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Proto-Zapotec reconstructions by Benton (1988)[1] and Operstein (2012)[2]:
Benton (1988)
| No. |
English gloss |
Proto-Zapotec
|
| 1. |
owe |
*-thaʔkwi/*-theʔkwi
|
| 2. |
teach |
*theʔNte
|
| 3. |
show |
*loʔywe
|
| 4. |
thin |
*laʔttha
|
| 5. |
hidden |
*kkaʔttye
|
| 6. |
pimple |
*keʔNcho
|
| 7. |
honey |
*cheʔNna/*tyeʔNna
|
| 8. |
night |
*tyaʔNla/*tyeʔla/*kyeʔla
|
| 9. |
pinewood |
*tyeʔtyi
|
| 10. |
word/language |
*tiʔchi-tha (word-people=language)
|
| 11. |
blood |
*tyeNnne
|
| 12. |
vapor |
*kwittyeN
|
| 13. |
coffin |
*kini
|
| 14. |
die |
*(k)ati
|
| 15. |
lard |
*thaN
|
| 16. |
go away |
*xe/*xeN
|
| 17. |
earthquake |
*shyo
|
| 18. |
cough |
*tyo(ː)ʔ
|
| 19. |
squirrel |
*nikwe-tyiʔttha
|
| 20. |
supper |
*ssh-ccheʔN
|
| 21. |
many |
*thaʔ-ya
|
| 22. |
many (2) |
*tha-ya-ni
|
| 23. |
reply, say |
*(kk/kkw)akwi
|
| 24. |
witch |
*nikwe-cha(ː)ʔ-(ccho), ni(thV)-yeʔ
|
| 25. |
seated |
*thoʔ-kwa (lit. stand-down/below)
|
| 26. |
standing |
*thoʔ-lli (lit. stand-straight)
|
| 27. |
louse |
*nikwe(ʔ)-ttyeN
|
| 28. |
nit |
*nikwe(ʔ)-ttyeN-yaʔ
|
| 29. |
above |
*(ki)-yaʔ (*yaʔ is reconstruction for "hand")
|
| 30. |
below |
*ki/ni-yaʔ (Also reconstruction for "foot")
|
| 31. |
below (2) |
*ketta, *lyetta
|
| 32. |
deep place (water) |
*keʔla, tyeʔla
|
| 33. |
send |
*ssheʔlla, *theʔlla
|
| 34. |
flat/level |
*laʔttyï
|
| 35. |
prickly-pear fruit |
*kwityï
|
| 36. |
child |
*shiʔni
|
| 37. |
eagle |
*nikwe-tthiyaː
|
| 38. |
be burned |
*choʔyi
|
| 39. |
whoʔ |
*ttyo, nyo
|
| 40. |
dark |
*sshinni
|
| 41. |
intestines |
*thiʔ/*shiʔ
|
| 42. |
with |
*no/*na
|
| 43. |
mute |
*kokkwa
|
| 44. |
bitter |
*lla
|
| 45. |
sweathouse |
*yaN
|
| 46. |
flute |
*(kwi)-ccheN
|
| 47. |
sin |
*kkeN, teN
|
| 48. |
tongue |
*loychi
|
| 49. |
wind |
*nikweN
|
| 50. |
stale |
*kwityeN
|
| 51. |
hard |
*keNtyeN
|
| 52. |
comb |
*kwe(ʔ)-(xw)
|
| 53. |
mirror |
*(k)wana
|
| 54. |
water gourd |
*shika
|
| 55. |
hair |
*kicchi/*kiccha
|
| 56. |
chayote |
*ya(ː)kkwa
|
| 57. |
dough |
*kkokwaː
|
| 58. |
yam, root |
*koː
|
| 59. |
tepache |
*nnokkwi
|
| 60. |
corn (dry shelled) |
*shoʔkwa
|
| 61. |
open, clear |
*(n-sh-)yaʔla
|
| 62. |
cornsmut |
*nikweʔ-yeN
|
| 63. |
sour |
*thiːʔ
|
| 64. |
morning |
*shiʔlla
|
