Taruma word lists from Loukotka (1949)[1] and Jolkesky (2016)[2]:
Data sources used by Loutkotka (1949):[1]
| Abbreviation | Citation |
|---|---|
| F | Farabee, William C. The Central Arawacks. Anthropological Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. IX. Philadelphia, 1918. |
| R | Roth, Walter E. Additional studies of the arts, crafts, and customs of the Guiana Indians. With special reference to those of southern British Guiana. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 91. Washington, 1929. |
| S1 | Schomburgk, R. Reisen in Britisch-Guiana. Leipzig, 1848. (Reprinted in: Martius, Dr Carl Friedrich Phil. von. Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerika’s zumal Brasiliens. Leipzig, 1867.) |
| S2 | Schomburgk, Sir Robert. Comparative vocabulary of 18 languages and dialects of Indian tribes inhabiting Guiana. Report of eighteenth meeting of the British Association for the advancement of science, held at Swansea, in August 1848. London, 1849. |
| S3 | Schomburgk, R. H. Journey to the sources of the Essequibo. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 10. London, 1841, p. 159-190. |
| S4 | Schomburgk, R. H. Visit to the sources of the Takutu. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 13. London, 1843, p. 18-75. |
| S5 | Schomburgk, R. H. Journal of an expedition from Pirara to Demerara. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 15. London, 1845, p. 1-104. |
Taruma word list by Loutkotka (1949):
| French gloss | Taruma | source |
|---|---|---|
| affamé | hukapadiko | F |
| agouti | tuh | F |
| agouti (petit) | huki | F |
| aller à une grotte | hwakikuraba | F |
| aller en retard | gwanana | F |
| allumer le feu | kwami, kuru-kwami | F |
| apporter | awadasi | F |
| après-demain | saliki | F |
| après après-demain | salikabada | F |
| appuyer (s') | wĭruwĭru | F |
| arbre de balata (Miniusops globosa) | bikeru | F |
| arc | tzeika, čeka | S1 |
| argile | kuline | F |
| aujourd'hui | ole | F |
| autre | učaka | F |
| avant-hier | noki | F |
| avant avant-hier | nuki-bada | F |
| avoir | ha, habia | F |
| banane | bĭli | F |
| beaucoup | čegičegi | F |
| beau-frère | akiwa | F |
| blanc | wokik | F |
| blanc (un) | parána-ghiri | S2 |
| bleu | daitwik | F |
| bloc de pierre | api | F |
| bois | džukanahu | F |
| bon | hia | F |
| bouche | kukana, meru-kukanna (ma bouche) | F |
| bouteille | pateli | F |
| calebasse | gŏlie | F |
| cabiai | guara | F |
| ceinture | ĭndžabo | F |
| cerf rouge | kauyi | F |
| cerf (esp. de) | ki’ilya | F |
| cerf de savanne | hiči | F |
| champ | čeyo | F |
| champ (nouveau) | gúmedža | F |
| chaud | biau | F |
| chevron | kobir | R |
| chien | hi | S1 |
| chien de fusil | dula-dula | F |
| chose | kokuna | F |
| ciseaux | širala | F |
| coati | kotyang | S2 |
| colonne | dobír | R |
| combien | kwačiwigueraba | F |
| coton | mulu | F |
| couler | čuraka | F |
