | ||||||
| man (male) | *ṭa(ˑ)li-ṣ | *mukʷ, *mukʷˑe | *nanˑa- | ||||
| many | *toˑko- | ||||||
| manzanita (berries) | *mokˑo-s. | ||||||
| manzanita(small berries) | *ʔeˑje, *ʔejˑe | ||||||
| maple | *ṣaˑji- | ||||||
| mark | *syk(ˑ)a- | ||||||
| marrow | *koˑsot ? | *silpet | |||||
| marry a man | *mak-h-u | *nanaˑ-jy- | |||||
| marry a woman | *ʔoṣa-jy- | ||||||
| mash, to | *pičak | ||||||
| massage, to | *lojˑa | ||||||
| mat | *heti | ||||||
| maybe | *(h)ane, *luˑṭiˑ | ||||||
| meadowlark | *čiˑrit-min | ||||||
| meal (a meal) | *ʔywʔy- | ||||||
| measure,to | *nenˑa- | ||||||
| meat | *riˑṣ | *toˑṭe | **mičeˑm-a- | ||||
| medicine | *wene | ||||||
| medio-passive | *-ṣny | *-n | *-ṣy, *-ṭy, *-ṭe | *-nY- | *-ne- | ||
| melt, to | *čoˑk, *čuˑk | *jojˑa- | |||||
| merely | *heŋy-j | ||||||
| middle | *horpe-j | *kaˑwi- | *kowˑa | ||||
| middle finger | *kawˑi-n-ṭa | ||||||
| milk | *muˑs, *muˑṣ | ||||||
| miss (long for) | *jonˑe-, *joˑne- | ||||||
| miss the mark | *ʔomsu | ||||||
| mist | *meˑč..., *miˑč… | ||||||
| mistaken | *katiʔ-me- | ||||||
| mistletoe | *ṭintʔik-la- ? | ||||||
| mix, to | *himˑe | ||||||
| molar teeth | *kaˑra-s (*karwa-s ?) | ||||||
| mole (animal) | *moˑlo | *tymˑel, *timˑil | |||||
| molt, to | *ṣup-ku- | ||||||
| monster | *tinˑy-ṭˑi | ||||||
| monte | *hujˑa | ||||||
| moon | *kolme ? | ||||||
| more | *jowˑin | *ʔaˑj | |||||
| morning | *ʔawˑe- | ||||||
| mortar | *ʔylwa ? | *?ymˑe | |||||
| morta rbedrock | *čoˑse- | ||||||
| mosquito | *šojˑu ? | *ʔyjyˑky-ṣ | |||||
| mother | *ʔanˑa-n, *ʔaˑna-n | *ʔyta- | *ʔunu | ||||
| mother- in-law | *ʔuhi | ||||||
| mountain | *leme- | *pawi-ṣˑ, *paji-ṣ | |||||
| mountain lion | *hiˑliˑča- | *ʔupukṣe | |||||
| mountain mahogany | *sype- | ||||||
| mouse | *ṣolˑo | *riˑña | *ṭolˑo..., *t.olˑi… | *pusˑiʔ-na- | *jeṣˑe | ||
| mouth | *haˑj | *lup(ˑ)e | *ʔawˑo- | *lakum | |||
| much | *yṭˑiʔ | *toˑko- | |||||
| mudhen | *toṣlok, *toṣkol | ||||||
| mumble | *hym... | ||||||
| mussel | *hakˑaw | ||||||
| mute | *čepi- čypi- | ||||||
| my | *-ṭ -ṭi | *-ṣ- | |||||
| my, mine | *kan | ||||||
| myth, story | *ʔutne- | ||||||
| name | *laˑkat | *ʔojaˑ-ṣe- | |||||
| name, to | *laˑkat | *ʔojˑa- | |||||
| nape | *to pa | ||||||
| navel | *lo puṭ, *lop uṭ ? | ||||||
| near | *hajˑe- | ||||||
| neck | *heleˑki | ||||||
| neck, nape | *lanˑa, *laˑna | ||||||
| necklace | *han i | ||||||
| nephew/niece | *ʔypsa- | *tow e | |||||
| nest (bird) | *heˑsa, *heˑṣa | ||||||
| nest, to make | *hesaˑ-jy- | ||||||
| net | *laṣˑa- | ||||||
| nettles | *ṣoṣoˑl... | ||||||
| new | *ʔiṭˑa | ||||||
| next | *toˑpa- | ||||||
| nice | *ʔejaṣ | ||||||
| night | *mulu-. | ||||||
| nine | *pakˑi | *woʔe- | |||||
| nipple | *musuʔ-ˑa- | ||||||
| nit | *ṣaˑkar | ||||||
| no, not | *ʔakwe, *ʔekwe | *helˑa | *ken, *ket, *ke(ˑ) | ||||
| noise, to make | *ʔočko | *hyl-ka | |||||
| nom. Case | *{-ʔ} | ||||||
| nominal suffix | *-ṭ | *-h | *-ča- | *-mˑa- | |||
| north | *ʔawˑa-s | *tamal | |||||
| north wind | *kan(ˑ)ym ? | ||||||
| northerner | *tamˑyl-e- | ||||||
| nose, nostrils | *huˑk, *hukˑy | *niṭo- | |||||
| not know, not understand | *henˑu- | ||||||
| not recognize | *pyṣi -jy- | ||||||
| now | *ne-m | *ni(ṣ) | |||||
