Citations:race

English citations of race

Etymology 1: from Old English rǣs

Noun: "a contest"

			1611 1667 1692	1743 1782	1845	1972	2004 2012 2020 2021
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1611, The Holy Bible, (King James Version), London: Robert Barker, , →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 9:11:
I returned, and saw vnder the Sunne, That the race is not to the swift, nor the battell to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of vnderstanding, nor yet fauour to men of skil; but time and chance happeneth to them all.
1667, John Milton, Paradise Lost‎, book 2:
Part on the plain, or in the air sublime, / Upon the wing or in swift race contend, / As at th’ Olympian games or Pythian fields;
1692, William Congreve, “Stanzas in Imitation of Horace, Lib. II. Ode XIV”, in The Works Of Congreve, Peter Davies, published 1930, verse 1, lines 5-6, page 466:
Eternity! that boundless Race, / Which, Time himself can never run:
1743, Alexander Pope, The Dunciad, London: M. Cooper, book 2, page 82, lines 58–60:
"Behold that rival here! / "The race by vigour, not by vaunts is won; / "So take the hindmost, Hell."—He said, and run.
1782, William Cowper, “Truth”, in Poems by William Cowper, of the Inner Temple, Esq., lines 13–16:
He that would win the race must guide his horse / Obedient to the customs of the course; / Else, though unequall-d to the goal he flies, / A meaner than himself shall gain the prize.
1845, Joseph Strutt, The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England‎, page 46:
The races were then called bell courses, because, as we have seen above, the prize was a silver bell.
1972 December, “Racer”, in Ebony, volume 28, number 2, page 156:
Benny raced go-carts in high school but did not run his first competitive race until 1968, ten years after his father's death. Since then, he has raced in about 100 events.
2004, Naunihal Singh, “The Soviet Fisheries Revolution”, in The Hungry Millions: The Modern World at the Edge of Famine, New Delhi: Mittal Publications, →ISBN, page 205:
The U.S.S.R. will definitely not remain alone or unchallenged in the exploitation of the seas, although it has a considerable lead There is finally no doubt that China will join the race of the oceans by entering into high-sea or long-distance fishing.
2012 November 2, Ken Belson, “After Days of Pressure, Marathon Is Off”, in The New York Times‎:
After days of intensifying pressure from runners, politicians and the general public to call off the New York City Marathon in the wake of Hurricane Sandy, city officials and the event’s organizers decided Friday afternoon to cancel the race.
2020, Lloyd Minor, Discovering Precision Health, →ISBN, page 2:
Instead of a race to cure disease after the fact, we can win the race before it even begins by preventing disease before it strikes—and curing it decisively if it does.
2021, Richard Jones, “Torrey Canyon, 1967”, in The 50 Greatest Shipwrecks, →ISBN, page 100:
By 21 March the slick had spread 100 miles and the race to save the ship was now bordering on desperation, as with every hour that passed more and more crude oil leaked into the sea.

Noun: "rapid motion"

			1631		1805 1847 1881	1972	2013
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1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis , “VII. Century. ”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. , London: William Rawley ; rinted by J H for William Lee , →OCLC, page 166:
The flight of many birds is swifter than the race of any beasts.
1805, Good, John Mason, transl., The Nature of Things, volume 2, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, translation of De rerum natura by Titus Lucretius Carus, book 4, page 33, lines 190–191:
Hence the rapid race / Of light, and lustre from th' effusive sun
1847 December, “The Literature of Humbug”, in The Young American's Magazine, volume 1, page 318:
And above all, it is an age of activity and enterprise, an age of new discoveries and new deviltries, an age of magnetic telegraphs and Mississippi bonds, and it would be indeed odd if, in the swift race of progress, the rogue did not keep his natural station in the van of the movement.
1881 May 13, J. J. A., “Unanswered Queries”, in English Mechanic and World of Science, volume 33, number 842, page 244:
Can anyone give any information as to what produces the Indigo tinge in the clouds when supersaturated with electricity, and why it goes dark previously to the rushing race to Mother Earth? Is it the abundance of the electricity which causes the formation of the heavy rain-laden clouds, or is it vice versa?
1972, Sagar Ahluwalia, Youth in Revolt, New Delhi: Young Asia Publications, page 77:
The fast race of developments has made university life complex.
2013 , Monica McCarty, chapter 4, in Highland Warrior (Campbell Trilogy; 1)‎, Random House, →ISBN:
She ignored the sudden race of her heart. Despite her confounding attraction to him, the idea of marrying a Campbell, let alone this Campbell, was so far-fetched that she didn't know how to respond.

Noun: "a race condition"

						1989 1993 1999	2009 2012
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1989, R. Raghuram, Computer Simulation of Electronic Circuits, New Delhi: Wiley Eastern, →ISBN, page 181:
Many problems of oscillations and races are solved by this arrangement.
1993, Hsueh-I Lu, Philip N. Klein, Robert H. B. Netzer, “Detecting Race Conditions in Parallel Programs that Use One Semaphore”, in Algorithms and Data Structures, Berlin: Springer Verlag, →ISBN, page 471:
It is NP-complete to detect races in programs that use many semaphores. Our algorithm constructs a representation from which one can determine in constant time whether a race exists between two given events.
1999, Max Hailperin, Barbara Kaiser, Karl Knight, “Java, Applets, and Concurrency”, in Concrete Abstractions, Brooks/Cole Publishing, →ISBN, page 622:
Because a race by definition depends on the timing being just wrong, you could test your program any number of times, never observe any misbehavior, and still have a user run into the problem.¶ This occurrence is not just a theoretical possibility: Real programs have race bugs and real users have encountered them, sometimes with consequences that have literally been fatal.
2009, Jerome H. Saltzer, M. Frans Kaashoek, “Virtual Links Using SEND, RECEIVE, and a Bounded Buffer”, in Principles of Computer System Design, Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann, →ISBN, page 217:
We caused this second race condition by allowing multiple senders. But the manipulation of the variables in and out also has a potential race even if there is only one sender and one receiver
2012, Hee-Dong Park, Yong-Kee Jun, “Detecting First Races in Shared-Memory Parallel Programs with Random Synchronization”, in Computer Applications for Graphics, Grid Computing, and Industrial Environment, Berlin: Springer, →ISBN, page 165:
Detecting data races is a hard problem when debugging shared memory parallel programs, because the races could exhibit unpredictable results in execution of programs.
2012, Charles P. Pfleeger, Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, Analyzing Computer Security, Prentice Hall, page 79:
As the name implies, a race condition means that two processes are competing within the same time interval, and the race affects the integrity or correctness of the computing tasks.

Noun: "progressive movement toward a goal"

			1603 1624
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1603, Ben Jonson, Sejanus His Fall‎, act 2, scene 2:
A race of wicked acts / Shall flow out of my anger, and o’erspread / The world’s wide face
1624, Francis Bacon, “Considerations Touching a War with Spain”, in Basil Montagu, editor, The Works of Francis Bacon, volume 5, William Pickering, published 1826, page 240:
An offensive war is made, which is unjust in the aggressor; the prosecution and race of the war carrieth the defendant to invade the ancient patrimony of the first aggressor, who is now turned defendant; shall he sit down, and not put himself in defence?

Noun: "fast-moving current of water"

			1630		1893	1957 1980	2003
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1630 April 4, John Winthrop, edited by James Kendall Hosmer, Winthrop's Journal, volume 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, published 1908, Sunday, 4, page 25:
This evening the Talbot weighed and went back to the Cowes, because her anchor would not hold here, the tide set with so strong a race.
1893, “Remarks upon the Way from Abingdon to Southamption, and other Places”, in The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Portland, volume 2, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, page 288:
Here are in these seas two dangerous races, the one called St. Alban's, the other Portland Race.
1957 July, John Kerr, “'Broncobusters' of the High Seas”, in Popular Mechanics, volume 108, number 1, page 131:
For three hours the 289-ton diesel-electric auto-and-passenger ferry Queen Margaret had battled against the vicious tidal race of Scotland's notorious Pentland Firth, that rough and narrow channel which divides the mainland from the Orkney Islands to the north.
1980, Pauline H. Gurewitz, Hydraulic Research in the United States and Canada, 1978, page 120:
The existing analysis and program for the propeller-rudder interaction has been updated incorporating all the improvements concerned with the propeller loading distribution, including that associated with the fact that the rudder is immersed in the race of the propeller.
2003 December, Jonathan Raban, “Julia and the Whirlpools”, in Cruising World, volume 29, number 12, page 40:
This is an area of spectacular tidal races, rips, swirls, boils, whirlpools, overfalls, currents, and countercurrents. Scylla and Charybdis pale by comparison with the great maelstroms where the sea is trapped between Vancouver Island and the Canadian mainland.

