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- 146–117 BC, Polybius (author), Karl Wilhelm Dindorf (first editor), Theodorus Büttner-Wobst (later editor), Ἱστορίαι in Πολυβίου Ἱστορίαι· Polybii Historiae, Leipzig: In Aedibus B.G. Teubneri, volume III (1893), book X, part VII: “Res Graeciae (2)”, chapter xlvii, §§ 9–10 (page 122, lines 13–19):
- διόπερ ὅταν ἀνεπιστάτως θεωρῇ τὸ παιδάριον ὑπὸ τὴν ἀναπνοὴν ἑπτὰ καὶ πέντε στίχους συνεῖρον, οὐκ ἂν εὐχερῶς δύναιτο πιστεῦσαι διότι πρότερον οὗτος οὐκ ἀνέγνωκε τὸ βυβλίον· εἰ δὲ καὶ τὴν ὑπόκρισιν καὶ τὰς διαιρέσεις, ἔτι δὲ δασύτητας καὶ ψιλότητας δύναιτο συσσῴζειν, οὐδὲ τελέως.
- Therefore when he sees the boy, without a pause for thought, reading off seven or five lines at a breath, he will not easily be induced to believe that he has not read the book before; and certainly not, if he is able also to observe the appropriate enunciation, the proper separations of the words, and the correct use of the rough and smooth breathings. ― translation from: Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh, The Histories of Polybius (1889), book X, chapter xlvii: “Importance of Practice”
- late 1st C. BC, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Περὶ Συνθέσεως Ὀνομάτων in The Critical Essays II (Loeb Classical Library № 466, 1985), American →ISBN, British →ISBN, chapter xiv, paragraph 6 (page 102, lines 13–15):
- μία μὲν αὕτη συζυγία τριῶν γραμμάτων ἀφώνων ὁμοίῳ σχήματι λεγομένων, ψιλότητι δὲ καὶ δασύτητι διαφερόντων.
- This is one group of voiceless letters, all three letters being pronounced with a similar configuration ⟨of the mouth⟩, but differing in smoothness and roughness. ― translation from: Stephen Usher, opere citato LCL 466 (1985), chapter xiv, paragraph 6, page 103, lines 13–16
- ante AD 210, Sextus Empiricus (author), Jürgen Mau (editor), Πρὸς Μαθηματικούς in Sexti Empirici Opera rec. Hermannus Mutschmann, Leipzig: in aedibus B.G. Teubneri, volume III: Adversus Mathematicos libros I–VI continens (1954), book i: «Πρὸς Γραμματικούς», chapter: ‹ὅτι ἀμέθοδόν ἐστι καὶ ἀσύστατον τὸ τεχνικὸν τῆς γραμματικῆς μέρος›, § 103 (page 27, lines 7–12; Bekk. p. 622, lines 6–12):
- καὶ μὴν κοινῶς τῶν συμφώνων πάλιν τὰ μὲν φύσει δασέα λέγουσι τὰ δὲ ψιλά, καὶ δασέα μὲν θ φ χ, ψιλὰ δὲ κ π τ· μόνον δέ φασι τὸ ρ ἐπιδέχεσθαι ἑκάτερον, δασύτητα καὶ ψιλότητα. λέγουσι δέ τινα τῶν συμφώνων καὶ διπλᾶ, καθάπερ τὸ ζ ξ ψ· συνεστηκέναι γάρ φασι τὸ μὲν ζ ἐκ τοῦ σ καὶ δ, τὸ δὲ ξ ἐκ τοῦ κ καὶ σ, τὸ δὲ ψ ἐκ τοῦ π καὶ σ.
- ibidem, § 119 (page 31, lines 14–22; Bekk. p. 626, lines 11–20):
- Ἀλλὰ ἀφέμενοί γε ταύτης τῆς ζητήσεως ἐκεῖνο ἂν λέγοιμεν, ὃ μᾶλλον δύναται θλίβειν τοὺς γραμματικούς. εἰ γὰρ κοινὰ λέγεται στοιχεῖα τρία, α ι υ, διὰ τὸ ἐπιδεκτικὰ τυγχάνειν μήκους τε καὶ συστολῆς, ἀκολουθήσει πᾶν στοιχεῖον κοινὸν εἶναι λέγειν· ἐπιδεκτικὸν γάρ ἐστι τῶν τεσσάρων προσῳδιῶν, βαρύτητος ὀξύτητος ψιλότητος δασύτητος. ἢ εἴπερ οὐχ ὑπομένουσι πᾶν στοιχεῖον κοινὸν εἶναι λέγειν, μηδ᾽ ἐκεῖνα λεγέτωσαν κοινὰ παρόσον ἐκτάσεως καὶ συστολῆς ἐστὶν ἐπιδεκτικά.