| couleur | samaku | F |
| couper | biči, tatuka | F |
| cour | bakwasi | F |
| couronne de plumes | čĭnika | F |
| court | širaiwi | F |
| couteau | malia | F |
| coutelas | kačupara | F |
| demain | sali | F |
| donner de l'eau | dazi-za | F |
| douloureux | kwara | F |
| dur | u’u | F |
| eau | tza, za | S1 |
| éclipse de lune | piwa-toto | S4, S5 |
| emballer | duma | F |
| encens | zi | F |
| entourer | bainikwa | F |
| esprit | kantu | F |
| étoile | wingra | S1 |
| étrangers | waničú | F |
| les étrangers sont venus | madakĭna waničú | F |
| êtes-vous ici ? | habia | F |
| faible | ulu | F |
| faire | kuru | F |
| faire la cuisine | džiku | F |
| fait | mukimuki | F |
| fatigué | ulukantua | F |
| femme | gumitsa | F |
| feu | hua, fwa | S1 |
| feuille | džukár | F |
| fini | aima | F |
| flèche | kupa | S1 |
| forêt | nukuda | F |
| forêt détruite | kasi-kasagwa (v. mort) | F |
| fort | dumi | F |
| frère | wi | F |
| frère cadet | u-ui | F |
| froid | siwa | F |
| fusil | arkebusa | F |
| garder | gugua | F |
| gens | ghiri | S2 |
| graisse | čăkwa | F |
| grand-mère | agigi | F |
| grand-père | abana | F |
| hache | badibapi | F |
| hamac | sai’ĭ | F |
| hameçon | kwakĕp | F |
| hier | nok | F |
| homme | gika | F |
| huile | čĭmi | F |
| ici | mahiki | F |
| jaguar | dun | F |
| jus de manioc | bačuku | F |
| là | duia | F |
| large | wakana | F |
| laver | gwačiki | F |
| léger | kabú | F |
| lentement | hiababwai | F |
| lézard | uwana, asidžĕri | F |
| ligne de pêche | fitema | F |
| loin | dunahá | F |
| lourd | dupá | F |
| loutre | karangwi | F |
| loutre (petit de la) | kwahau | F |
| lune | piwa, biwa | S1, S4, S5 |
| main | a-hu, a-u | S1 |
| maison | duiya | F |
| malade | baukánama | F |
| mâle | maito | F |
| manger | guaíniwí | F |
| mentir | hadé | F |
| mère | maiyu | F |
| mon | hamu | F |
| montagne | wai, fwai | S2 |
| mort | kasi | Sa |
| mou | yuma | F |
| neveu | džayiwi | F |
| nez | a-ssa, a-za | Sx |
| non | ĭndža | F |
| occident | zuniakwakiwaka | F |
| œil | a-tzi, a-či | Sx |
| oiseau | sĭli | F |
| oiseau aniqua | haragua | F |
| héron | džunari | F |
| perroquet | kiukiu | F |
| canard | zakoka | F |
| canard musqué | peli | F |
| poule | akala | F |
| curasow | kuyui | F |
| perroquet vert | karikari | F |
| canard (espèce de) | kuniwad | F |
| canard maréca | kaibadže | F |
| Psophia crepitans | nako | F |
| toucan blanc | ziku | F |
| aigle | mokaua | F |
| powis (Crax sp.) | wokuki | F |
| martin-pêcheur | sĕleli | F |
| martin-pêcheur, sp. | bičiču | F |
| toucan rouge | liyu | F |
| orient | ačakwa | F |
| où | ndači, ungwá | F |
| paca | kaikwi | F |
| pain | čiwi | F |
| palme (Mauritia aculeata) | yuro-i | S4 |
| paroi | katamma | R |
| pécari | baiyi | F |
| pécari (grande espèce) | hisu | F |
| peigne | paleli | F |
| père | paiyo | F |
| perles de verre | kasur | F |
| petit | gašiwi | F |