| numeral suffix | *-kˑo- | *-ka | |||||
| nurse at breast | *muˑs-y, *muˑṣ-y | *pu(ˑ)ṭ … | |||||
| oak (black) | *ṭele-ˑli- | ||||||
| oak (live) | *juˑki-ṣ | *saˑṭa | |||||
| oak (small) | *suˑk ? | ||||||
| oak (valley) | *ʔalwe-š | *wilˑi-ṣ | *hakja | ||||
| oak (white) | *molˑa, *moˑla | *leˑka- | *muˑle | ||||
| oak sp. | *tuh(ˑ)e | ||||||
| oar | * o(ˑ)lak | ||||||
| objective case | *{-yč} | ||||||
| obsidian | *siṭˑik(ˑ)iniwa- | ||||||
| ocean | *kalˑe | ||||||
| old | *hojˑu ? | ||||||
| old man | *hunṭa(č), *hunaˑṭa(č) | ||||||
| old woman | *ʔonoṣˑo- < **ʔona- ? | ||||||
| one | *him- | *kenˑe | *luṭˑi- | ||||
| one who | *-ṣ-min | ||||||
| one(s) | *ʔam(ˑ)a | ||||||
| onion (wild) | *ʔuˑner | *puˑču | |||||
| only | *keŋˑe-tˑi- | ||||||
| open (country) | *hal(ˑ)e(s) | ||||||
| open, to | *haj-ki | *mah-wi | *witiṣ, *wetiṣ | ||||
| open mouth, to | *šačar | *haˑhaj-ˑy- | |||||
| opening (hole) | *holˑaw | ||||||
| optative part. | *čaʔ | ||||||
| ordinal marker | *-pa- | ||||||
| oriole | *čakaˑ-čaka ? | ||||||
| other | *luṭˑi-, *luˑṭi- | ||||||
| our incl. | *-čˑi- | ||||||
| outside | *kari(j) | *walˑi | |||||
| owl (barn, screech) | *čaˑhi | *wičˑiki-ṣ | *woṭi | ||||
| owl (great horned) | *tukˑu-ˑli- | ||||||
| owl (ground) | *weˑči-či ? | *ṭok(ˑ)ok... | |||||
| pack, to | *(h)apˑu, *(h)ipˑu | *ṭyjyˑ-ty- | *ʔaˑwiṣ | ||||
| paint | *walan… | ||||||
| paint, to | *ʔenˑe | *wakˑa- | |||||
| parent-in-law | *hewˑas | ||||||
| parent(s) of child’s spouse | *maksi- | ||||||
| partner | *ʔojˑam | ||||||
| pass by, to | *ʔeˑpe | ||||||
| pass s.o., to | *maˑŋ-y- | ||||||
| passive | *-ṣny, *-ˑu | *-ku | |||||
| passive (involuntary) | *-pa-ṣny- | ||||||
| past (remote) | *-ṣy, *-sˑy | ||||||
| past tense | *kaˑ, *ka | ||||||
| patch, to | *tanki ? | ||||||
| peel, to | *ṭol- | ||||||
| penis | *haˑn, *hanˑy | *tolˑol (*ṭolˑol ?) | |||||
| pepperwood | *ṣawla, *ṣalwa | ||||||
| perfect tense | *maˑ, *ma | *{-ak} | |||||
| perfective | *-ṭi | ||||||
| person | *koˑṭa, *koṭˑa ?, *miˑkʷ, *mikʷˑy-, *ʔam(ˑ)a | ||||||
| pestle | *lupˑu- | *kawaˑ-či- | |||||
| phlegm | *maˑhul | *kaˑle-ṣ | |||||
| pick, to | *rutˑa | ||||||
| pierced, to be | *ṭel-ˑu-ṣ-te | ||||||
| pigeon | *ʔumˑaˑwe(l) | *lyŋˑy-ˑti- | |||||
| pile, to | *moˑla | ||||||
| pinch, to | *ṭiˑn-y- | ||||||
| pine (gray) | *saˑk, *sakˑy | ||||||
| pine (mountain) | *san(ˑ)ak | ||||||
| pine (ponderosa) | *wasˑa- | ||||||
| pine needles | *čeˑke- | ||||||
| pine pitch | *ju(ˑ)t... | ||||||
| pinewood | *ṣakˑine, *ṣaˑkine | ||||||
| pinole | *kurkah | *tuj(ˑ)u- | *ʔuṣkun | ||||
| pinole, to eat | *mujˑe | ||||||
| pipe | *ṣumki ? | ||||||
| pity, to | *ʔanˑa ? | ||||||
| plan, to | *nenˑa-, *ṭyn-ṭyn-ny- | ||||||
| plant sp. | *čajˑa | ||||||
| plant, to | *čiˑp-y- | ||||||
| play, to | *hal..., *hol... | *ʔe·la ? | |||||
| play ball, to | *počku | ||||||
| play flute, to | *huṣke | ||||||
| play games, to | *ʔawˑi- | ||||||
| pleasant | *čy(ˑ)k... | ||||||
| please, to | *hyʔmy- | ||||||
| pluck, to | *wičˑy-, *wiˑčy- | *putˑa | |||||
| plural | *-kom | *-kam, *-mak, *-kma | *-kon | ||||
| plural, animate | *-jˑa | ||||||
| pop, to | *pak-ṭy, *pak ṭe | ||||||