| 65. |
cactus (nopal) |
*kwaʔ/kaʔ-ya
|
| 66. |
meat |
*kweʔla
|
| 67. |
moon |
*nikweʔ-yaː/yoː
|
| 68. |
crack |
*kiʔcchi
|
| 69. |
charcoal |
*kwoʔ
|
| 70. |
yesterday |
*nnaʔxa
|
| 71. |
metal |
*kiʔkwa
|
| 72. |
chile |
*kiʔnna
|
| 73. |
banana |
*kwe/ke-doʔ-a
|
| 74. |
feather |
*toʔykwi
|
| 75. |
soot |
*n(i)lan
|
| 76. |
life |
*ne-kwanni/wanni
|
| 77. |
eight |
*ssyo-nna/nnu
|
| 78. |
roadrunner |
*nikwe-ssyoː/tye
|
| 79. |
Ejutla (town) |
*kwi/wi-tha
|
| 80. |
dandruff, powder |
*(kwe)-to(ː)ʔ-yV
|
| 81. |
wolf |
*nikwe-xwoː/yoː
|
| 82. |
anus |
*kwe/sho-shi, kwe-(tya)-shi
|
| 83. |
new |
*kkoYkwi
|
| 84. |
pineapple |
*(kwe)-shiʔcho/chiʔcho
|
| 85. |
scar, mole |
*kwe-yaʔ
|
| 86. |
blind |
*-kaʔ
|
| 87. |
day before yesterday |
*(Yke)-naxa-ttha
|
| 88. |
foot |
*ki/ni-yaʔ
|
| 89. |
toad |
*nikweʔ-tyeN
|
| 90. |
yellow (1) |
*(n/k)yaʔ-che, kaʔ(N)-YteN
|
| 91. |
paper |
*kiʔ-ttyeN
|
| 92. |
snake |
*nikweʔ-lla
|
| 93. |
skunk |
*nikweʔ-tta/YttaN
|
| 94. |
fox |
*nikweʔ-tha/thaN
|
| 95. |
sky |
*(ki)-kwaʔ(N)-xV
|
| 96. |
man |
*ni-keʔ-yu
|
| 97. |
fiesta |
*tthaʔ (probably from 'relative')
|
| 98. |
flea |
*nikweʔ-yu
|
| 99. |
patio |
*(ke)-laʔ-ya
|
| 100. |
fence |
*(ke)-loʔ-ya
|
| 101. |
house |
*niʔ
|
| 102. |
weed |
*kisshi
|
| 103. |
arm, shoulder |
*she(ʔ)kko/*she(ʔ)xxw
|
| 104. |
root |
*llo
|
| 105. |
dove |
*nikwe-ko
|
| 106. |
cheek |
*sshaka/*cchaka
|
| 107. |
weaver's stick |
*shiʔkwi/*chiʔkwi
|
| 108. |
leaf-cutter ant |
*nikwe-yoʔkwa
|
| 109. |
cross (v) |
*teʔNti
|
| 110. |
powder (also possibly tobacco) |
*keʔtha
|
| 111. |
pond, deep water |
*keʔla
|
| 112. |
inside, stomach |
*laʔnni/*naʔnni
|
| 113. |
big |
*thenna/*shella
|
| 114. |
flower |
*kiyaʔ/*kiyaʔN/*kiyaʔx
|
| 115. |
tadpole |
*nikwe-lloʔlla
|
| 116. |
roasting ear |
*thaʔN
|
| 117. |
dog |
*nikwe-xxwo
|
| 118. |
iguana lizard |
*nikwe-ttyaʔ-ttyeN
|
| 119. |
green |
*kaʔ-ye
|
| 121. |
seven |
*ka-tya
|
| 122. |
three |
*ccho-nna
|
| 123. |
two |
*ttyo-kkwa
|
| 124. |
twenty |
*ka-llxV
|
| 125. |
clay griddle |
*tyeNlla
|
| 126. |
thorn |
*ke(ʔ)Ncchi
|
| 127. |
beans |
*thaːʔ
|
| 128. |
beans (2) |
*thaːʔ-yaʔ
|
| 130. |
raise |
*-l/k-xattha
|
| 131. |
grindstone |
*keNttyeN
|
| 132. |
be afraid |
*cheʔNkweN
|
| 133. |
empty (adj) |
*laʔttya
|
| 134. |
empty (v) |