Noun: "a water channel"

					1885 1888	1957
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1885, James Leal Greenleaf, “Report on the Water-Powers of the Drainage Basins of Lakes Huron and Erie, in the United States”, in Reports on the Water-Power of the United States, Washington: Department of the Interior, part 1, pages 504–505:
Evidently the future manufacturing development depends upon the hydraulic canal, so far as existing works are concerned, rather than upon the two races, which can never be enlarged to embrace a comprehensive improvement of the river, while the capabilities at the hydraulic basin are unrivaled. So far as can be learned there is no expectation of ever increasing materially the capacity of the races.
1888, “Water Rights”, in Gold Mining Regulations, 1888, Parliament of South Australia, section 48, page 4:
Any miners intending to divert and use water for mining or general purposes, or to cut a race or construct dams or reservoirs in connection therewith, shall give notice in writing thereof to the Warden
1957 December 16, A. H. Mouat, R. C. Stuart, G. Mason, “Farming in Ida Valley, Central Otago”, in The New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, volume 95, number 6, page 587:
Water for irrigation is stored in the high country behind the Upper Manorburn Dam. Two parallel races at different levels run along the west side of the valley and one race flowing along the east side is supplemented by water stored at the Poolburn Dam.

Noun: "a path that something moves along"

		1593	1671	1725	1852		2008
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1593, Philip Sidney, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia‎, book 2:
it suddenly fell from an excess of favour, which, many examples having taught them, never stopped his race till it came to an headlong overthrow
1671, John Milton, “Samson Agonistes, .”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: J M for John Starkey , →OCLC, page 40, line 598:
So much I feel my genial ſpirits droop, / My hopes all flat, nature within me ſeems / In all her functions weary of her ſelf; / My race of glory run, and race of ſhame, / And I ſhall ſhortly be with them that reſt.
1725–1726 , Broome, William, Pope, Alexander, transl., The Odyssey of Homer‎, translation of The Odyssey by Homer, book 1:
Better the chief, on Ilion's hostile plain, / Had fall'n surrounded with his warlike train; / Or safe return'd, the race of glory pass'd, / New to his friends' embrace, and breathed his last!
1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin, volume 2, Boston: John P. Jewett & Company, page 242:
There were all the marked passages, which had thrilled his soul so often,—words of patriarchs and seers, poets and sages, who from early time had spoken courage to man,—voices from the great cloud of witnesses who ever surround us in the race of life.
2008, Chad Taylor, The Cry of the Harvest, page 115:
Don't let fear be a factor for you as the finish line of harvest calls out to you to join the race of eternity. Clear the table of excuses and go!

Noun: "a groove on a sewing machine or loom"

					1860 1872
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1860, Charles Cole, The Sewing Machine, and its Capabilities, page 53:
I have lately seen a shuttle machine of Messrs. Grover Baker's construction, in which the shuttle worked in a semi-circular race and produced two stitches at each revolution of the wheel.
1872 November 29, “Improved Loom for Weaving Fabrics of Any Width”, in The English Mechanic and Word of Science, volume 16, number 401, page 259:
Meanwhile another lug on the shuttle-band engages another carrier at the other end of the loom, and the belt, continuing to move in the same direction, conveys the carrier across the race in a similar manner as above described.

Noun: "a ring with a groove"

						1965 1999	2017
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1965 August 15, Maintenance of Aeronautical Antifriction Bearings, NAVWEPS 01-1A-503, United States Bureau of Naval Weapons, section 2, page 5:
These bearings do not employ a loading groove or filling slot but utilize an uninterrupted race groove containing the maximum number of balls that can be introduced by eccentric displacement of the races. Due to the relatively large size of the balls and the fact that the ball curvature is only slightly less than the race curvature, the bearings have comparatively high load carrying capacity in both axial and radial directions.
1999, Steve Goldman, Vibration Spectrum Analysis, 2nd edition, New York: Industrial Press, →ISBN, page 90:
The chances of picking up an inner race fault are small unless the load direction of the bearing coincides with the location of the accelerometer.
2017, Tian Ran Lin, Kun Yu, Jiwen Tan, “Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of Roller Element Bearing”, in Pranav H. Darji, editor, Bearing Technology, Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, →DOI, →ISBN, page 40:
The bearing comprises four mechanical components: an outer race, an inner race, rollers (balls), and a cage that holds the rollers (balls) in place.

Noun: "a keno gambling session"

							2022
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2022, Kevin Blackwood, Swain Scheps, “Striking the Mother Lode: Keno and Bingo”, in Casino Gambling For Dummies‎, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN:
Your odds are sometimes significantly better with video keno But because video keno plays so much faster, you're likely to lose more money over a given period. Live keno races start every 10 minutes, but you can make 100 bets on a video version in the same amount of time.

Verb: "to take part in a contest"

					1875 1882 1895	1972 1978 1981 1999	2023
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1875, “Lichfield Open Meeting”, in John Henry Walsh, editor, Coursing Calendar for the Autumn Season 1874, page 187:
Honesty raced up six lengths in front of Wandering Minstrel, turned, then raced past for the second, and lost his place at the hedge; some work followed to the plantation, but Honesty was always the faster in the racing stretches, and won easily.
1882 August, “Yachting and Rowing”, in Baily's Magazine of Sports and Pastimes, volume 39, number 270, page 234:
Some excellent and harmless societies have as captain innocent, well-meaning gentlemen, who are not even senior oarsmen; who have never raced, never could race, and possibly never tried to race, but they are eminently suited for their position, which demands mainly good temper and bonhomie, and they are captains of a rowing club as much as Gurdon, Horton, or Canton,
1895 July 20, “Club Chatter”, in Jerome K. Jerome, editor, To-day, volume 7, number 89, page 342:
Of course, these dogs have to undergo a certain amount of training before they are fit to race.
1972 December, “Racer”, in Ebony, volume 28, number 2, page 156:
Benny raced go-carts in high school but did not run his first competitive race until 1968, ten years after his father's death. Since then, he has raced in about 100 events.
1978 June 2, Springsteen, Bruce, “Racing in the Street”, in Darkness on the Edge of Town, Columbia Records:
Tonight, tonight the strip's just right / I wanna blow 'em all out of their seats / We're calling out around the world / We're going racin' in the street.
1981 July, James McCurdy, “Yachting's Roundtable on the Rating Rules”, in Yachting, volume 150, number 1, page 131:
It is in some ways unique to the U.S., because we have a tradition here of racing dual-purpose boats which does not exist in Europe. It never existed over there. People either raced or they cruised.
1999 August, Roger Lee Hayden, “Brothers in Arms”, in American Motorcyclist, volume 53, number 8, page 48:
I've raced on this track a lot before, so I feel OK out there, but when you stop and think about it, it's a little intimidating.
2023 May 10, “Athletics: Dina Asher-Smith set to race at London Stadium in July”, in BBC News‎:
"I cannot wait to race in front of the amazing home crowd," she added.