| porcupine | *myˑhyˑ-na- ?? | ||||||
| possessing | *-jaHk | *{-ak} | |||||
| possibility | *-nˑi- | ||||||
| point, to | *čik..., *kiˑča, *kiˑči | ||||||
| poison | *saˑn...? | *jen- | |||||
| poison oak | *nykys | *ʔitˑum | |||||
| poke, to | *hiṭe | *hyl-ja- | *čikˑo-, *čikˑu- | ||||
| pond/pool | *polˑaj | ||||||
| potatoes (wild) | *waˑla | *jum(ˑ)ut | |||||
| pound, to(acorns) | *pakˑa pound | *lopˑa-, *os e- | |||||
| pound (acorns) | *čosˑe- | *ʔuṭuk | |||||
| pour, to | *molˑe | *čujˑa- | |||||
| pour out, to | *jolˑe- | ||||||
| pregnant | *paˑji-ṣ-te, *paˑje-ṣ-te | ||||||
| prepare, to | *ʔen-ṣy- | ||||||
| press down | *pič-, *pit- | ||||||
| pretty, to be | *misˑi(h) | ||||||
| pretty (girl) | *lupˑu-, *mon... | ||||||
| pricked ears | *jolṭo | ||||||
| prickle, to | *hyl-ja- | ||||||
| puddle | *polˑaj | ||||||
| pull, to | *ṭupˑu- | ||||||
| pull out, to | *hut-ki, *hut-ke | ||||||
| punch, to | *kom-ta ? | *ṭok-la- | |||||
| puppy | *čuku-tˑi- | ||||||
| purpose | *-nˑi- | ||||||
| push, to | *čutwa | *kutˑe- | |||||
| put, to | *hoˑje | ||||||
| put away, to | *lywˑe- | ||||||
| put down, to | *maʔiˑl-y- | ||||||
| put in, to | *hawi | ||||||
| put on, to (clothing) | *ʔutˑu-pi | ||||||
| quail (mt.) | *kujˑak-ˑa- | ||||||
| quail (valley) | *hek… | ||||||
| quiet, to be | *hamc/a, *hemc/o | *mymˑy, *myˑmy | |||||
| rabbit (brush) | *weˑri-n | ||||||
| raccoon | *šaš... ? | *patkas | |||||
| rain | *ʔamˑan-i | *nykˑa- | *ʔupˑa, *ʔuˑpa | ||||
| rain, to | *ʔamne | *ʔup.a, *ʔuˑpa | |||||
| raise, to | *jyṭyˑ-ty- | ||||||
| rash | *paˑṭal, *poˑčol. | ||||||
| rat (kangaroo) | *taˑči-n | ||||||
| rattle (cocoon) | *ṣokoṣ-ˑa- | ||||||
| rattle (split stick) | *ṭakaṭ-ˑa- | ||||||
| rattles (snake) | *čata- | ||||||
| rattlesnake | *ʔipˑiš ? | ||||||
| raven | *kaˑkar-i ? | *kaˑkul-i, *kaˑkal-i ? | |||||
| raw, green | *ʔaṣˑo- | *ʔima | |||||
| reach, to | *ʔenaj | *naˑk-y- | |||||
| reciprocal | *-mi, *-me | ||||||
| recognize | *nan..., *nen... ? | ||||||
| recover, to | *henak | ||||||
| red | *joli, *ʔawa | *weṭe- | |||||
| red maid | *ṣaˑpah | ||||||
| reflect (light) | *čatku- ? | ||||||
| reflection | *ʔylˑi- | ||||||
| reflexive | *-po, *-pu. | ||||||
| reflexive imv. | *-e-(ˑ)ṣi- | ||||||
| regret, to | *kuṣ-ŋe- | ||||||
| relative | *ʔojˑa | ||||||
| remain, to | *jowˑi | *ʔaˑj-y | |||||
| remember, to | *hinwi, *henwe | *pesjo | |||||
| repeat, to | *ʔojo ? | ||||||
| repetitive | *-ˑVCˑy | ||||||
| report, to | *kojow-nu- | ||||||
| respect, to | *hyʔˑi-, *hyˑʔi- | ||||||
| rest | *ṭyje | ||||||
| rest, to | *noṣwe | ||||||
| resultative | *-ṣi, *-ši | ||||||
| rheum | *pač(ˑ)ak | ||||||
| ribs | *tawˑe ? | ||||||
| right (side, hand) | *samˑa | *hotˑo- | |||||
| rinse, to | *čomˑa | ||||||
| ripe, cooked | *kili | *hinepˑu- | |||||
| ripen, to | *hiwˑu-n | *hinep-ŋe- | |||||
| rise (sun), to | *lak-ṣy- | *čoˑp-u- | |||||
| rise(water), to | *tunˑe | ||||||
| rise up, to | *taˑli | ||||||
| river | *wak... | ||||||
| roadrunner | *ʔujˑuj ? | ||||||
| roast, to | *husˑu, *ʔa(ˑ)m... | *hin a- | |||||
| robin | *wiṭˑap, *wiṣˑap | ||||||
| rock | *lupˑu | *ṣawa- | |||||
| rock (for stone boiling) | *paˑka-s | ||||||
