This appendix lists selected stable lexical roots in Proto-Uralic.
Approximately 500 Uralic lemmas can be reconstructed.
The reconstructed vocabulary is compatible with a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer culture and a north Eurasian landscape (spruce, Siberian pine, and various other species found in the Siberian taiga), and contains interesting hints on kinship structure. On the other hand, agricultural terms cannot be reconstructed for Proto-Uralic. Words for ‘sheep’, ‘wheat / barley’ and ‘flour’ are phonologically irregular within Uralic and all have limited distribution. In addition, the word for ‘metal’ or ‘copper’ is actually a Wanderwort (cf. North Saami veaiki, Finnish vaski ‘copper, bronze’, Hungarian vas, and Nganasan basa ‘iron’).
Examples of vocabulary correspondences between the modern Uralic languages are provided in the list of comparisons at the Finnish Wikipedia.
A list of Proto-Uralic reconstructions by Ante Aikio (2021) is provided below.
| UED no. | English gloss | Proto-Uralic | Finnish reflex |
|---|---|---|---|
| 663 | ‘head’ | *ojwa | oiva |
| 964 | ‘eye’ | *śilmä | silmä |
| 23 | ‘hair on the head’ | *i̮pti | hapsi |
| 280 | ‘tongue’ | *käli | kieli |
| 769 | ‘tooth’ | *piŋi | pii |
| 309 | ‘nail’ | *künči | kynsi |
| 277 | ‘skin’ | *keti | kesi (archaic) |
| 519 | ‘liver’ | *mi̮ksa | maksa |
| 972 | ‘gut’ | *śali | suoli |
| 1152 | ‘blood’ | *weri | veri |
| 132 | ‘live’ | *elä- | elää |
| 339 | ‘die’ | *kali- | kuole- |
| ‘shiver’ | *tarki- | ? > tarkene- | |
| ‘be sick or exhausted’ | *poči- | pote- | |
| 430 | ‘cough’ | *kusi- | - |
| 408 | ‘urinate’ | *kuńśi- | kuse- |
| 590 | ‘see’ | *näki- | näke- |
| 386 | ‘hear’ | *kuwli- | kuule- |
| 151 | ‘smell’ | *ipsä- | - |
| 1077 | ‘know’ | *tumti- | tunte- |
| 739 | ‘be afraid’ | *peli- | pelkää- |
| 893 | ‘eat’ | *sewi- | syö- |
| 818 | ‘bite’ | *puri- | pure- |
| 909 | ‘chew’ | *soski- | - |
| 1247 | ‘gnaw’ | *jürä- | jyrsi- |
| 195 | ‘drink’ | *ji̮xi- / *juxi- | juo- |
| 148 | ‘suck’ | *ńimi- | ime- |
| 633 | ‘lick’ | *ńali- | nuole- |
| 619 | ‘swallow’ | *ńäli- | niele- |
| 695 | ‘eat up’ | *pala- | pala |
| ‘devour, eat voraciously’ | *appa- | appa- | |
| 830 | ‘blow’ | *puwa- | - |
| 965 | ‘spit’ | *śülki- | sylki |
| 1074 | ‘come’ | *tuli- | tule- |
| 563 | ‘go’ | *meni- | mene- |
| 464 | ‘leave, go out’ | *läkti- | lähte- |
| 1110 | ‘come down’ | *wi̮lka- | valka- (dialectal), > valkama |
| 1088 | ‘swim’ | *uji- | ui- |
| 1148 | ‘take, transport’ | *wixi- | vie- |
| 1061 | ‘bring’ | *toxi- | tuo- |
| 237 | ‘carry’ | *kanta- | kanta- |
| 221 | ‘leave (transitive)’ | *kaďa- | katoa- |
| 703 | ‘put’ | *pi̮ni- | pane- |
| 701 | ‘open’ | *panča- | - |
| 1447 | ‘pull out’ | *ńükä- | nyhtä- |