Verb: "to compete against in a contest"

					1871 1876 1878	1928 1930 1942 1972 1981 1985	2006
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1871 March, “Our Van”, in Baily's Magazine of Sports & Pastimes, volume 21, page 306:
a fresh fox popped out of a pit, and they raced him to Cherrington, where hounds were stopped at dark
1876, Robert Jewell, The Mystery of Orleton Manor, volume 2, London: James Blackwood & Co, page 260:
"I never thought of racing her!" the little man said. "I gave her to Tom for a hunter, and it's almost a pity to race a hunter: it makes 'em so confoundedly hot for riding to hounds."
1878, Francis W Bourdillon, “A Race with Love”, in Among the Flowers, And Other Poems, London: Marcus Ward & Co, page 136:
I raced the ripple of the sea; / Full easy seemed the race to me! / For on the wind's swift wings I go, / While toil the laggard waves below.
1928 November, Paschal N. Strong, “Signals”, in Boys' Life, volume 18, number 11, page 61:
He pulled it down and saw Tech's full-back closing in. Counting on his own fresh condition, Jimmy raced him toward the sidelines, and got around him just in time to prevent being forced out. The goal was waiting for him twenty yards away, and to the accompaniment of a deafening shout from the stands he placed the pigskin across the goal line.
c. 1930s, Robert Ervin Howard, “A Buccaneer Speaks”, in Night Images, Leawood, New York: Morning Star Press, published 1976:
I've steered in the teeth of bloody dawns / And I've raced the sun-set o'er crimson seas. / I've sailed where abyss-red Hell yawns, / And I've battled the bergs where the star beams freeze.
1942 May, Barrett McGurn, “Tricks That Train Trotters”, in Popular Science, volume 140, number 5, page 90:
This is what the harness-racing industry does. It breeds and trains and teaches horses and then races them.
1972 December, “Racer”, in Ebony, volume 28, number 2, page 156:
Benny raced go-carts in high school but did not run his first competitive race until 1968, ten years after his father's death. Since then, he has raced in about 100 events.
1981 July, James McCurdy, “Yachting's Roundtable on the Rating Rules”, in Yachting, volume 150, number 1, page 131:
It is in some ways unique to the U.S., because we have a tradition here of racing dual-purpose boats which does not exist in Europe. It never existed over there. People either raced or they cruised.
1985 September 16, Bush, Kate, “And Dream of Sheep”, in Hounds of Love, EMI Group:
If they find me racing white horses / They'll not take me for a buoy / Let me be weak, let me sleep / And dream of sheep.
2006 January 26, “Man jailed over death race crash”, in BBC News‎:
A driver who caused the death of a fellow motorist as he raced him along a country road with his two children in his car has been jailed for five years.

Verb: "to move at high speed"

					1828 1832 1868 1894	1908 1971 1988 1992 1998	2013 2020 2021
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1828, George Croly, Salathiel, 2nd edition, volume 3, London: Henry Colburn, page 118:
The boy still continued racing along; until, on reaching the summit of a mound at some distance in front of me, he uttered a cry, and fell.
1844 , Bryan Procter, “LXXVII.—The Wild Cherry-Tree”, in English Songs, London: Edward Moxon, page 86:
Oh,—there never was yet so pretty a thing, / By racing river or bubbling spring, / Nothing that ever so merrily grew / Up from the ground when the skies were blue, / Nothing so fresh—nothing so free / As thou—my wild wild Cherry-tree!
1868 January, Roderick Random, “My Farewell Fox-Hunt”, in The New Sporting Magazine, page 49:
We charged the bank in line, raced away like rival steam-engines for the opposite fence, and deeply regretted being forced to halt by the wall of Lord R——'s demesne.
1894, Ayres Alfred, Acting and Actors, Elocution and Elocutionists, New York: D. Appleton and Company, page 88:
Mr. Barrett's elocution is so bad that, with his voice and articulation, it could hardly be worse. He never gets anywhere near the natural; is always artificial in the extreme. He never seems to think; always speaks his lines like a lesson conned; always races ahead as does the average schoolboy when he comes forward to "speak his piece."
1908, Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, page 244:
The motor-car went Poop-poop-poop, / As it raced along the road / Who was it steered it into a pond? / Ingenious Mr. Toad!
1971, Hill, Benny, “Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)”, in Words and Music, Columbia Graphophone Company:
You could hear the hoof beats pound as they raced across the ground / And the clatter of the wheels as they spun 'round and 'round / And he galloped into Market Street, his badge upon his chest / His name was Ernie, and he drove the fastest milk cart in the west.
1988, Lee Mavers, “There She Goes”, in Sixpence None the Richer‎, performed by Sixpence None the Richer, published 1997:
There she goes / There she goes again / Racing through my brain / And I just can't contain / This feeling that remains
1992 September, Lester David, “The Secret of the Money Pit”, in Boys' Life, volume 82, number 9, page 34:
What could it mean? He remembered hearing about pirates who roamed the coast. Could this be the site of hidden booty?¶ Pulse racing, Dan rowed back to tell two friends, Anthony Vaughan and John Smith.
1998, “I'll Make a Man Out of You”, David Zippel (lyrics), Matthew Wilder (music), performed by Donny Osmond, Walt Disney Records:
Time is racing toward us 'til the Huns arrive / Heed my every order, and you might survive / You're unsuited for the rage of war / So pack up, go home; you're through / How could I make a man out of you?
2013 June 21, Chico Harlan, “Japan pockets the subsidy …”, in The Guardian Weekly‎, volume 189, number 2, page 30:
Across Japan, technology companies and private investors are racing to install devices that until recently they had little interest in: solar panels. Massive solar parks are popping up as part of a rapid build-up that one developer likened to an "explosion."
2020 December 2, Paul Bigland, “My weirdest and wackiest Rover yet”, in Rail, page 66:
Racing on, we parallel the M5 doing 95mph, according to the app on my smartphone.
2021 August 27, Phillips, Glen, “Game Day”, in Starting Now, performed by Toad the Wet Sprocket, Abe's Records:
Some nights I can’t sleep at all / My mind races and the time just crawls / But day breaks like it always does / Another chance to feed the fear or live the love.

Verb: "to run a motor rapidly"

					1890 1891	1936	2005
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1890 May, “The Accident to the "City of Paris"”, in The Locomotive, volume 11, number 5, Hartford, Connecticut: Hardford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, page 79:
After the shaft had broken the engine raced, and the heavy reciprocating parts probably displaced the shaft so as to cause sever cramping strains to come on the piston-rods and pistons.
1891 December, Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Man with the Twisted Lip”, in The Strand:
"My mind is like a racing engine, tearing itself to pieces because it is not connected up with the work for which it was built."
1936 May 16, E B White, Richard Lee Strout, “Farewell, My Lovely!”, in The New Yorker‎:
The days were golden, the nights were dim and strange. I still recall with trembling those loud, nocturnal crises when you drew up to a signpost and raced the engine so the lights would be bright enough to read destinations by. I have never been really planetary since. I suppose it’s time to say goodbye. Farewell, my lovely!
2005 June, James Faucett, “Snowbirds”, in Atlanta Magazine, volume 45, number 2, page 79:
He put the transmission into drive and pressed the gas. The engine raced and the motor home rocked, gently, but did not move forward.

Etymology 2: from Italian razza

Noun: "group of people distinguished by common heritage"

		1500 1590		1772	1838 1879 1895	1913 1917 1999	2005
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c. 1500–1510, “Hycke-Scorner. A Morality.”, in Thomas Hawkins, editor, The Origin of the English Drama, , volume I, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon-Press, for S. Leacroft, ; nd sold by D Prince , and J Woodyer , published 1773, →OCLC, page 89:
Felovves, they ſhall never more us vvithſtonde, / For I ſe them all drovvned in the raſe of Irlonde.
Referring to English immigrants to Ireland being assimilated into the Irish race and losing their own identity.
1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto XI”, in The Faerie Queene. , London: ">…] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
And underneath him his courageous steed, / The fierce Spumador, trode them downe like docks; / The fierce Spumador, borne of heavenly seed, / Such as Laomedon of Phœbus' race did
1772, Arthur Murphy, The Grecian Daughter‎, act 3, scene 2:
If they are all debas'd, and willing slaves, / The young but breathing to grow grey in bondage, / And the old sinking to ignoble graves, / Of such a race no matter who is king.
1838, Abraham Lincoln, Young Men's Lyceum address‎:
We toiled not in the acquirement or establishment of them—they are a legacy bequeathed us, by a once hardy, brave, and patriotic, but now lamented and departed race of ancestors.
1879, Rev. Augustus J. Thébaud, “The Celtic Race”, in The Irish Race in the Past and the Present, New York: Peter F. Collier, page 3:
Although the race was at one time on the verge of extinction by Cromwell, it has finally absorbed all the others; it has conquered; and, whoever has to deal with true Irishmen, feels at once the he deals with a primitive people, whose ancestors dwelt on the island thousands of years ago.
1895 November 11, Joseph Chamberlain, Speech given to the Imperial Institute:
I believe that the British race is the greatest of the governing races that the world has ever seen.
1913, Martin Van Buren Knox, The religious life of the Anglo-Saxon race:
1917 February, Will Irwin, “War and the Race”, in The Advocate of Peace, volume 79, number 2, page 50:
What is to become of the French race and the British race—yes, and the German race—if this thing keeps up?
1999, Donald S. Lopez, Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West, page 182:
The king foresaw that, because both the Vedas and the religion of the barbarians permit animal sacrifice, after eight hundred years the descendants of the brahmans would join the race of barbarians
2005, “Good Morning, USA”, Seth MacFarlane (lyrics), Walter Murphy (music), American Dad! opening theme song:
Good Morning, USA / I got a feeling that it's gonna be a wonderful day / The sun in the sky has a smile on his face / And he's shining a salute to the American race.