| roll over, to | *maʔiˑl-y- | *puč(ˑ)el | |||||
| root | *hiˑkoṭ, *hiʔkoṭ | ||||||
| roots (basket ) | *mulˑa, *suˑli | ||||||
| rotten (wood) | *pot.... | ||||||
| rotten, to be | *ṣumˑu-ṣ-te | ||||||
| round house | *han(ˑ)i-, *han(ˑ)e- | ||||||
| rub, to | *liṭˑa | *wakˑa- | |||||
| run, to | *ṭowˑe | *hytˑaw, *hyčˑaw | |||||
| run (water), to | *wak... | ||||||
| run away, to | *haˑhe | ||||||
| sage (lime leafed) | *patˑi-h | ||||||
| salamander | *ʔapˑan-ṭa- | ||||||
| saliva | *lu(ˑ)s | *jyˑp, *kaˑle-ṣ | *hakˑoj | ||||
| salmon | *huˑraka | *koˑsum | *ṭukun | *kaṣˑi, *kaˑṣi | |||
| salt | *ʔawˑe-s | *kojˑo | |||||
| salt, to | *ʔawse | ||||||
| same | *melˑa- | ||||||
| sand | *wi(ˑ)s..., *wi(ˑ)ṣ... | *ṣukuj | |||||
| sapsucker | *ʔujaˑ-naˑna- ? | ||||||
| satisfy, to | *hyʔmy- | ||||||
| save, to | *ʔočˑa ? | ||||||
| say, to | *kačˑy, *kajˑy | ||||||
| scald (chicken) | *ṣupˑa- | ||||||
| scare, to | *helaj, *ṣelaj | ||||||
| scorched | *koˑm | ||||||
| scorpion | *ʔetˑym | ||||||
| scrape, to | *wač(ˑ)u, *waṣˑu ? | *wyṭˑa ? | |||||
| scratch, to | *wičˑa, *wisˑa | *haṣˑa | *ṭisyˑ-jy- | *ṣekˑa ṣeˑka | |||
| season | *walˑi | ||||||
| seat s.o., to | *ṭˑoʔ-u- | ||||||
| seaweed | *haṣku(ˑ)l-a | ||||||
| second | *ʔoṭki-pa- | ||||||
| see, to | *hajwe, *mehe | *(h)yṭe | |||||
| selfish | *haji (*hači ?) | ||||||
| semi-acc. | *-ka ? | ||||||
| send, to | *hok(ˑ)i | *hysˑi- | *hija | ||||
| set (sun), to | *ʔaˑku | *lep... | |||||
| set s.t. down | *ṭoˑʔ-u- | ||||||
| settle, to | *čuˑn-u- | ||||||
| seven | *kene-kˑa-k | *ṣemlaˑwi | |||||
| shade | *molˑi- | ||||||
| shade, to | *hewhe | ||||||
| shadow | *heˑweh | *molˑe | |||||
| shake s.t., to | *jihwi | *jykaˑ-ty- | |||||
| shake (dice) | *čataˑ-ty- | ||||||
| shaking | *jutu-ṭˑu-ṭˑu- ?, *liwˑuṭ | ||||||
| shaman | *ʔuten ? | *huˑni-ṣ | |||||
| sharp | *kytˑ-e- | ||||||
| sharpen,to | *hykˑa | ||||||
| shave, to | *hejse | ||||||
| shave wood, to | *wočˑa | ||||||
| shear, to | *ṣiˑk-y- | ||||||
| shell acorns, to | *paˑka | ||||||
| shine | *ṭul- | ||||||
| shine, to | *čew(ˑ)a | ||||||
| shiver, to | *jutu-ṭˑu-ṭˑu | *ṭynˑa- | |||||
| shoot, to | *ṭyw- | *ṭykˑy- | |||||
| shore | *kaw... | ||||||
| shoulder | *ʔolˑo-ṭ, *ʔolˑo-ṣ | ||||||
| shoulder blade | *tawˑaṣ, *taw(ˑ)ak | *ṭalṭaʔla- < **ṭalṭal-ʔa- | |||||
| shrivel, to | *čuṭ- | ||||||
| sibling (yr.) | *talˑe | *ʔate- | *ʔaˑmo | ||||
| sick | *siken-me- | *sike- | |||||
| sick, to get | *kaˑji-n | *sikeˑ-ny- | |||||
| sick person | *ʔiˑna | ||||||
| sift, to | *puṣˑe ? | ||||||
| sinew(Sp. niervo) | *hurek | *ṭupˑin, *ṭuˑpin | *pa/osuˑka- | *latˑik, *laˑtik | |||
| sing, to | *ṣaˑwe | *mylˑi- | |||||
| single | *keŋˑe-tˑi- | *luṭˑi- | |||||
| sink, to | *čuˑn-u- | ||||||
| sister (older) | *taˑna(n) | *teˑte- | *woko | ||||
| sister (yr.)! | *kole-ˑ! | ||||||
| sister’s husband | *kaˑw | ||||||
| sit, to | *ṭakʷ-, *ṭokʷ- | *huŋˑe-, *hyŋˑe- | |||||
| six | *ṣakˑe-n | *tem... | *pačˑi-ṭak | ||||
| skin | *patˑa-h ? | *ṭalka- | |||||
| skin, to | *luṭˑu-, *luˑṭu- | ||||||
| skin (plant), to | *luˑku- | ||||||
| skunk | *jaˑwi | *tihši-n | *hisˑik | *kaluk | |||
| skunk (spotted) | *ṭonˑoko(s) | ||||||
| sky | *ṭarah | *wyˑče-, *wyčˑe(k) | |||||
