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, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 23, column 2:This area, known to the Chinese as Chung Yuan, or central plain, has always been the heartland of the “Middle Kingdom.”
The type-site — that is, a site that sums up the characteristics of a culture — of the plains is Cheng Tzu Yai, and the culture revealed there is called Lung-Shan. One of the characteristics of this plains culture is the use of pounded earth for dwellings and walls; it is to be noted that the later Shang people also used pounded earth. Another is the use of a very thin, black pottery. It is perhaps the finest Neolithic pottery made, so thin it reminds one of “egg-shell” porcelain despite the fact that it is clay (fig. 8). The elegant shapes seem characteristic of the Lung-Shan culture.]
1969, Yi-Fu Tuan, China, Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 52:Lung-shan culture takes us to the dawn of recorded history, metallurgy, of rituals involving human sacrifice, of wars, and of a society that was to become increasingly stratified - in other words, to the doorstep of civilization.
, Chinese Exhibition Council of the Royal Ontario Museum, →OCLC, page 5:Lungshan culture is distributed along the middle and lower Yellow River and belongs to the late Neolithic Period. It is named after the small town of Lungshan in Licheng county, Shantung province, where it was first discovered in 1928.]
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- After the establishment of the Lungshanoid pioneer farmers in the various areas, a series of local cultures began to emerge. One of these, the Honan Lung-shan culture, was probably the progenitor of the Shang civilization.
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- The second culture, called Lung-shan, lay to the north-east and east in a broad coastal strip reaching from southern Manchuria through Hopei, eastern Honan and Shantung, and as far south as northern Chekiang. The type site, Chʻêng-tzu-yai, lies in northern Shantung and was discovered in 1931,² the culture taking its name from the hill, Lung-shan, adjoining the settlement.