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(Limburg) First attested as de barge in 1230. Initially derived from the dative singular form of Middle Dutchberg(“hill, elevated place”). The toponym later shifted to the dative plural form of berg and acquired the meaning settlement at/on the hill.
(Noord-Holland) First attested as bergum in 918-948. Derived from the dative plural form of Old Dutchberga(“hill, elevated place”), referring here to a series of dunes.
From Old NorseBjǫrgvin(“Bergen”), from bjarg(“rock, boulder, cliff”) + vin(“meadow, pasture”). The locations outside of Norway, are derived directly from the Norwegian city.
From Old NorseBjǫrgvin(“meadow between the mountains”), influenced by German due to the Hanseatic League and eventually replaced the native Bjørgvin. From bjarg(“rock, boulder, cliff”) + vin(“meadow, pasture”).