| slap, to | *meṭ-ja | ||||||
| sleep | *ʔeˑṭ, *ʔeṭˑy | *ṭyje | |||||
| sleep, to | *ʔeˑṭ-y- | ||||||
| sleepy, to be | *ʔeṭne-n | ||||||
| slick, slippery | *liṭˑa-ṭa- | ||||||
| slicken, to | *lik-ja- ? | ||||||
| slide, to | *čuluˑṣ-u- | ||||||
| smear, to | *wakˑa- | ||||||
| smell (tV) | *hukˑy | ||||||
| smile, to | *čuˑm... | ||||||
| smoke (fire) | *kaˑl | *hakˑis | |||||
| smoke (fire), to | *kaˑri | *hakiˑs-y- | |||||
| smoke pipe, to | *ṣumki ? | *paʔmy- | |||||
| smoky, to get | *haksi- | ||||||
| snake,rattle- snake | *wakˑa-ˑli | ||||||
| snake (gopher) | *koˑṭe-h | ||||||
| snake (water) | *liˑs... | ||||||
| sneeze, to | *ʔašnu ? | *hatis, *hatsi- | |||||
| sniff around | *huk-huk | ||||||
| snore, to | *loˑna(k) ? | ||||||
| snort, to | *noṭaˑk-y- | ||||||
| snot | *šun... | ||||||
| snow | *wakˑa-n | *jokop, *jopok | *keˑla- | ||||
| snow, to | *jokpo, *jopko | *kelˑa- | |||||
| soak, to | *čomˑa | *čolˑa | |||||
| soaproot | *sakaˑn-i- | *hakˑa-ṣ | |||||
| soft | *henˑa-na- | *hop… | |||||
| someone | *mi(n), *ma(n), *ʔam(ˑ)a | ||||||
| something | *hin-ṭi, *hin-ṭa | *tinˑy- | |||||
| sometimes | *luˑṭiˑ | ||||||
| son | *ʔinˑi-ṣ | *mukˑe-h | *ʔaŋsi- | ||||
| son-in-law | *maniˑṣa- | ||||||
| song | *ṣaˑw | *myˑli- | |||||
| soon | *ʔena-t | ||||||
| sorcerer | *ʔuten ? | ||||||
| sore(s) | *paˑṭal, *poˑčol. PMi, *ṭaˑm. | *ṭaˑm. | |||||
| sores (nits) ? | *ṣaˑkar | ||||||
| soul | *noṣˑow | ||||||
| south | *kaˑku-n | *čymˑe-č | |||||
| southerner | *čymˑe-to- | ||||||
| southwest | *ʔoli | ||||||
| spank, to | *met.-ja | ||||||
| spark, sparkle | *čatku- ? | ||||||
| speak, to | *ričˑa | *liwˑa- | *ʔaṭaw | ||||
| spring (water) | *ʔolˑol | *ʔola(-ṣ) | |||||
| spear | *hylˑa-la- | ||||||
| speckled | *ṭona- ? | ||||||
| spider | *pokˑum | ||||||
| spider web | *tyˑkema-, *tyˑkena- ? | ||||||
| spill, to | *laswi | *molˑe | *jolˑe- | ||||
| spine | *koˑsot ? | ||||||
| spirit | *noṣˑow | ||||||
| spit (saliva) | *lu(ˑ)s(*lusˑe ?) | *jyˑp | *hakˑoj | ||||
| spit, to | *lus-wi | *tukja, *tukṣe ? | |||||
| split, to | *ʔaṭ-, *ʔoṭ- | *šal..., *ṣa -ki | *t.al-wa- | ||||
| split by itself | *ʔaṭ-ˑu-ŋe-, *ʔoṭ-ˑu-ŋˑe- | ||||||
| spotted | *ṭona- ? | ||||||
| spray (dog), to | *ʔoṭuṣ-pa | ||||||
| spread out, to | *tokˑo | *heˑt-y- | |||||
| springtime | *čitak-no- | ||||||
| sprinkle, to | *čiṭiˑ-ṭy-, *sit- | ||||||
| sprout, to | *mokˑo | ||||||
| squeeze, to | *čiˑnu, *ṭiˑnu | ||||||
| squirrel (ground) | *ʔeˑš | *sičok-na | *ṭiča-ṣ | *ʔopuk(si) | *čiṭe | ||
| squirrel (tree) | *meˑwe- | ||||||
| squirt, to | *čiṭiˑ-ty- | ||||||
| stab, to | *ripˑa | ||||||
| stammering | *čepi- čypi- | ||||||
| stamp, to | *haˑṭ-y- | ||||||
| stand, to | *hačˑi-čˑy- | *tala-ṣ | |||||
| stand up, to | *ličˑaj-pu, *lačˑaj-pu | ||||||
| star | *pakrar | *ṭyʔle | *hosˑakˑon-a- | ||||
| start, to | *hojˑu ? | *munˑi | |||||
| state of being | *ʔučʔu- | ||||||
| static | *-č ? | ||||||
| static perf. | *-čˑo-ˑṣ-ak | ||||||
| static vol. | *-ˑsi- | ||||||
| stative | *-s-te, *-h-te | ||||||
| stay, to | *ʔuˑč-u- | ||||||
| steal, to | *ha(ˑ)ṭa | *wyl(ˑ)a | |||||
| stem suffix | *-mY-, *-se | ||||||
| step- (kinship) | *-pu- | ||||||
| step, to | *hačˑi | *haˑṭ-y- | *haṭˑa-? | ||||