Noun: "group of people distinguished by common physical characteristics"

				1775	1847 1848 1862 1881 1885 1894	1923 1958 1965 1998	2009 2012 2023
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1775 , “Of the Varieties of the Human Species”, in W Kenrick, J Murdoch, transl., The Natural History of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, volume 1, London: T. Bell, translation of Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière by George-Louis Leclerc, page 254:
In all ages has the origin of black men formed a grand controversy. The Ancients who hardly knew any but those of Nubia, considered them as forming the last shade of the tawney people; and they confounded them with the Ethopians, and the other nations of that part of Africa, who, though extremely brown, have, however, more affinity to the white than to the black race.
1847, Josiah Priest, Slavery, as it Relates to the Negro, Or African Race, Louisville: W. S. Brown, page 347:
Slavery, conducted thus toward the negro race, would not be sinful; because God, in his providence, has appointed the white man to be a guardian over the blacks, in the characters of masters, for their good and not their injury.
1848, Henry Schoolcraft, The Red Race of America, New York: Wm. H. Graham, page 65:
In this family, which was of the Oneida tribe, I first saw those characteristic features of the race,―namely, a red skin, with bright black eyes, and black straight hair.
1862 August, Fitz James O'Brien, “Tommatoo”, in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, volume 25, number 147, page 328:
Tommatoo was one of those lovely fair-headed Italians that one sees so seldom but which once seen are never forgotten. At some antique period, when Alaric was king, some of the blood of his blonde race must have mingled with the olive-skinned Roman Baiocchi, and after centuries of rest suddenly bloomed in Tommatoo.
1881 July, Edward Burnett Tylor, “The Races of Mankind”, in Popular Science Monthly‎, volume 19, page 309:
The race to which most anthropologists refer the native Americans is the Mongoloid of Eastern Asia, who are capable of accommodating themselves to the extremest climates, and who by the form of skull, the light brown skin, straight black hair, and black eyes, show considerable agreement with the American tribes.
1885, Prof. W D Alexander, Abraham Fornander, An Account of the Polynesian Race (Comparative Vocabulary of the Polynesian People and Indo-European Languages; 3), London: Trübner & Co., page xi:
The foremost wave of this migration of the brown race was probably composed of Polynesians, who in the opinion of our author were to a certain extent allied to the Aryan races both in blood and language.
1894 March, C. W. Tyler, “Gone to Coopertown”, in The Southern Magazine, volume 4, number 20, page 145:
The Thackermans have been a redheaded race from time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary. I well remember my grandfather, James Thackerman, as a tall, raw-boned old gentleman of sharp visage and particularly keen eye, who, at some sixty odd years of age, wore very short bristly red hair which at that time was making an ineffectual attempt to turn gray.
1923 September, Abram L. Harris, Robert Bagnall, Leslie Pinckney Hill, Joseph Gould, “A Review of Four Book”, in The Crisis, volume 26, number 5, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, pages 209–210:
In this book Mr. Nielsen exhibits the peculiar faculty lacking in so many writers on race questions of penetrating beneath white man's civilizational coating and the externalities of crude African culture to find the "world ground" of humanity. Despite other criticisms which automatically follow the reading of this book, the author's belief in the fundamental oneness of white and black man affords much interest.
References: Nielsen, Peter (1922) The Black Man's Place in South Africa‎, Cape Town: Juta & Company.
1958, Burgess, Alan, Lennart, Isobel, 1:41:15 from the start, in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness‎, spoken by Curd Jürgens as Colonel Lin Nan and Ingrid Bergman as Gladys Aylward, 20th Century Fox, →OCLC:
Colonel Lin Nan: Would it offend you to be loved by a man of another race?
Gladys Aylward: It would honor me.
1965 October, Charles Brown, “The Epic of Ashton Jones”, in Ebony, volume 20, number 12, page 46:
Because of Southern whites' hostility toward his stand on race, he has had many narrow escapes from death. In the last few years, he has been chased out of towns, kidnapped, nearly lynched and shot at for living in the homes of Negroes and preaching integration.
1998 April 13, White, Reggie, quotee, “Reggie White Rejects Criticism for His Remarks about Homosexuality and Race”, in Jet, volume 93, number 20, page 56:
Each race has certain gifts, he said. Blacks are gifted at worship and celebration, White said.¶ "If you go to a Black church, you see people jumping up and down because they really get into it."¶ Whites are good at organization, White said. "You guys do a good job of building businesses, and you know how to tap money."
2009, Chelsea Handler, “Big Red”, in Are You There, Vodka? It's Me, Chelsea, Gallery Books, →ISBN, page 90:
My theory on the redheaded race is that they have no positive role models paving the way for them. It's not like Ronald McDonald or Carrot Top have really helped their cause.
2012 March-April, Jan Sapp, “Race Finished”, in American Scientist‎, volume 100, number 2, page 164:
Few concepts are as emotionally charged as that of race. The word conjures up a mixture of associations—culture, ethnicity, genetics, subjugation, exclusion and persecution. But is the tragic history of efforts to define groups of people by race really a matter of the misuse of science, the abuse of a valid biological concept?
2023 January 26, Suzanne Gamboa, “Biden administration proposes to let people choose Hispanic or Latino as a race”, in NBC News‎:
The administration has been reviewing its more than quarter-century-old definitions of race and ethnicity and is proposing to combine two questions about race and ethnicity into one on the census and in other government data collection.

Noun: "group of sentient beings distinguished by common heritage"

				1717	1820 1898	1996 1997 1999	2003 2004 2008
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1717, Ovid, translated by Samuel Garth and John Dryden, Ovid's Metamorphoses, book 1:
There dwells below, a race of demi-gods, / Of nymphs in waters, and of fawns in woods
1820, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Sensitive Plant”, in Prometheus Unbound and Other Poems, part 2, line 127:
She had no companion of mortal race
1898, Herman Isidore Stern, The gods of our fathers: a study of Saxon mythology, page 15:
There are two distinct races of gods known to Norse mythology
1898, Margaret Cheney, quoting Nikola Tesla, Tesla: Man Out of Time, Simon and Schuster, 2011, page 112:
You do not see there a wireless torpedo, you see there the first of a race of robots, mechanical men which will do the laborious work of the human race.
1996, Barry Sandywell, The beginnings of European theorizing -- reflexivity in the Archaic age, page 202:
Then Aidos and Nemesis will wrap their fair bodies in white robes, and go from the earth with its broad paths to Olympos to join the race of the immortals, forsaking men, and bitter sorrows will be left for mortal men,
1997, Kevin Warwick, March of the Machines: Why the New Race of Robots Will Rule the World:
1999, Clifford A. Pickover, The Science of Aliens, page 47:
Imagine a race of aliens that develops on a dimly lit world perpetually shrouded in clouds so that vision would be less useful for survival than on Earth.
2003, Robert Hughes, Running with Walker: a memoir, page 151:
Highlight: The wonderful song, "Part of Your World", in which Ariel sings of how she would like to escape her supposedly beautiful underwater environment and join the race of humans who look like they're having a lot more fun.
2004, Diane J. Rayor, The Homeric hymns, page 28:
Iris urged her with swift words: / "Demeter, Father Zeus — who knows all — summons you / to join the race of gods who live forever. / Come, do not let my words from Zeus be barren." / Iris pleaded, but Demeter's spirit was not persuaded.
2004, Barratt, Julian, Fielding, Noel, “Mutants”, in The Mighty Boosh, season 1, episode 2:
We are the mutant race / Don't look at my eyes, don't look at my face / We are the mutant people / Don't look at my eyes, don't look at my face
2008, Zion Shyiren Lin, Divine seeding: Reinterpreting Luke 1:35, page 103:
only those who have gone through the purification of reincarnation and have become qualified to leap from "the sorrowful weary circle" or "the wheel of life" are allowed to drink. By drinking it, the soul will join the race of gods
2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Normandy SR-1:
Tali: My father is responsible for the lives of seventeen million people -- our entire race is in his hands. And I'm his only child.
(Note: Tali is a Quarian.)

