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- 1724, Isaac Watts, Logick: or, The Right Uſe of Reaſon, in the Inquiry after Truth; with, A Variety of Rules to guard againſt Error in the Affairs of Religion and Human Life as well as in the Sciences in The Works of the Late Reverend and Learned Iſaac Watts, D. D., volume V (1753; London: printed for T. and T. Longman at the Ship, and J. Buckland at the Buck, in Pater-noſter Row; J. Oſwald at the Roſe and Crown in the Poultry; J. Waugh at the Turk’s Head in Lombard-Street; and J. J. Ward at the King’s Arms in Cornhill), part III, chapter II: “Of the various kinds of ſyllogiſms, with particular rules relating to them”, § VIII: ‘Of ſeveral kinds of arguments and demonſtrations’, page 154
- V. There is yet another rank of arguments which have latin names; their true diſtinction is derived from the topics or middle terms which are uſed in them, though they are called an addreſs to our judgment, our faith, our ignorance, our profeſſion, our modeſty, and our paſſions.
1. If an argument be taken from the nature or exiſtence of things, and addreſſed to the reaſon of mankind, it is called argumentum ad judicium.
2. When it is borrowed from ſome convincing teſtimony, it is argumentum ad fidem, an addreſs to our faith.
3. When it is drawn from any inſufficient medium whatſoever, and yet the oppoſer has not ſkill to refute or anſwer it, this is argumentum ad ignorantiam, an addreſs to our ignorance.
4. When it is built upon the profeſſed principles or opinions of the perſon with whom we argue, whether the opinions be true or falſe, it is named argumentum ad hominem, an addreſs to our profeſſed principles. St. Paul often uſes this argument when he reaſons with the Jews, and when he ſays, I ſpeak as a man.
5. When the argument is fetched from the ſentiments of ſome wiſe, great, or good men, whoſe authority we reverence and hardly dare oppoſe, it is called argumentum ad verecundiam, an addreſs to our modeſty.
6. I add finally, when an argument is borrowed from any topics which are ſuited to engage the inclinations and paſſions of the hearers on the ſide of the ſpeaker, rather than to convince the judgment, this is argumentum ad paſſiones, an addreſs to the paſſions; or if it be made publicly, it is called ad populum, or an appeal to the people.
- 2007 March, Christopher William Tindale, Fallacies and Argument Appraisal (Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 104
- Hence, [Hamblin]¹ provides a list that includes the argumenta ad fidem (Faith), superbiam (Pride), odium (Hatred), amicitiam (Friendship), invidiam (Envy), and many more.