| stepdaughter | *tunje | ||||||
| stepfather | *hajʔi | *ʔola | |||||
| stick | *tapˑur | *tumaj | |||||
| stick, to | *hyl-ja- | ||||||
| stick together | *peṭˑe | ||||||
| stick to s.t. | *jutˑa- | ||||||
| stick upright | *čiˑp-y- | ||||||
| stickers | *ki li | ||||||
| sticky | *jutˑa-ta- | ||||||
| still | *ʔiṣˑa | *nuna- | |||||
| stingy | *haji (*hači ?) | ||||||
| stink, to | *ṭawri- | *huk-si- | *ṭok- | ||||
| stink bug | *ʔunčuš-min | *kynˑys-taˑli- | |||||
| stinky | *ṭok-ṭok | ||||||
| stone | *ʔirak | *lupˑu | *ṣawa- | ||||
| stooped, to be | *niṭli | ||||||
| stop, to | *kawra, *kawra-n, *ličˑaj-pu, *lačaj-pu | *čel-ku-, *haˑč-y- | |||||
| story, myth | *ʔutne- | ||||||
| straddle, to | *waṭa- | *haṭaˑ-ly- | |||||
| strange | *pyṣˑi- | ||||||
| stranger | *luṭˑi-, *luˑṭi-, *pyṣˑi- | ||||||
| stream | *wak... | ||||||
| string | *ṣyčˑa ? | ||||||
| string beads, to | *hiˑwu | *kaṭi, *kačˑi <**kaṭ(ˑ)i | |||||
| striped | *hit.eˑ-pu | *lyna... | |||||
| sturgeon ? | *huˑraka | ||||||
| subj. case | *{-nu} | ||||||
| sub-morphemic sequence | *...aj | ||||||
| suck, to | *čuˑt..., *ṣuˑt... | ||||||
| suckerfish | *ṣawakˑač | ||||||
| summer | *helak | ||||||
| sun, sunny | *hiṣ-me | ||||||
| supper, to eat | *mičem | ||||||
| surface | *lilˑe-mˑaṭy- | ||||||
| survive, to | *čoˑp-u- | ||||||
| sycamore (Sp. aliso) | *maˑra-h | ||||||
| swaddle, to | *hik-ni- | ||||||
| swallow (bird) | *salˑip | ||||||
| swallow, to | *horko | *lak- | *myʔty- | ||||
| swan (heron) | *kow-kow | ||||||
| sweat, to | *ča(ˑ)py, *ča(ˑ)pa ? | ||||||
| sweat house | *čapy-(j-ˑa-) | *han(ˑ)i-, *han(ˑ)e- | |||||
| sweet | *čuj-čuj | ||||||
| swell up, to | *poˑko-n | *makty- | |||||
| swift | *hywˑa | ||||||
| swim, to | *ʔel... | *ʔyp-ṣy | |||||
| swing, to | *juṣe..., *juṣu... | ||||||
| swing s.o., to | *ʔejˑo, *ʔeˑjo | ||||||
| tadpole | *ʔapoṭˑo-ṭˑo- | ||||||
| tail | *koˑk | *tuˑpuj | *ṣuˑki- | ||||
| take, to | *hoˑjo | *wel-ki | |||||
| take care of | *hajˑa | ||||||
| take out, to | *haw-j-i | ||||||
| talk, to | *liwˑa- | *ʔaṭaw | |||||
| tangle (snarl) | *ročo(j) ? | ||||||
| tarweed | *jarka-ṣ | ||||||
| tattoo | *syk(ˑ)a- | ||||||
| tea plant | *huk... | ||||||
| tear, to | *tep-wa- | ||||||
| tears | *ʔiˑn, *ʔinˑy ? | ||||||
| tears, to weep | *čiweˑl-y- | ||||||
| teeth, tooth | *kyˑt, *kytˑy- | *kyṭy- | |||||
| teeth (molar) | *kaˑra-s, *karwa-s ? | ||||||
| tell, to | *ruta | *monṣe | *kojoˑw-u-, *liwˑa- | ||||
| tell myths, to | *ʔuteˑn-y- | ||||||
| temporal | *-wa ? | *-ta- | |||||
| temporal case | *{-no} | ||||||
| ten | *tanac/, *tanc/a-h-te | *naʔaˑ-ča- | |||||
| tender (meat) | *henˑa-na- | ||||||
| tendon (Sp. niervo) | *hurek | *pasuˑka-, *posuˑka- | *latˑik, *laˑtik | ||||
| testicles | *ṣawtal | ||||||
| that | *hin-, *han-, *mi(n)-, *ma(n) | *ʔiˑke, *ʔeˑke | |||||
| that one | *ʔit(ˑ)e | ||||||
| that, over there | *noˑšu, *nošˑu | *piˑna | |||||
| then | *no-n | ||||||
| there | *ti ? | *no(ˑ) | |||||
| these people | *ne-kˑo | ||||||
| they | *ʔi-kˑo | ||||||
| thick | *lewˑy-ṣ | ||||||
| thief | *wyl(ˑ)a | ||||||
| thigh | *koˑwi | *tun(ˑ)u, *tumu- ? | |||||
| thin (leaf) | *čak- | ||||||
