Proto-Yuman reconstructions:[1]
| gloss | Proto-Yuman |
|---|---|
| be | *wi/*yu |
| be located (sg) | *wa |
| belly | *pxa; *p-xa |
| big | *tay |
| bird | *č-sa |
| body hair | *mi(ʔ) |
| bone | *ak |
| breasts | *ñ-maːy |
| cat | *-mi(ʔ) |
| causative | *x- |
| chief man | *-pa/*(ma) |
| chief, lord | *-pa/*ma |
| cold | *x-čur |
| cry | *mi(ʔ) |
| dance | *-ma(ʔ) |
| daughter | *p-čay |
| die | *pi |
| die (sg) | *pi |
| do | *wi/uːy |
| do; make | *wi/*uy |
| dog | *(č)-xat |
| dove | *k-wi(ʔ) |
| drink | *(č)-si; *si ? |
| ear | *ṣma(k)l ~ *ṣmal(k) |
| earth, place | *ʔ-mat |
| eat (hard food) | *č-aw |
| eat (soft food) | *ma |
| extinguish | *spa |
| eye | *yu(w) |
| face | *yu(w) (p)-xu |
| fall | *-nal |
| father | *n-ʔay; *-ta; *-ku ? |
| feather | *-waR |
| fire | *ʔ-ʔa(ː)w |
| give | *wi; *ʔi |
| he | *ña/*ya- |
| head | *ʔi(y) |
| hear | *kʷi(ː) |
| heaven, sky | *ʔ-ma(ʔ)y |
| horn | *kʷa ? |
| hot | *paR |
| house | *ʔ-wa(ʔ) |
| husband | *miːy |
| imperative prefix | *k- |
| irrealis | *-x(a) |
| kill | *pi |
| leaf | *ṣmak; *smaR |
| lie (be prone) | *yak |
| locative | *wa-l |
| locative (illative) | *-l |
| locative (thither) | *-m |
| man, male | *-miː(y); *maː(y) |
| man, person | *-pa/*ma |
| mother | *-tay; *-siy |
| mountain lion | *-miʔ tay |
| mountain sheep | *ʔ-mu(w) |
| mouth | *(y-)a |
| name | *maR |
| navel | *-pu |
| neck/nape | *iː-(m)puk ? |
| non-present aspect | *t |
| nose | *(p-)xu |
| object, plural | *pa |
| object, unspec. (anim.) | *ñ- |
| perceive | *kʷi |
| possessive prefix (inal.) | *ñ |
| prefixes (trans.) | *-, *m, *Ø |
| priest | *maː(y) |
| pronominal prefixes (stative) | *ñ, *m-, *w- |
| pronominal subject | *ʔ-, *m-, *Ø |
| rabbit | *pxar |
| reed | *xta |
| relative pronoun | *ña-/*ya |
| relativizer | *kʷ- |
| salt | *-ʔiR (< *s-ʔiR) |
| say | *ʔi |
| shaman | *-maː(y) |
| sit | *waː |
| skunk | *-xʷiw |
| sleep | *ṣma |
| son (w.s.) | *s-ʔaːw ? |
| star | *xmṣi |
| subject suffix | *-č; *-m |
| sun, day | *paR |
| that | *-ña/*-ya |
| there | *ña/*ya |
| thing, something | *ʔ-č |
| third person | *ña-/*ya |
| this | *p-u |
| thorn | *ʔ-ta(ː)t |
| three | *x-muk |
| to blow | *p-č/sul |
| tongue | *ʔimpal; *(y)pal; *-paR |
| two | *x-wak |
| water | *-xa(ʔ); *si |
| we | *ña-p |
| wife | *ku/*ki |
| wing | *waR |
| woman | *ki/*ku; *siñʔak |
| word | *maR |
| yes | *xaː |