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- 1992, Levenston, The Stuff of Literature:
- Eye dialect as a device for revealing a character's social status has a recognized place in the history of narrative fiction.
Nonstandard spelling of standard pronunciation
- 1942 October, James Nathan Tidwell "Mark Twain's Representation of Negro Speech" American Speech (Duke University Press) Vol. 17, No. 3 pp.174–176 :
- He shows his linguistic sense by using ‘eye dialect’ in only five words: ben (been), b’fo’ (first syllable), han’s, wuz, and um. By not re-spelling words for eye dialect, Twain makes Jim's conversation easy reading. Only about one-third of the words are re-spelled at all, and nearly all of these indicate some variation from Standard English—low colloquial, Southern American, or Negro.
- 1986 E. A. Levenston and Gabriela Sonnenschein. "The translation of point-of-view in fictional narrative." Interlingual and Intercultural Communication: Discourse and Cognition in Translation and Second Language Acquisition Studies. (Tübingen: Narr) pp.49–59 :
- Particularly interesting is the use of eye-dialect, e.g. spelling "for" as "fer", to suggest that the speaker is ill-educated, even though the pronunciations indicated by such spellings are common to educated speakers.
- 1992, Levenston, The Stuff of Literature:
- Eye-dialect spellings, indicating nondeviant pronunciation, include "sed,", "wuns," "wos".
- 2004 Kirk Hazen and Ellen Fluharty "Defining Appalachian English." in Linguistic diversity in the South: Changing codes, practices, and ideology pp.50–65 :
- The strip relies heavily on nonstandard spelling (e.g., "propitty" for "property") and eye dialect (e.g., yore for your) to indicate the educational attainment of its characters.
- (mention) 2008, Geoffrey S. Nathan, Phonology: A Cognitive Grammar Introduction:
- .. a way of marking that the person is speaking sloppily (or in some stigmatized dialect), but has no linguistic reality – there's nothing non-standard about how they pronounced the word. The technical name for this kind of spelling is eye dialect.
- (mention) 2010, Dean McWilliams, Charles W. Chesnutt and the Fictions of Race:
- Humorists often intensified this effect with "eye dialect," misspellings that are not caused by mispronunciation.
Nonstandard spelling of nonstandard pronunciation
- 1963 July–September, Laurence Urdang, Review of "Problems in Lexicography: Report of the Conference on Lexicography Held at Indiana University November 11-12, 1960." in Language, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 586–594 :
- Eye dialect presents acute problems: does the lexicographer (of the bilingual or monolingual dictionary) show ‘shet’ for shut, ‘mouf’ for mouth, ‘shaddap!’ for shut up!, and so on?
- 2006 Emily Apter, "Translation after 9/11." Transit Vol.2 No.1:
- Irvine Welsh's puns on Scottish vernacular, drug slang, and eye dialect (in Trainspotting)
- (mention) 2014, Lewis Herman, Marguerite Shalett Herman, American Dialects: A Manual for Actors, Directors, and Writers:
- In much of the regional literature you will find examples of what is known as “eye-dialect.” This is an attempt at transcribing dialect speech with the ordinary alphabet.