Noun: "group of people distinguished by shared qualities"

				1711 1726	1823 1865 1872 1877 1889 1894	1911 1984	2009 2011
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1711, P. H., An Impartial View of the Two Late Parliaments, London: J. Baker, page 1:
The Tories, a peſtilent Race of Men in all Ages, in all Climates, under all Adminiſtrations,
1726, Jonathan Swift, “A Voyage to Brobdingnag”, in Gulliver's Travels‎, part 2, chapter 7:
hoever could make two ears of corn, or two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before, would deserve better of mankind, and do more essential service to his country, than the whole race of politicians put together.
1823, Charles Molloy Westmacott, “Pindaric Address to the Royal Academicians”, in Annual Critical Catalogue to the Royal Academy; republished in The Spirit of the Public Journals‎, London: Sherwood, Jones, and Co, 1825, page 223:
That is—I fear you are most harden'd sinners, / Who in close coffers keep the light of grace / From needy brothers and from young beginners, / That it may shine upon your own dull race.
1872, John Henry Newman, “Moral of that Characteristic of the Popes: Pius the Ninth”, in Historical Sketches, London: Basil Montagu Pickering, page 148:
And lastly, though the people who own that language is Protestant, a race preëminently Catholic has adopted it, and has a share in its literature; and this Catholic race is, at this very time, of all tribes of the earth, the most fertile in emigrants both to the West and the South.
1865 February 1, “Aladdin in Lombard Street”, in The Shareholders' Guardian, volume 1, number 5, pages 159–160:
The desire for gain without labour, for having other men's good bricks without supplying the straw to bind them, seems to be inherent in human nature, and to the end of time Aladdins will doubtless be found in plenty to listen to the fascinating appeals of the ever active race of lamp merchants.
1872 October 5, Prof. G C Swallow, quotee, “Table-Talk”, in Appletons' Journal, volume 8, number 184, page 386:
His opinion is founded on the alleged fact that there are scarely any drunkards in the wine-producing regions, where people drink wine with their food as freely as we do tea or coffee. "Give us what good wine we need," says the professor, "and the temperance crusade will be wellnigh ended when the present race of drunkards have passed away.
1877, John Ruskin, The Shrine of the Slaves (St. Mark's Rest; first supplement), Orpington, Kent: George Allen, pages 14–15:
This whom he has painted is a true merchant of Venice, uprightest and gentlest of the merchant race; yet with a glorious pride in him.
1889 September, Mordecai Cubitt Cooke, “The Rev. M. J. Berkeley”, in Grevillea, volume 18, number 85, London: Williams and Norgate, page 17:
With him the old race of mycologists is extinct.
1894 June 16 , E. Hartley Turner, “Leeds and District Chartered Accountants Students' Association—'The Depreciation of Machinery and Plant'”, in The Accountant, volume 20, number 1019, page 546:
When your late secretary, Mr. Butterfield, honoured me with the request that I would deliver a lecture before your society, I readily assented, as I felt that the students' societies connected with our Institute are doing exceedingly good work, and are labouring to produce a race of accountants more and more worthy of the increasing confidence which is being reposed in us by the mercantile and investing public.
1911, Robert W. Service, “The Men That Don't Fit In”, in The Spell of the Yukon:
There's a race of men that don't fit in, / A race that can't stay still; / So they break the hearts of kith and kin, / And they roam the world at will.
1984, William Nelson Parker, Europe, America, and the Wider World, volume 1, page 124:
Such as society has no need for the race of entrepreneur hero-villains, although such a group, magnified by a thirsty popular imagination, may achieve a certain superficial notoriety.
2009, Eunjoo M. Kim, edited by David L. Bartlett and Barbara Brown Taylor, Feasting on the Word: Preaching the Revised Common Lectionary, Year C, page 249:
Indeed, all of us are called to join the race of faith. Our identity as Christians is not a burden or an obstacle for our lives, but is rather a gift,
2011, Marino Restrepo, Catholics Awake!:
We can clearly see how people would sooner join the race of those who fall down into disobedient and dark behaviours, than join the good race of the sane doctrine of the gospel.

Noun: "geographically separated population"

		1555				1968 1998	2000 2010 2019
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1555, Peter Martyr of Angleria , “The Nynth Booke of the Seconde Decade, of the Supposed Continent”, in Rycharde Eden , transl., The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India, , London: Guilhelmi Powell, →OCLC, 2nd decade, folio 83, recto:
nnumerable popingayes of ſundry kindes are found chattering in the groues of thoſe fenny places. For in the raſe of this large lande, Colonus him ſelfe brought and ſent to the courte a greate number of euery kynde, the which it was lawfull for all the people to beholde, and are yet dayly browght in like manner.
1968 December, Dale W. Rice, Victor B. Scheffer, A List of the Marine Mammals of the World, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries number 579, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Phoca vitulina, page 6:
Two races are certainly valid. The Atlantic race (P. v. vitulina) is distinguishable from the Pacific race (P. v. richardi Gray, 1864) by skull characters.
1998, Paul A. Johnsgard, “The Sandhill Crane”, in Crane Music: A Natural History of American Cranes, University of Nebraska Press, →ISBN, page 33:
More recent observations have shown that at least four geographically separate populations fall within the limits of this race, whose vernacular name is the greater sandhill crane.
2000, P. K. Gupta, “Genetic Basis of Evolution and Speciation”, in Genetics, 3rd edition, Rastogi Publications, →ISBN, page 577:
The sequence of evolutionary events in speciation, therefore, seems to start with race formation and end with reproductive isolation brought about by spatial or geographical separation and sexual isolating mechanisms.
2000, Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, 25th anniversary edition, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, page 9:
A population that differs signicatly from other populations belonging to the same species is referred to as a geographic race or subspecies. Subspecies are separated from other subspecies by distance and geographic barriers that prevent the exchange of individuals, as opposed to the genetically based "intrinsic isolating mechanisms" that hold species apart.
2010, Mark Beaman, Steve Madge, “House Sparrow Passer domesticus”, in The Handbook of Bird Identification for Europe and the Western Palearctic, →ISBN, Geographical Variation, page 757:
Marked. 6 races (nominate and italiae illustrated). Only italiae ('Italian Sparrow', described above) is distinctly different from nominate race. This form, which is now often referred to as 'hybrid form x italiae' rather than as P. d. italiae, is resident in the Italian peninsula, S Switzerland, Corsica and Crete (with similar-looking populations in NW Africa), and has presumably arisen as a hybrid population between House and Spanish Sparrows.
2019, Nina S. Bulatova, Larisa A. Biltueva, Svetlana V. Pavlova, Natalia S. Zhdanova, Jan Zima, “Chromosomal Differentiation in the Common Shrew and Related Species”, in Jeremy B. Searle, P. David Polly, Jan Zima, editors, Shrews, Chromosomes and Speciation, Box 5.1 Basic Rules for the Definition and Nomencalture of Chromosomal Races of Sorex araneus According to Hausser et al. (1994), Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 145:
A chromosomal race of S. araneus is defined as a group of geographically contiguous or recently separated populations that share the same set of metacentrics and acrocentrics by descent.