| think, to | *hinwi, *henwe | *ta(ˑ)wy..., *tawˑy... | *ṭyn-ṭyn-ny- | *ṭonˑi- | |||
| third | *telko-pa- | ||||||
| thirsty | *ʔakˑi-n | *lakˑo | |||||
| this/here | *neˑš, *nešˑy | ||||||
| thorn | *hylˑa-la- | ||||||
| those | *pin-ja | ||||||
| thou, thy, thine | *(m)in. | ||||||
| thrasher (bird) | *kulˑu-ˑṭi- | ||||||
| three | *kape-s | ||||||
| throat | *horko-ṣ | *myʔˑyṭ-(ˑ)a- | |||||
| throw over-hand | *čeˑʔ-y- | ||||||
| thunder | *timˑel-e- | ||||||
| thunder, to | *timeˑl-y | ||||||
| tick(insect) | *ṣaˑtar ? | *ketˑa | *huˑti- | ||||
| tick (small) | *winsir-i | ||||||
| tie, to | *ṣ.yˑčy- | *tyˑjy | |||||
| tiein a knot, to | *ṣotiˑl-y-, *sotli- | ||||||
| tight | *čučˑe | ||||||
| tighten, to | *pit.- | *ṣyṭ-ki- | |||||
| tip | *tunˑe | ||||||
| tired, to be | *ṭan- | ||||||
| toad | *wakrač-min | ||||||
| tobacco (wild) | *maṭˑel | *kaˑṣy- | *kajaw | ||||
| toe | *kolo | ||||||
| together | *kenˑe-t | ||||||
| tongue | *lasˑe-h | *nepˑit | *len/mtip | ||||
| top | *lilˑe-mˑaṭy- | ||||||
| touch, to | *hajˑe- | ||||||
| tough | *kaṭˑy | ||||||
| towhee | *ṭew(ˑ)en ? | ||||||
| towhee, brown | *čik-čik | ||||||
| toy | *ʔawin-ˑa- | *ʔe·la ? | |||||
| toyon | *totʲˑo-n < **tojˑon | *koˑso- | |||||
| tracks | *kolo | *haṭˑe- | |||||
| trade, to | *karwi, *karwe | *temaˑl-y- | |||||
| trail | *ʔinˑu | *muˑk, *mukˑu | |||||
| trail, to | *ʔenpu-, *ʔonpu- | ||||||
| trail by scent | *hukˑa- | ||||||
| trample, to | *jiṣˑa | ||||||
| transitive | *-wa | ||||||
| transparent | *čak- | ||||||
| travel, to | *ʔinju | ||||||
| tree | *ma(ˑ)ra-h, *tapˑur | *laˑma- | |||||
| tremble, to | *jutuṭ-ˑu-ṭˑu | ||||||
| trout | *ṭal..., *ṭol… | *lapiˑsaj | |||||
| try, to | *menˑa(w), *meˑna(w) | ||||||
| tule (cattail) | *haˑle | ||||||
| tule (round) | *loˑko-ṣ ? | *walakˑaj, *walˑakaj | *liˑn, *linˑy- | ||||
| turn into, to | |||||||
| turn over, to | *ʔeṭ..., *ʔet... | ||||||
| turtle | *ʔawan-, *ʔawin- | *meleˑ-ja | |||||
| twelve | *ʔoṭik-ṣakeˑn-yʔ | ||||||
| twenty | *naʔˑa- | ||||||
| twine, to | *tewˑy | ||||||
| twin(s) | *ʔojˑa | ||||||
| twist, to | *paṭiˑ-wy- | ||||||
| two | *ʔoṭi, *ʔoṭ- | ||||||
| two (counting) | *ʔoṭiˑ-jak | ||||||
| ugly | *ʔyṣyˑ-ṭa- | ||||||
| uncle | *ʔetˑe | *hajʔi | |||||
| uncle (mat.) | *kaˑka | ||||||
| uncle (pat.) | *ʔola | ||||||
| understand, to | *ṭoleˑ-jy- | ||||||
| union | *himˑe-n | ||||||
| unite, to | *himˑe | ||||||
| untangle, to | *roč-wi | ||||||
| untie, to | *ṭokˑu- | ||||||
| up | *riˑni(h), *rinˑi(h) | *liˑle | |||||
| upward | *liˑle-tˑy-t | ||||||
| urinate, to | *čala | *ʔoṭ-ṣu | |||||
| urine | *čala | *ʔoṭa- | |||||
| use up, to | *takmy- | ||||||
| valley | *pyˑlaj | ||||||
| vanish, to | *ṣatpy- | ||||||
| veins | *ṭupˑin, *ṭuˑpin | ||||||
| verbalizer | *-ty, *-wy, *-y | *-še?, *-te, *-wi | *-ṣy, *-ˑli- | *-jY-, *-nY-, *-ŋkY-, *-ŋY-, *-sY- | *-čY-, *-lY-, *-tY- | ||
| verbal suffix | *-ˑny ? | *-ke | |||||
| very | *toˑko- | ||||||
| visit, to | *wareˑ-pi | *ʔemaˑ-jy- | |||||
| vocative case | *{-ˑ} | ||||||
| volitional | *-ko- | *-eH-, *-ni- | |||||
| vomit, to | *ʔaṭṣi | *hoˑne- | |||||
| wade, to | *lyn... | ||||||
| wade across | *myˑŋ-y- | ||||||
| wail for dead | *jalaˑk-y | ||||||