*laʔtta
|
| 135. |
tar |
*kinni
|
| 136. |
Sola de Vega (town) |
*xwattyeN
|
| 137. |
peaceful |
*cheʔN
|
| 138. |
milk, sap |
*niʔtyeN
|
| 139. |
man's brother |
*kweNttyeN
|
| 140. |
cool |
*k(w)allV
|
| 141. |
deer |
*nikwe-tyeNnna (see also RAT)
|
| 142. |
grey hair (also may have meant trash) |
*(ttoʔ)kkwa
|
| 143. |
hole |
*keʔNtyo
|
| 144. |
year, feast |
*laʔnna
|
| 145. |
close (v) |
*-tth-yaʔNxw
|
| 146. |
bone |
*tyeNtta
|
| 147. |
woman's sister |
*kwella
|
| 148. |
mamey (kind of fruit) |
*kella
|
| 149. |
more |
*thi
|
| 150. |
blister |
*nikwe-ttyi-yaʔ
|
| 151. |
fingernail |
*(kwi)-sho-ka/ya
|
| 152. |
chicken |
*nxiʔti
|
| 153. |
tenate |
*tyoʔkwa
|
| 155. |
tortilla |
*ketta
|
| 156. |
squash |
*keNtto
|
| 157. |
black |
*(k)aʔtthVx
|
| 158. |
adobe |
*-tthoʔ
|
| 159. |
nest |
*-yaʔtha
|
| 160. |
baby |
*nikwe-toʔ
|
| 161. |
old |
*xoʔssha(N)
|
| 162. |
bed |
*loʔna/*noʔna
|
| 163. |
warm |
*-chaʔ
|
| 164. |
short |
*sshoʔkwi
|
| 165. |
short (2) |
*kwiʔ-ttyo
|
| 166. |
full |
*chaʔ
|
| 167. |
pinecone |
*nikwe-(sh)ika
|
| 168. |
maguey |
*to(ː)kwa
|
| 169. |
shadow |
*kkwaʔla
|
| 171. |
intelligent |
*-tthinna
|
| 172. |
free, loose |
*-laʔ(-w)
|
| 173. |
four |
*tta-kkwa
|
| 174. |
delicate |
*-ta
|
| 175. |
lighten |
*chaccha
|
| 176. |
lame |
*kkoY/ttoY-ssho
|
| 177. |
leather, skin |
*kiti
|
| 178. |
river |
*kaʔNxw/*tyaʔNxw
|
| 179. |
necklace |
*kweʔka/*kwaʔkka
|
| 180. |
cloud |
*sshVka-(xwo/xo)-beN
|
| 181. |
buzzard |
*kweNcchi
|
| 182. |
avocado |
*k/l-yassho
|
| 183. |
rain |
*ki-yaxV/laxV
|
| 184. |
long time |
*ssh-ccheN
|
| 185. |
alligator |
*nikweʔ-na
|
| 186. |
mushroom |
*nikweʔ-ya
|
| 187. |
lazy |
*-eʔte
|
| 188. |
guage (tree) |
*laʔ
|
| 189. |
you (sg) |
*lyoʔ
|
| 190. |
here (in an elevated position) |
*kaʔ
|
| 191. |
here (not elevated) |
*tyeʔN/*neʔN
|
| 192. |
mouth |
*tyoʔ-wa
|
| 193. |
forty |
*tyoʔ-wa
|
| 194. |
ten |
*ttyeʔN-ya
|
| 195. |
fifteen |
*ttyeʔN-nna(N)
|
| 196. |
back |
*teʔNttya(N)
|
| 197. |
one |
*ttoy-kwa
|
| 198. |
six |
*sshoʔ-kkwa
|
| 199. |
nine |
*kaʔ(y)-ya
|
| 200. |
five |
*kaʔ-ya(N)
|
| 201. |
master, owner |
*(kwe/kwa)-sh-waʔna
|
| 202. |
petate |
*taːʔ
|
| 203. |
sharp, pointed |
*lloʔ-
|
| 204. |
few |
*she-yaʔ/naʔ
|
| 205. |
slow |
*ccheʔ/*ssheʔ
|
| 206. |