| ‘beat’ | *peksä- | pieksä-, piekse- | |
| 799 | ‘wring, squeeze’ | *puśa- | puserta- |
| 568 | ‘wash’ | *mośki- | - |
| 197 | ‘speak, tell’ | *jupta- | juttele-; juttu |
| 212 | ‘give as a gift’ | *kaśa- | - |
| ‘set up a camp’ | *̮iśiw- | asu- | |
| 1290 | ‘tuck (a child) in the cradle’ | *kätki- | kätkyt |
| 715 | ‘day / warmth’ | *päjwä | päivä |
| 130 | ‘night’ | *eji | yö |
| 330 | ‘sun / dawn’ | *kaja | koi |
| 899 | ‘autumn’ | *sükiśi | syksy |
| 1037 | ‘winter’ | *tälwä | talvi |
| 662 | ‘year’ | *i̮di | vuosi |
| 1142 | ‘water’ | *weti | vesi |
| 496 | ‘snow’ | *lumi | lumi |
| 171 | ‘ice’ | *jäŋi | jää |
| 322 | ‘stone’ | *kiwi | kivi |
| 1070 | ‘lake’ | *tuwi | - |
| 172 | ‘bog’ | *jäŋkä | - |
| ‘lowland’ | *li̮nti | lansi (dialectal) | |
| 514 | ‘dew’ | *lupsa | - |
| 310 | ‘fog’ | *künti | - |
| - | ‘rain’ | *śada- | sade |
| 819 | ‘snowstorm’ | *purki | purku (dialectal) |
| 429 | ‘spruce’ | *kowsi | kuusi |
| 122 | ‘bird-cherry’ | *ďi̮mi | tuomi |
| 903 | ‘Siberian pine, Pinus sibirica’ | *si̮ksa | - |
| 228 | ‘fish’ | *kala | kala |
| 379 | ‘spawn’ | *kuďi- | kute- |
| 958 | ‘scales, fish skin’ | *śi̮mi | suomu |
| 753 | ‘nest’ | *pesä | pesä |
| 561 | ‘egg’ | *muna | muna |
| 1075 | ‘feather’ | *tulka | ?? sulka |
| 946 | ‘osprey’ | *śäkśi | sääksi |
| 969 | ‘goldeneye’ | *śodka | sotka |
| 245 | ‘crane’ | *kurki / *ki̮rki | kurki |
| 497 | ‘goose’ | *lunta | lintu |
| 184 | ‘eagle owl’ | *epik(i) | hyypiö |
| ‘black-throated loon’ | *ti̮ktV / *tuktV | - | |
| 636 | ‘hare’ | *ńoma(-la) | - |
| 645 | ‘marten / sable’ | *ńukiś(i) | nois (dialectal) |
| 677 | ‘squirrel’ | *ora(-pa) | orava |
| 962 | ‘hedgehog’ | *śijil(i) | - |
| 1006 | ‘mouse’ | *šiŋir(i) | hiiri |
| 883 | ‘roach / ruffe’ | *särki | särki |
| 886 | ‘ide’ | *säwni / *sewni | säynäs |
| 1068 | ‘tench’ | *totki | totki (dialectal) |
| 302 | ‘snake’ | *küji | kyy |
| 1035 | ‘louse’ | *täji | täi |
| 134 | ‘mother’ | *emä / *ämä | emä |
| 60 | ‘uncle / paternal uncle / maternal uncle’ | *čečä | setä |
| 368 | ‘maternal aunt / grandmother’ | *koska | - |
| 131 | ‘father / paternal uncle / grandfather’ | *ekä | - |
| 14 | ‘mother-in-law’ | *i̮na | anoppi |
| 21 | ‘father-in-law’ | *i̮ppi | appi |
| 544 | ‘daughter-in-law’ | *mińä | miniä |
| 1133 | ‘son-in-law’ | *wäŋiw | vävy |
| ‘sister-in-law’ | *ańi | - | |
| 263 | ‘sister- or brother-in-law’ | *käliw | käly |
| 587 | ‘sister- or brother-in-law’ | *nataw | nato (archaic) |
| 871 | ‘steal’ | *sala- | salaa- |
| 1652 | ‘quarrel, fight’ | *tora | tora, ? torju- |
| 1597 | ‘warfare’ | *śoďa | sota |
| 1073 | ‘fire’ | *tuli | tuli |
| 961 | ‘charcoal’ | *śüďi | sysi |
| ‘smolder’ | *küči- | kyte- | |
| ‘go out (of fire)’ | *kupsa- | - | |
| ‘cook’ | *peji- | - | |
| ‘roast on a spit’ | *japśi- / *jepśi- | - | |
