Appendix:Turkish suffixes

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Main category: Turkish suffixes

General suffixes

Nominal suffixes

When preceding vowel-ending suffixes; the final consonants -ç, -k, -p, and -t are voiced to -c, -ğ, -b, and -d, but there are a few nouns which do not follow this voicing rule. Some nominals like oğul elide their last vowel and change their stems before vowel-starting suffixes, like this: oğl- (This still follows the vowel harmony from the elided last vowel.) A few nouns like rol and hâl (loanwords) follow irregular front vowel harmony instead of last vowel. Some nominals like hal (also loanwords) may double their final consonant. This depends on their etymology.

Su and ne are the only nominals taking -y- before all vowel-starting suffixes (suyun, suyu; not *sunun, *susu).

Case suffixes

† Some have included the instrumental case, but traditionally is not considered a grammatical case due to its status as an enclitic (cannot be stressed). In templates like {{tr-infl-noun-c}}, the instrumental is not included.

Possessive suffixes

The plurals listed are technically compounds of 2 suffixes - the plural suffix followed by the regular possessive suffix.

Verbal suffixes

Like the above section, certain last consonants of the stem are voiced, but only for verbs etmek and gitmek. In the future tense, -k- is voiced to -ğ- before vowel-starting endings (geleceğim, but geleceksin).

Converbs

Personal markers

Predicative

Used by remaining tenses other than past, conditional, optative, and imperative, negative, and impotential aorist.

Negative and impotential aorist

Impotential aorist: -yemem, -yemezsin, ... (-ye- + negative aorist marker)

Verbal

Used by past and conditional tenses.

  • 1st person singular: -m
  • 2nd person singular: -n
  • 3rd person singular: -∅
  • 1st person plural: -k
  • 2nd person singular: -n4z
  • 3rd person singular: -l2r

Optative

Imperative

Missing forms were supplied by optative.

Tenses

In verbs demek and yemek, stems changed from -e- to -i- before imperfective, future, optative, and imperative (diyor, diyecek). In verbs with vowel-ending stems, the last vowel is deleted in imperfective and replaced with vowel harmony from stem's second-to-last vowel. In aorist, the change from (4)r to (2)r is somewhat unpredictable, see also the usage notes at -er.

Compound suffixes

See also at #General suffixes

Agreement between compound suffixes and simple tenses
Story Rumor Conditional
Aorist
Imperfective
Past
Future
Inferential
Conditional
Progressive
Necessitative
Optative
Imperative

Derivational suffixes

Noun-forming

Verb-forming

Adjective-forming

Adverb-forming

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