Noun: "plants distinguished by common characteristics"

					1859	1915 1922 1948 1995	2002 2007 2015
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1859, Charles Darwin, “Variation under Domestication”, in On the Origin of Species:
Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable, that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the direct action of the poor soil), that they would to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock.
1915 October 7, Carleton Roy Ball, Jacob Allen Clark, “Varieties of Hard Spring Wheat”, in Farmers' Bulletin, number 680, Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, page 3:
Plants belonging to different races often can not be told apart by outward appearance. In any field there will be many plants which belong to one race, whether the number of races be few or many. Hence, in finding the high-yielding races in the mixture, the breeder must choose a large number of plants in order to be sure he gets some of each race. He then grows their descendants separately until the experiments show how many races he has and which are the best.
1922, “45679. Malus prunifolia rinki”, in Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported, number 51, Washington: United States Department of Agriculture, page 77:
Judging by the climate where this tree grows naturally in western China, it should prove as hardy as the Siberian Malus baccata, which is one of the parents of the hardy race of apples now much cultivated in the extreme north as Siberian crabs; and it is not improbable that by crossing the Rinki with some of these hybrid crabs or with the hardiest varieties of the common apple a race may be obtained more valuable for the cold parts of North America than any of the apples which can be grown in some of the Northern States or in the northwestern Provinces of Canada.
1948 June, “Development of Races”, in Woody-Plant Seed Manual, Miscellaneous Publication no. 654, Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, page 15:
Tree races develop not only in different latitudes, but also at different altitudes and within mountainous regions. Since climate changes markedly with altitude as well as latitude, both kinds of development are included in the term climatic races. In addition, soil or site races may develop in areas similar climatically but characterized by different soil or site conditions.
1995 September 11–14, Loreen Allphin, Michael D Windham, Kimball T Harper, “A Genetic Evaluation of Three Potential Races of the Rare Kachina Daisy”, in Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plants: Proceedings of the Second Conference, Flagstaff, Arizona, page 75:
Our genetic evaluation suggests that the morphologically distinct race (Dolores River) is more closely related to the type materials than the ecologically distinct, high-elevation race.
2002, Te-Tzu Chang, “Origin, Domestication, and Diversification”, in C. Wayne Smith, Robert H. Dilday, editors, Rice: Origin, History, Technology, and Production, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 18:
The diversification of O. sativa reached its peak in Asia. Most rice workers agree that the tropical rices, later called the indica race, served as the primary source of variations in other ecogenetic races. The differentiation process progressed farthest in China, where a distinct race was already differentiated over 10,000 years ago. Since the second century A.D., Chinese historical papers described two types of rice: the drier cooking type as hsien or sen and the stickier type as keng In Japan, this temperate-zone race was named the japonica type by Kato et al. A third ecogeographic race having a larger plant size, slower growth, and larger and bolder grains was recognized by Japanese workers and given the collective name javanica
2007, Ivan A. Ross, “Camellia sinensis”, in Medicinal Plants of the World, volume 3, Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press, →ISBN, page 2:
There are numerous varieties and races of tea. There are three main groups of the cultivated forms: China, Assam, and a hybrid tea, differing in form.
2015, L A. Morrison, “Cereals: Domestication of the Cereal Grains”, in Colin W. Wrigley, Harold Corke, Koushik Seetharaman, Jonathan Faubion, editors, Encyclopedia of Food Grains, 2nd edition, volume 1, Academic Press, →ISBN, page 90:
The development of weed races parallels crop evolution from the standpoint of unintended human selection of weedy forms through agricultural practices and introgressive hybridization between the crop species and its weedy wild relatives. Weed races in crop-weed complexes can be serious pests of agricultural fields as is the case or sorghum or rice. Or, weeds can develop into crop species as happened to the weedy races of oats and rye that infested early wheat fields.

Noun: "a breed of domesticated animal"

		1596		1745 1799	1821 1852 1871 1875 1897	1920 1926 1955 1986
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c. 1596–1599, William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, act 5, scene 1:
For do but note a wild and wanton herd, / Or race of youthful and unhandled colts, / Fetching mad bounds.
1745, Richard Pococke, A Description of the East and Some Other Countries, volume 2, page 196:
There is a race of sheep in this country with four horns, two of them turning upwards, and two downwards.
1799, Joshua Rowlin, The Complete Cow-Doctor; Or, Farmer's Companion, 2nd edition, London, page 42:
They have another breed, called the Dunlop cows, which are allowed to be the best race for yielding milk in Great Britain or Ireland, not only for large quantities, but also for richness in quality.
a. 1821, Hester Thrale, translated by unknown, , translation of original by James Harris; published as “Mrs. Piozzi's Autobiographical Memoirs”, in Dr. Johnson's Mrs. Thrale, Edinburgh & London: T. N. Foulis, 1910, page 23:
Then shouldst thou, friend, possess a bitch / In nature's noble gifts as rich; / When Death shall take her, let her have / With Pompey here one common grave; / So from their mingled dust shall rise / A race of dogs as good and wise
1852 May 15, “Natural History of Song Birds”, in Kidd's Own Journal, volume 1, number 20, page 305:
The singing of the feathered race seems to be the expression of their happiness, and of their soft and agreeable emotions
1871 September, A. J. Cook, “Agricultural College”, in American Bee Journal, volume 7, number 3, Washington, D. C.: Samuel Wagner, page 51:
This makes the race none the less valuable; for it, by crossing the Egyptians and black bees, and then by careful selection in breeding from the offspring, we originate a third race, superior to either of the others, and which will keep better only as a result of careful breeding, surely we have improved our art by the introduction of a superior and disinct race.
1875, Augustus C. L. Arnold, The Living World, volume 1, Boston: Samuel Walker & Co, page 88:
Great St. Bernard Dog—This race is nearly allied to the Newfoundland Dog in form, stature, hair, and colors; but the head and ears are like that of a Water Spaniel.
1897 August 2, Richard Lydekker, “The Pedigree of the Cat”, in Knowledge, volume 20, page 182:
In one of the ancient frescoes of the country, there is, however, depicted a cat presenting a striking likeness to the ordinary "tabby," and it is therefore quite possible that a distinct domesticated race may also have existed in ancient Egypt.
1920, “Animal Production”, in Experiment Station Record, volume 42, number 8, page 764:
In this paper from the Wisconsin Experiment Station the author records the formation, by a suitable combination of known hereditary characters, of a race of guinea pigs genetically not albino but having the appearance of extreme albinos, including the white ears hitherto unobtainable by fanciers except as an accident.
References: Ibsen, Heman Lauritz (Mar-Apr 1919) “Synthetic pink-eyed self white guinea pigs”, in The American Naturalist, volume 53, number 625, pages 120–130
1926, J. T. Peters, H. B. Carden, History of Fayette County, West Virginia, Charleston, W. Va.: Fayette County Historical Society, page 142:
While the men of affairs were being entertained within the spacious walls of the Old Stone Tavern, the aristocrats of the equine race were being cared for in the old log stable that still stands.
1955, Frank Debenham, “The Man-Eaters of Kasungu”, in Nyasaland, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, page 183:
Another thing to remember about lions is that whatever they decide to do they will do with lightning rapidity, a characteristic of the feline race which we know well enough from seeing our domestic cat lying lazily on the hearthrug yet shooting out a paw in a flash to catch the ball we dangle over it.
1986 January, “The Bighorn Sheep Project: Pulling the Ural-Tweeds from the Edge of Extinction”, in Environment and Power, volume 3, number 10, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, page 6:
MDFWP biologists have considered introducing another race of sheep to bolster the Ural-Tweed.

Noun: "strain of microorganism"