| 474 | ‘broth, soup’ | *lämi | liemi |
| 190 | ‘bow’ | *j̮iŋsi / *joŋsi | jousi |
| 169 | ‘bowstring’ | *jänti(ŋi) | jänne |
| 622 | ‘arrow’ | *ńi̮li | nuoli |
| 482 | ‘shoot’ | *lewi- | lyö- |
| 37 | ‘needle’ | *äjmä | äimä |
| 817 | ‘drill’ | *pura | pura |
| 123 | ‘glue’ | *ďimä | tymä |
| 710 | ‘clay pot’ | *pata | pata |
| ‘skis’ | *suksi | suksi | |
| 911 | ‘row’ | *suxi- | souta- |
| ‘seat in a boat’ | *tukta | tuhto | |
| ‘fish with a net’ | *kala- | > kalin | |
| ‘fish with a dragnet’ | *kulta- | kulta- (dialectal) | |
| 1155 | ‘fish weir’ | *pado | pato |
| 145 | ‘1’ | *ükti / *äkti | yksi |
| 227 | ‘2’ | *kVkta / *kVktä | kaksi |
| 341 | ‘3’ | *kolmi / *kulmi / *kurmi | kolme |
| 620 | ‘4’ | *neljä | neljä |
| 1154 | ‘5’ | *wij(i)t(t)i | viisi |
| 433 | ‘6’ | *kuw(V)t(t)i | kuusi |
| 1588 | ‘7’ | *śäjśimä / *śä(j)ććimä | seitsemän |
| 576 | 1SG | ? *mi(-)nä | minä |
| 1083 | 2SG | ? *ti(-)nä | sinä |
| 59 | 3SG | ? *sV- (*sä-?) | se |
| 577 | 1PL | ? *me | me |
| 1084 | 2PL | ? *te | te |
| 919 | 3PL | ? *se | hän, he |
| 1034 | proximal demonstrative | *tä- | tämä |
| 1058 | distal demonstrative | ? *to- / ? *tu- | tuo |
| 581 | ‘what’ | *mi- | mikä |
| 372 | ‘who’ | *ke- | ke- |
| general content interrogative | *ku- | ku- | |
| 1173 | ‘new’ | *wuďi | uusi |
| 316 | ‘thick’ | *küsi | - |
| 759 | ‘long / high’ | *pid-kä | pitkä |
| ‘tame’ | *i̮ńa | ||
| ‘space on or above’ | *üli- | ylä- | |
| ‘on’ | **ül-nä (LOC) | yllä | |
| ‘off (from)’ | **ül-tä (ABL) | yltä | |
| ‘onto’ | **üli-ŋ (LAT) | ? ylle | |
| ‘space under or below’ | *i̮la- | ala- | |
| ‘space in front of’ | *edi- | esi- | |
| ‘space behind (on the other side of)’ | *taka- | taka | |
| ‘space near or opposite to’ | *läši- | lähi- | |
| ‘space behind (one’s back)’ | *müŋä- | > myöhä, myös, myötä | |
| ‘end’ | *peŋä | pää | |
| ‘earth’ | *mi̮xi | maa | |
| ‘base’ | *tüŋi | tyvi | |
| ‘back (body part)’ | *muka | > mukaan | |
| proprietive adjective suffix | *-ŋa | -va | |
| proprietive adjective suffix | *-ji | - | |
| caritive adjective suffix | *-ktAmA | -ton |
| Vocabulary lists of North Eurasian languages |
|---|
|
European • Balkan • Hurro-Urartian • Hattic • Sumerian (Swadesh) • Elamite • Etruscan • Burushaski • Ural-Altaic • Paleosiberian • p-Japanese • p-Ainu • p-Nivkh • p-Chukotko-Kamchatkan • p-Yukaghir • p-Yeniseian |
| Caucasian |
|
Caucasian • p-Northwest Caucasian • p-Nakh-Daghestanian • p-Kartvelian |
| Uralic |
|
p-Uralic (stable roots) • Finnic • Saami • Mordvinic • Mari • Permic • Ugric • Samoyedic |
| "Altaic" linguistic area |
|
Altaic • p-Altaic • Turkic • Mongolic • Common Mongolic • Khitan • Taghbach |
| Indo-European |
|
Germanic • Celtic • Romance • Baltic • East Slavic • West Slavic • South Slavic |