seed |
*nikwe-tyeʔN
|
| 207. |
cloth |
*la(ʔ)tyeN/*na(ʔ)tyeN
|
| 208. |
bent |
*chon-go/*len-go/*tyen-go
|
| 209. |
cat |
*kwicchi/*kwittho
|
| 210. |
whistle |
*kwi(-cchi-)w
|
| 211. |
baby boy |
*kweʔtho/*kwaʔssho
|
| 213. |
small crab |
*kweN
|
| 214. |
nipple |
*zhityeN
|
| 215. |
cotton |
*sshiʔlli
|
| 216. |
oppossum |
*nikwe-kweʔtha/leʔtha
|
| 217. |
crow |
*kwe-yakka
|
| 218. |
ice |
*keʔka
|
| 219. |
tendon |
*kikwi
|
| 220. |
sickly |
*keNcha
|
| 221. |
red |
*na-ya
|
| 222. |
leaf |
*(kwa-)llaka
|
| 223. |
tree |
*yaʔ-ka
|
| 224. |
home |
*leNtyeN
|
| 225. |
cornhusk |
*kkwela
|
| 226. |
ear of corn |
*ke/ne-tha
|
| 227. |
placenta |
*lityeN
|
| 228. |
face |
*lo
|
| 229. |
year |
*itha
|
| 230. |
mud |
*-kwenn-yo
|
| 231. |
low, near |
*kasshxw
|
| 232. |
termite |
*nikwe-sshi(-chi-)
|
| 233. |
net |
*keNsshVx
|
| 235. |
neck |
*yanni
|
| 236. |
bird |
*nikinni
|
| 237. |
shout |
*kweNchi-yaʔ
|
| 238. |
arrive |
*tyeNna
|
| 239. |
rat |
*nikwe-tyeʔNnna (see also DEER)
|
| 240. |
son in law |
*nikwe-koʔtyeN
|
| 241. |
now |
*n(n)a
|
| 242. |
male |
*(ni)kola
|
| 243. |
star |
*nikwe-la(ː)xw
|
| 244. |
raccoon |
*nikwe-she-ya
|
| 245. |
armadillo |
*nikwe(-sho-)-kkwi
|
| 246. |
incense |
*yaʔla
|
| 248. |
ringtailed cat |
*nikwe-shiʔcho
|
| 249. |
mix |
*yoʔ/sha-cha
|
| 250. |
sugarcane |
*n/ketta
|
| 251. |
clay pot |
*keʔttho
|
| 252. |
work |
*tyeʔNnna
|
| 253. |
palm tree |
*thina
|
| 254. |
bee |
*nikwe-tho
|
| 255. |
water |
*nittha
|
| 256. |
walk |
*tha
|
| 257. |
burn, sting |
*choʔyV
|
| 258. |
waterpot |
*tyeʔN
|
| 260. |
heart |
*laʔtyeN-toʔ
|
| 261. |
squeeze |
*ttheʔN
|
| 262. |
town |
*ke(ʔ)NcheN
|
| 263. |
arrow |
*kwatha
|
| 264. |
cold |
*lla
|
| 265. |
lard |
*tha
|
| 266. |
ant |
*nikwe-tyeʔN
|
| 267. |
nephew |
*shiʔni-yaka/tthoʔkwa
|
| 268. |
standing |
*lliʔ
|
| 269. |
day after tomorrow |
*wi-cheN/cha
|
| 271. |
branch |
*shoʔtyeN
|
| 272. |
frog |
*sheʔnV
|
| 273. |
laugh |
*shiʔtyeN
|
| 274. |
father |
*kwi-sshottha
|
| 275. |
soft (material) |
*koʔy-tyeN
|
| 276. |
tejon |
*nikwe-shiʔcho
|
| 277. |
sun |
*nikwe-cha
|
| 278. |
son-in-law |
*(kweN/neN-)koʔ-yityeN (lit. 'enter-home')
|
| 279. |
fox |
*nikwe-thaʔ
|
| 280. |
mold |
*nVkweʔN(yV)
|
| 281. |
turkey |
*nikwe-(ch)xV
|
| 282. |
rock |
*kexV
|
| 283. |