					1894 1896	1931 1951 1977 1991	2009 2018
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1894 June, A. K. Miller, “Pure Yeast and its Relations to Brewing Operations”, in Science Progress, volume 1, number 4, pages 290–291:
It is obvious that the above advantages should apply with equal force to the high fermentation system of brewing adopted in this country, and to a considerable extent also in some continental countries, provided at least that a single race of yeast is in this case also capable of exercising the necessary functions of ordinary brewers' yeast, which is known to be in the main a mixture of different races of yeast.¶ The employment of single race yeast in high fermentation breweries advanced more rapidly abroad than in this country, and the Hansen system soon gained some prominent advocates in this branch of the brewing industry.
1896 February, “Notes and News”, in Botanical Gazette, volume 21, number 2, page 99:
Plants grown from seed received from Germany were attacked by rust, which proved to be Puccinia dispersa Eriks. & Henn., a species having two well marked physiological races, one maintaining itself on rye and the other on wheat.
References: Eriksson, Jakob (1895) “Ein parasitischer Pilz als Index der inneren Natur eines Pflanzenbastards”, in Botaniska Notiser, number 6, pages 251–253
1931 August, William B Brierley, “Biological Races in Fungi and Their Significance in Evolution”, in Annals of Applied Biology, volume 18, number 3, →DOI:
The classical example of biological races in the fungi is the black rust of wheat, Puccinia graminis. This species is subdivided into a number of varieties which, in certain cases, show slight morphological differences but which are separable primarily by their parasitic relation with host plants.
1951 October, R. W. Leukei, John H. Martin, C. L. LeFevre, Sorghum Diseases and Their Control (Farmers' Bulletin; 1959), US Department of Agriculture, page 26:
At least five strains, or races, of covered kernel smut are known. These races differ in ability to attack different varieties of sorghum. As far as is known, all commercial varieties of sorgo, kafir, durra, broomcorn, and also Sudan grass are susceptible to all five races, as also are some other varieties, including darso, Schrock (Sagrain) and Dwarf Freed.
1977 March 24, “Why is cereal fungus so resistant?”, in New Scientist, volume 73, number 1044, page 697:
Now Mary MacDonald of the Plant Breeding Institute at Maris Lane, Cambridge, has made an interesting study which has duplicated the conditions under which new races arise. And she has produced at least one new fungal race.
1991, Ingrid M. J. Scholtens-Toma, Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten, Pierre J. G. M. De Wit, “Appearance of Pathogen-Related Proteins in Plant Hosts”, in Garry T. Cole, Harvey C. Hoch, editors, The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals, New York: Plenum Press, →ISBN, page 250:
The hemibiotrophic fungus Colleototrichum lindemuthianum is the causal agent of anthracnose on bean and exists as several physiological races which can be differentiated by their interaction with various cultivars of bean (Krüger et al., 1977).
2009, Brett Frederick Carver, “Diseases which challenge global wheat production”, in Wheat: Science and Trade, Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 160:
At the DNA level, genetic variability is extensive in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, but that level of variability does not particularly equate to pathogenic or geographic variability (Friesen et a;., 2005). To determine pathogenic variability, visible lesion types (necrosis, chlorosis, or both) were first used to distinguish specific pathotypes and races of P. tritici-repentis (Lamari and Bernier 1989a). Isolates were assigned to four pathotypes (which later became races 1 through 4) based on their ability to produce necrotic and chlorotic reactions (race 1), necrosis only (race 2), chlorosis only (race 3), or neither lesion type (race 4) on specific wheat differental lines (Lamari and Bernier 1989a). Additional races were identified as the number of specific P. tritici-repentis isolate x wheat differential lines was expanded and characterized, although race 1 has been found to predominate in many wheat growing regions (Lamari et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2007).
2018 December, Anna Kolobaeva, Olga Kotik, “Technological Approaches to Cider Quality”, in Advances in Engineering Research‎, volume 151, Atlantis Press, →DOI:
The type of microorganisms is a very important factor influencing the quality of cider. Yeast of various producers and races result in different taste and flavor.

Noun: "a category or kind of thing distinguished by common characteristics"

				1783 1786	1836 1844 1865 1885 1887
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1783 November 20, Samuel Johnson, “From the Letters of Dr. Samuel Johnson”, in Vicesimus Knox, editor, Elegant Epistles, Dublin: Messrs H. Chamberlaine and Rice, published 1790, section 3, letter 79, Dr. Johnson to Mrs. Thrale, page 785:
You do not tell me her diſeaſe; and perhaps have not been able yourself fully to underſtand it. I hope it is not of the cephalic race.
1786, Robert Burns, Address to the Haggis:
Fair fa' your honest, sonsie face, / Great chieftain o the puddin'-race!
1836, S. P. Holbrook, “The Last of the Cocked Hats”, in The Boston Book, Boston: Light and Horton, page 308:
There are even now in aliquo abdito et longinquo rure, some secluded nooks of New-England, or of the image of New England, Ohio, (matre pulchra filia pulchrior,) where the tri-cornered hats come forth at least one day in seven, to excite glorious recollections and vain regrets that the present race of hats and heroes is so much inferior to the past.
1844 February, Hannah Farnham Sawyer Lee, “The Deep Drawer”, in Godey's Lady's Book, volume 28, page 69:
I began fully to realize these truths. I detested the whole race of pies and puddings, and actually went to sleep parodying the words of Shakspeare,—"Give them to the dogs."
1865 August 12, “Meat and Murrain”, in The Saturday Review, volume 20, number 511, page 204:
For our own part, we can only say, especially to our Islington readers, Beware of cheap cook-shops and itinerant piemen, and taboo the whole race of sausages.
1885 April 11, “Bellona's Workshops”, in Charles Dickens Jr., editor, All the Year Round, volume 36, number 854, page 86:
There is one quiet corner in the midst of all this bustle, and this is known as the cemetery, where the rude forefathers of the present race of guns sleep peacefully side by side, the relics of a less scientific age, when people were content to be knocked to pieces with less elaborate appliances.
1887 March, Anna Barrows, “Rhubarb Pies”, in The Cottage Hearth, volume 13, number 3, page 69:
Who does not like rhubarb pies? Not sour, soggy articles, such as have brought reproach upon the whole race of pies, but sweet, juicy pies, with light, flaky crust, a compound that has no rival.

Noun: "sexual activity of bearing offspring"

			1658 1667
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1658, Edward Topsell, “Of the horse”, in The History of Four-Footed Beasts and Serpents, page 234:
It behooveth therefore that the Mares appointed for race, be well compacted, of a decent quality, being fair and beautiful to look upon, the belly and loins being great, in age not under three nor above ten years old.
1667, John Milton, Paradise Lost‎, book 7:
Male he created thee, but thy consort / Femal for Race; then bless’d Mankinde, and said, / Be fruitful, multiplie, and fill the Earth

Noun: "peculiar flavour"

			1606 1625		1827 1835 1875
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c. 1606–1607, William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra‎, act 1, scene 3:
No going then, / Eternity was in our lips and eyes, / Bliss in our brows’ bent; none our parts so poor / But was a race of heaven.
c. 1625, Philip Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts‎, act 1, scene 3:
Order: And if you please to stay, that you may thinke so; / There came not fix dayes since from Hull, a pipe / Of rich Canarie, which shall spend it selfe / For my Ladies honour.
Greedie: Is it of the right race?
Canary: A light, sweet, white wine from the Canary Islands.
1827, Christian Isobel Johnstone, “A Country Sunday Evening”, in Elizabeth de Bruce, volume 1, New York: W. Blackwood, page 130:
On the day following Elizabeth's interview with Gideon, this innocent relish—the olives which gave zest, or the walnuts which gave race and richness, to Monkshaugh's moderate hebdomadal glass of old claret—was not forgotten.
1835 May, Christian Isobel Johnstone, “West Country Exclusives”, in Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, volume 2, page 340:
He was one of those originals to be found in most communities, which, like certain wines and fruits, require to be used on the spot, to be enjoyed -- as, in removal, much of the race, or peculiar flavour of the soil, is sure to be lost.
1875, Sebastian Evans, “The Eve of Morte Arthur”, in In the Studio, London: Macmillan & Co, pages 164–165:
So sang the poet in his pride of place, / And Arthur bade the pages plenish well / The cups of all the kings with wine of race, / Osaye or Algarde, Rhenish or Rochell, / Vernage of Venice, Rhodes or Famagust, / Sweet Malvoisie or Cretan Muscadel,—

Noun: "characteristic quality"

			1603 1685	1711	1807
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c. 1603–1604, William Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, act 2, scene 4:
And now I give my sensual race the rein.
1685, Sir William Temple, Upon the Gardens of Epicurus; or, Of Gardening:
some great race of fancy or judgment in the contrivance
1711, P. H., An Impartial View of the Two Late Parliaments, London: J. Baker, page 185:
Mr. Dolben, who gave the firſt Riſe to this Glorious Proſecution, purſu'd the Charge with a peculiar Race of Spirit, intimating the Third Article of the Commons Impeachment to be one criminal Poſition.
1807, Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Honourable Henry Home of Kames, volume 1, book 2, chapter 1, Edinburgh: William Creech, page 181:
His conversation, too, had a race and flavour peculiarly its own: it was nervous, sententious, and tinctured with genuine wit.