| pied | a-ppa, a-pa | S1 |
| pilier | džesada | R |
| pierre | api | F |
| plat | tala | F |
| pluie | fuza | F |
| il va pleuvoir | madakĭna-fuza | F |
| poisson | ale | F |
| beaucoup de poissons | čegi-ale | F |
| poudre à fusil | gula-paru | F |
| poutre | assaga | R |
| prendre | čuni | F |
| proche | diwi | F |
| profond | gwoa | F |
| puma | kwailipaua | F |
| quand | hama | F |
| que | gaga | F |
| râpe à manioc | simari, čĭmari | S5 |
| rasoir | kídimiš | F |
| rejeter | siwi | F |
| rivière | kidžu, kityu | F |
| rôtir | džauyi | F |
| roucou | kaloil | F |
| rouge | itsiku | F |
| rouge foncé | džŏli | F |
| ruisseau | kidžu | F |
| sac de voyage | ásigi | F |
| sac à dos | pakar | F |
| sans | yulu | F |
| (savoir) je ne sais pas | ndau | F |
| sel | ukwai | F |
| serpent-boa | heličiči | F |
| singe noir | kwagi | F |
| singe hurleur | rumi | F |
| singe rouge | mu | F |
| singe (esp. de) | koku | F |
| singe (esp. de) | sikwa | F |
| singe (esp. de) | kwisa | F |
| singe (esp. de) | hisai | F |
| sœur | ači | F |
| soif | wanapadika | F |
| soleil | ouang, wangu, hwa | S1 |
| sorcier | kiliku | F |
| tabac | tuma | F |
| tablier | čečamba | R |
| tante | maini | F |
| tapir | baki | F |
| tatou | marura | F |
| tatou (petit) | kabaiyo | F |
| terre | toto, dudo | S1, S4, S6 |
| terre noire | džongwi | F |
| tête | a-tta, a-dam | S1 |
| tirer | džudžukwa | F |
| tortue | gini | F |
| tortue (espèce de) | yariko | F |
| tuer | băhé | F |
| vagues | uriparu | F |
| (venir) vous êtes venus | kwepiag | F |
| vite | gwásiki | F |
| votre | ani | F |
| vous | a’a | F |
| noms mythologiques | Duid, Adžĭdžeko | F |
| nom d'un chien | Tewanaud | S3 |
| nom d'un village | Wannawantuk | R |
| noms de montagnes | Wangu-wai, Zibingaatzako, Zabaiokitzo, Kenukawai, Honikuri-yia-tzo, Amuku, Pakuku, Kaiwaka, Danigo, Marourana, Furako, Kasi Atiae | S2 |
| noms de rapides | Kitiwa, Kanaiyu, Bubamana, Yuranopito | S4 |
| rivière Essequibo | Kotyang-kityu, zi’i-kidžu | S2 |
| rivière Yauawauri | Kasi-kityu | S2 |
| noms de rivières | Kamoa, Dara-kityu, Urana, Basi-ki-tyu, Yuni-kityu, Kuritani-kityu, Pianaghotte-kityu, Burabaye, Masitaruki, Waki-kidyu, Waki-kidžu | S2 |
| Tarama (nom de la tribu) | Udžĕssi | F |
| Mapidian | Waikasi | F |
| Atorai | Saičiko | F |
| Wapišána | Wapičan | F |
| un | oše, ošiwai | S1 |
| deux | tyuwa, džowa | Sx |
| trois | ungkeha, mĭkayahi | Sx |
| quatre | džobarada | F |
| cinq | dodangurubăb | F |
| six | ošekia akanna urapani ahumi, ošiwai yakana’-ahami | S4 |
| sept | džowak-yakana’-ahami | F |
| huit | mikyahahi-yakana’-ahami | F |
| neuf | džobaradak-yakana’-ahami | F |
| dix | dobong | F |
| quinze | urawapaba | F |
| vingt | oše-koarse | S4 |
| Portuguese gloss | Taruma |
|---|---|
| costas | abara/abora |
| cabeça | ada; ata |
| rabo | aʤuwa |
| caminho | afi-a; afe |
| mão | afũ/aɸũ/ahu/aʔu |
| avó | aɡiɡi |
| pai | aide |