flour |
*kethVw
|
| 284. |
water hole/well |
*kwexV
|
| 285. |
drink (v.) |
*-xeʔ
|
| 286. |
eat |
*-(t)aw/*xaw
|
| 287. |
lower |
*-lyetta/*-xetta
|
| 288. |
bathe |
*-xatha
|
| 289. |
run away |
*shoʔnnx
|
| 290. |
play |
*tyeNtta/*xeNtta
|
| 291. |
pay |
*tishe/*tixw
|
| 292. |
among/between |
*latx
|
Operstein (2012)
| English gloss |
Proto-Zapotec
|
| (habitual aspect) |
*tye-
|
| (egg)shell |
*kwe-ttyokaʔ
|
| ant |
*kwe-’tyeʔ
|
| back; behind |
*tittzi
|
| bone |
*tyitta
|
| breast |
*xityi
|
| clay griddle |
*’tyiʔla
|
| cough |
*tyoːʔ
|
| dark |
*ttyuːʔlla
|
| deer |
*kwe-tzinaʔ
|
| domestic bird; turkey |
*kw-etya
|
| emotional center |
*’laʔtyiʔ
|
| foam |
*kwe-(t)tziːʔnaʔ
|
| frighten |
*ok-tzekwε
|
| frog |
*kw-etyiʔ
|
| head hair |
*kittzaʔ
|
| heart |
*laʔtyiʔ-tawoʔ
|
| hidden |
*(na-)kaʔttziʔ
|
| hole |
*’keːʔtyu
|
| honey |
*(kwe-)tzinaʔ
|
| iguana |
*(ko-)wattziʔ
|
| large wild feline |
*kw-eːʔtzi(k)
|
| louse |
*kw-eːʔttyiʔ
|
| maguey fiber |
*keːtze
|
| mother’s milk |
*niːʔtyiʔ
|
| mouth |
*’tyoʔwa
|
| nest |
*kwe-ttyeːʔsa
|
| paper |
*kiʔttyi
|
| pimple |
*keʔtzuʔ
|
| pine |
*ketye
|
| pineapple |
*xitzuʔ
|
| pus, snot |
*kuːʔtzeʔ
|
| quern |
*kiːʔttzi
|
| rabbit |
*kw-ittzi
|
| seed |
*kweːʔtyiʔ
|
| seven |
*’katyi
|
| son-in-law |
*(kwa-)kuːtzi ~ *xuʔutzi
|
| squirrel |
*kwe-’tyiːʔ(s)sa
|
| stewpan |
*ttzäʔ
|
| ten |
*k-tyiːʔ
|
| thorn |
*kettzeʔ
|
| three |
*ttzonna
|
| to arrive |
*tyina
|
| to be/get hot |
*tzeʔa
|
| to burst, break |
*-attzok
|
| to cut |
*ok-tyoːʔko
|
| to end |
*tyä
|
| to find |
*tzela
|
| to get fat/big |
*’tyaʔwo
|
| to hide |
*o(k)-kaːʔttziʔ
|
| to mix, stir |
*ok-oːʔttza
|
| to nurse |
*atyiʔ
|
| to play music |
*ok-kw-etzi
|
| to shout, cry |
*kw-etzi
|
| to squeeze |
*ok-k-iːʔttzi
|
| tomato |
*kwe-ttyuːxxik
|
| tongue |
*luːʔtzeʔ
|
| turkey |
*’kw-ety(a)
|
| two |
*k-tyoppa
|
| valley |
*laʔttyiʔ
|
| voice |
*ttyiʔi
|
| water jug |
*tyeʔe
|
| white |
*kw-eːʔttyiʔ
|
| white |
*na-kattyi
|
| work |
*tyiːʔna
|
| yellow |
*ku-ttzi
|
References
- ^ Benton, Joseph. 1988. Proto-Zapotec phonology. SIL International.
- ^ Operstein, Natalie. 2012. Proto-Zapotec *tty/*ty and *ttz/*tz. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 78, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 1-40