| Wait! | *jeˑla! | ||||||
| wait, to | *hajˑa | ||||||
| wake up, to | *talˑi, *tiˑli ? | *ʔaw-j-e-n, *ʔeṭ-we-n | |||||
| walk, to | *hinˑe, *hinˑi, *ʔinju | *wyˑn-y- | |||||
| want, to | *hiwse-n, *ʔunˑi | *(h)eˑja(w) | *welak | ||||
| war, to wage | *konaˑs-y- | ||||||
| warm | *mošˑe ? | *pet... | *ṭom-ṭom | ||||
| warm o.s., to | *komˑu- | ||||||
| wash, to | *čolˑa, *lolˑa | ||||||
| wash face, to | *mulak | ||||||
| wasp sp. | *poˑtor-, *poˑṭor- | ||||||
| watch, to | *hajˑa, *wel-, *wol- | *ṭen- | |||||
| water | *kiˑk, *kikˑy- | ||||||
| water, to get | *ʔuṣ-te | ||||||
| watery, to get | *sipri-n | ||||||
| we, us, our | *makṣi | ||||||
| we du. incl. | *ʔičˑi, *ʔiči, *ʔič | ||||||
| we pl. incl. | *ʔoṭi-ṭˑi- | *-ṭič | |||||
| we two | *ʔoṭiˑ-me-, *ʔoṭi-m | *ʔoč(ˑ)i, *ʔoč | |||||
| weak | *henˑa-na- | ||||||
| weasel | *čaṭi | ||||||
| weep, tears | *čiwel | ||||||
| west | *ramˑa | ||||||
| wet | *čakaṣ, *puˑl | *jyte- | |||||
| wet, to | *mol(ˑ)i | ||||||
| whale | *ṭimˑe | ||||||
| what | *hin-, *han-, *hin-ṭi, *hin-ṭa | ||||||
| what? | *hin-ka | *tinˑy- | |||||
| what is that? | *hin-ṭo | ||||||
| when? | *hin-wa | *mi-ta-n | |||||
| where? | *min i, *man i | *han i | |||||
| which | *hampi | ||||||
| which? | |||||||
| while, a while | *haˑna-ʔ | ||||||
| whip, to | *meṭ-ja | ||||||
| whirl, to (wind) | *pukuj | ||||||
| whirlwind | *pukˑuj | ||||||
| whiskers | *ʔuṭu | *heˑjek/s | |||||
| whisper, to | *ṣekoj | ||||||
| whistle, to | *kuˑji ? | *huṣ-ke | *kujak | ||||
| white | *puṭu-, *poṭo- | *kele-lˑi- | |||||
| who | *mi(n)-, *ma(n) | *hampi | |||||
| wife | *hawa,, *hawˑa | *ʔoṣˑa- | *kulˑe-ṣ | ||||
| wife’s br. | *wokˑoli-, *wokli- | ||||||
| wildcat | *toˑrom(a) ? | *tolˑo-mˑa | *toleṣ | ||||
| willow sp. | *riˑpi-n | *tarha… | |||||
| win (game), to | *luˑṣu- | ||||||
| wind | *hena | ||||||
| wind (north) | *kan(ˑ)ym ? | ||||||
| wing | |||||||
| wink, to | *čitak | *činpy- | |||||
| winnow, to | *puṣˑe ? | ||||||
| winter | *ʔomču,, *ʔumču | ||||||
| wolf | *ʔumˑu-h | *huˑn, *hunˑu | |||||
| woman | *šurik,, **ṣulik | *ʔoṣˑa- | *ʔyṣyˑʔyṣ | *počˑi-ṣ | |||
| womb | *ʔuˑč-a-ni- | ||||||
| wood | *tapˑur | *tumaj | *ṣyṣˑy- | ||||
| wood, to fetch | *tumˑu | *sunˑu- | |||||
| woodpecker | *pala...? | *čuruˑtu | *pak-pak | ||||
| woodrat | *hireh | *lolˑok | *julˑu | ||||
| woods(Sp. monte) | *hujˑa | ||||||
| world | *walˑi(p) | *pire | |||||
| worm | *keˑṣu-, *keˑsy- | ||||||
| wormwood | *kičin | ||||||
| worn out | *čaˑm ? | ||||||
| worry, to | *ṭyn-ṭyn-ny- | ||||||
| wrap, to | *paṭˑi- | *topoˑn-u- | |||||
| wren (canyon) | *ṣawa-n-ṭiˑṭi- | ||||||
| wring out, to | *čiˑnu, *ṭiˑnu | ||||||
| wrinkle, to | *čun-ta- | ||||||
| wrong | *pyṣˑi- | *numa | |||||
| year | *ʔomuˑča-, *ʔumuˑča | *walˑi | |||||
| yellow- brown | *ṭaja-, *ṭaṭa- ? | ||||||
| yellow-green | *čiwi-,, *ṣiwi- | ||||||
| yellow-hammer | *ṭiw(ˑ)ak | ||||||
| yellow jacket | *pinˑa-n | *melna ? | *ṣuṣˑu | ||||
| yes | *hyˑʔy, *ʔyˑ | ||||||
| yesterday | *ʔujka | ||||||
| you pl. | *mokˑom | *mi-kˑo, *mi-ko | |||||
| you pl. imv. | *-ṭ | ||||||
| you sg. | *(m)in | ||||||
| you sg. and I | *ʔič(ˑ)i, *ʔič(ˑ)y | ||||||
| young man | *koˑṭo, *koṭˑo | *sali- | *heˑna-ṣ |