| osso | aiʧu |
| arara | aka; karikari |
| braço | akʷa |
| colar (enfeite) | ani |
| pé | apa |
| pedra | ape |
| batata doce | aɸi, afi |
| nariz | asa |
| labio | ase, asɯ |
| pele | asəku, asɨku, asiko |
| bochecha | asɨɨ |
| orelha | asikiʤu |
| dente | aso/asee |
| formiga | ataku |
| irmã | aʧi |
| olho | aʧi |
| abóbora | awajama |
| barriga | awiʧu/awiʧa |
| 2.S | aʔa; ani/anna |
| sogra | aʔĩku |
| machado | bade |
| matar | bahe |
| cobra | báhũ |
| carne | bahũ; ẽhẽ |
| pato | bai |
| floresta | bake; nukuda |
| anta | baki |
| cesto | bariʤanu |
| rã | baru |
| caititu (Pecari tajacu) | baʔé |
| porco-do-mato | baʔe; hizu |
| onça | danɨ |
| ovo | ʤani |
| marido | ʤasɨ |
| criança | ʤawã |
| taratuga | ʤini |
| nome | ʤipi, djipi |
| sapo | ʤiriri |
| nádega(s) | ʤisɨ |
| rato | duba |
| terra | dudu, toto |
| levar | duha |
| trazer | duhwã |
| casa | dui-a; duja |
| folha | ʤuka |
| peito | duku |
| roupa | dumena |
| pesado | dúpa |
| sentar-se | duʔẽhẽ |
| água; rio | dʐa/dja |
| branco | fuɡi |
| morrer | fwi/ɸʷi/hʷi |
| falar | gĩ |
| bicho-de-pé; piolho | ɡida |
| homem | ɡika; kwasɨ |
| gente | ɡiri |
| carrapato | ɡu; piʤíʤi |
| mulher | ɡumi-ʧi, ɡumi-ʦa |
| voar | hana |
| gordo | haʧaku |
| cachorro-do-mato | hi |
| salgado | hibɨ |
| jacaré | hiri |
| estômago | hisu |
| vermelho | hixi-/itsi- |
| dia | hoin |
| morto | hwi |
| panela | ibaʤu |
| 3.S | ikia, ikija |
| fedido | imeka |
| pelo | iʧiwi, iʧipɨ |
| mama | iwa/ewa |
| iguana | juwana |
| tatu | kabaju |
| dançar | kabihwi |
| canela | kadɨro |
| canoa | kanawa |
| capivara | kase |
| quati | kasɨ |
| facão | kaʃupara |
| espírito | katu |
| corpo | kaʧu; ruaha |
| queimar | ke |
| coxa | kɤʃawo, kəʃawo |
| montanha | kiire; uwai, wai |
| ouvir | kĩma |
| morder | ko |
| comer | ko; waʔe-karu |
| raposa | koke |
| veado | konia; hiʧi; kʷire |
| flecha | kuba, kupa |
| abacaxi | kubara |
| boca | kukana |
| argila | kuline; pakiʤaku |
| lagarto | kure |
| pulga | kuwaba |
| beiju | kuʔẽ, ʧuʔẽ |
| gambá | kʷare |
| céu | kʷazekaʧe |
| veneno | kʷima |
| unha | kʷirea |
| ir, andar | maku |
| dormir | makʷaʤi |
| faca | mare(a) |
| língua | ɲebena/mebena |
| joelho | orukuda, urukudu |
| um | oʃi |
| luz | pana |
| minhoca | pararu |
| cotovelo | paʧuɾi |
| urucum | ɸure |
| chuva | ɸuza/huza |
| fogo | ɸʷa/hʷa |
| macaco | rumi; kʷisa |
| rede | saʔe/saiʔi |
| pênis | sɨ |
| algodão | siʤa; wuda; mulu |
| noite | sɨkaʧu |
| barro | ʃipetu |
| morcego | siriri |
| umbigo | sũku |
| tabaco | suma/tuma |
| cabaça | tara; kuja; ɡolie |
| costela | tata |
| cutia | te |
| ver | ʧe |
| contar | ʧokohẽ |
| ralador | ʧumari |
| arco | tzeika, ʧaika; kobara |
| madeira | u |
| árvore | u; ua |
| fumaça | uoa |
| sol | wã |
| irmão | wi |
| cheiroso | wɨkɨ |
| três | wikʲã |
| estrela | wire/ɸiira |
| corda | wuda |
| sal | wuka |
| pássaro | zɨri/zuuri |
| sogro | ʔaʤi; ʔeʤi |