Noun: "ancestry"

			1609	1701 1748 1785	1819 1844 1858 1891
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1609, Ben Jonson, Epicœne, or The Silent Woman‎, act 3, scene 2:
Yes, madam, believe it, she is a gentlewoman of very absolute behaviour, and of a good race.
1701, John Stevens, A Brief History of Spain, London: J. Nutt, page 5:
Betus, the Son of Tagus, and sixth King of Spain, was the last of the Race of Tubal.
1748, David Hume, The History of the House and Race of Douglas and Angus, 4th edition, volume 2, Edinburgh: T. & W. Ruddimans, page 295:
This Renunciation was derided by some, and disdained by others, as a high Presumption in him, who being but lately raised from so mean an Estate durst utter Speeches that bewrayed such vast Thoughts, as to aim to no less than the Kindom, if ever, (the King's own Race failing) the Right thereto should happen to be controverted.
1785, Nathaniel William Wraxall, “Henry the Second”, in The History of France Under the Kings of the Race of Valois, 2nd edition, volume 2, London: C. Dilly, pages 52–53:
Wars of religion, more sanguinary, cruel, and ruinous than even those of Henry the fifth and Edward the third, rise in succession under the three last princes of the race of Valois.
1819, Walter Scott, A Legend of Montrose‎:
This forest was adjacent to the chief haunts of the MacGregors, or a particular race of them, known by the title of MacEagh, or Children of the Mist.
1844 January–December, W M Thackeray, “My Pedigree and Family.—Undergo the Influence of the Tender Passion.”, in “The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq. ”, in Miscellanies: Prose and Verse, volume III, London: Bradbury and Evans, , published 1856, →OCLC:
That very estate which the Lyndons now possess in Ireland was once the property of my race.
1858, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, chapter 16, in What Will He Do With It?‎:
I ought to add that your father and I were once warm friends, and that by descent I am the head not only of my own race, which ends with me, but of the Haughton family, of which, though your line assumed the name, it was but a younger branch.
1891 May 30 , Paschal Grousset, “Maurice Kerdic; or, The Mystery of Ecbatana”, in The Boy's Own Paper, volume 13, number 646, Chapter 14—The Labyrinth, translation of Le Secret du Mage, page 551:
I have taken my precautions, for it was not without fear I set out. And I left my daughter Leila, the frail and solitary offspring of my race, my will sealed with the mystic seal.

Noun: "a generation"

			1650 1680	1738 1789	1846 1850 1870 1878	1929
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1650, “PSAL. CXLV. Davids psalm of praise.”, in The Psalms of David in meeter‎, Edinburgh: Evan Tyler, page 294:
Race shall thy works praise unto race, / The mighty acts show, done by thee.
1680, Lord Wentworth Dillon, transl., Horace's Art of poetry made English, London: Henry Herringman, translation of Ars Poetica by Horace, pages 5–6:
Men ever had, and ever will have leave, / To coin new words well suited to the age: / Words are like Leaves, some wither every year, / And every year a younger Race succeeds
1738 , Ephraim Chambers, “Race”, in Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary Of Arts and Sciences‎, 2nd edition, London: D. Midwinter:
In ſeveral orders of knighthood, as in that of Malta, &c. the candidates muſt prove a nobility of four races or deſcents.
1789, Lady Isabella Howard, Thoughts in the Form of Maxims Addressed to Young Ladies on Their First Establishment in the World, London: T. Cornell, page 56:
Do not conſider, during your youth, the aged as diſtinct beings from yourſelf; your journey, if you live, will be more ſpeedy than you imagine to the ſame period, and render you equally dependant on the compaſſion and patience of a younger race.
1846–47, Joseph Addison Alexander, chapter 53, in Commentary on Isaiah, Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, published 1992, →ISBN, page 295:
Hendewerk's assertion that the Prophet here speaks as one of the older race of captives in Babylon, acknowledging the error of himself and his contemporaries with respect to the younger and better generation.
1850 November 1, “Augustus Neander”, in The British Quarterly Review, volume 7, number 24, London: Jackson & Walford, pages 304–305:
Of the three theologians—so dissimilar in many points, yet so united in the same hearty desire to shed, by their exertions, a living glory on the infant institution to which they belonged—the last is now gone: and with Neander too, we believe, the last link of that chain which connected the present younger with the older race of professors.
1870, Charles Dickens, “The Nun's House”, in The Mystery of Edwin Drood:
Perhaps this is the reason why it is an article of faith with the servants, handed down from race to race, that the departed Tisher was a hairdresser.
1878 February, “Founder's Day”, in The School Magazine, volume 16, number 120, Northampton: Uppingham School, page 14:
And very pleasant it was when Mr. Roy, and John Bell, and George Green, of the older race, led the younger Old Boys to—well, defeat or victory, as the case might be.
1929 December, Johnny Burke, “No Short Skirts To Their Knees”, in Burke's Popular Songs‎, St. John's, Newfoundland: Long Brothers:
For the old stock is fast dying out, Jennie, / And a young race is taking their place, / In our grandmothers' day they had sense, Jennie, / No powder or paints on their face.

Noun: "progeny"

			1606	1737	1842 1847 1870
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c. 1606–1607, William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, act 3, scene 13:
Have I my pillow left unpressed in Rome, / Forborne the getting of a lawful race, / And by a gem of women, to be abused / By one that looks on feeders?
1737, Richard Glover, Leonidas, book 2, Baltimore: Neal, Wills & Cole, published 1814, page 35:
The good man besought him. Let the king / Propitious hear a parent. In thy train / I have five sons. Ah! leave my eldest born, / Thy future vassal, to sustain my age!' / The tyrant fell reply'd. 'Presumptuous man, / Who art my slave, in this tremendous war, / Is not my person hazarded, my race, / My consort?
1842, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “Locksley Hall”, in Poems, volume 2, London: Edward Moxon, page 109:
There the passions cramp’d no longer shall have scope and breathing-space; / I will take some savage woman, she shall rear my dusky race. / Iron-jointed, supple-sinew’d, they shall dive, and they shall run, / Catch the wild goat by the hair, and hurl their lances in the sun
1847, Edmund H. White, Athelstan, a Tragedy, 2nd edition, act 1, scene 2, London: William Strange, pages 14–15:
By Heaven! / I will be free as are the mountain wolves, / Or else I will be naught: with this good blade, / I'll carve me out a throne, whereon my race / Shall rear its crownèd head; Northumberland / Shall hail me as her king, and own my sway, / Or death shall make me as my kindred, dust.
1870 , “Fingal”, in Archibald Clerk, transl., The Poems of Ossian, volume 2, duan 5, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, translation of Fionnghal by w:Ossian (and w:James Macpherson), page 57, lines 123–126:
"Young man, I never yielded, / Nor will I yield to living man. / Choose from my race (a foe), O prince! / Many and mighty are my sons!"

Verb: "to assign to a race"

						1996	2006 2008 2020
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1996, Philosophical Studies in Education, page 151:
To be raced as black in the U.S. translates symbolically into being considered inferior to whites, lazy, immoral, boisterous, violent, and sexually promiscuous.
2006, Athena D. Mutua, Progressive Black Masculinities?, Routledge, →ISBN, page 30:
From this perspective, the project of progressive blackness entails the edification of black people and the elimination of all forms of domination that limit this edification for all those raced as black.
2008, George Yancy, Black Bodies, White Gazes: The Continuing Significance of Race, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, page 46:
By avoiding being raced as white, whites are able to maintain the illusion that they have always been individuals, that they have always accomplished their achievements through merit alone.
2020 March 24, Sophie Lewis, “The coronavirus crisis shows it's time to abolish the family”, in opendemocracy.net‎:
he private family qua mode of social reproduction still, frankly, sucks. It genders, nationalizes and races us. It norms us for productive work.

Verb: "to pass down traits"

				1738
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1738 , Ephraim Chambers, “Race”, in Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary Of Arts and Sciences‎, 2nd edition, London: D. Midwinter:
D'Hervieux obſerves that it is uſual to put the female canary bird to the male goldfinch, linnet, or the like, to breed; but for his part, he ſhould chuſe to put the male canary-bird to the female goldfinch, linnet, &c. becauſe the male uſually races more than the female, i. e. the young ones take more after the male than after the female.

Etymology 3: from Latin radix

Noun: "a root"

		1589	1610	1777	1842 1850
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1589, Thomas Lodge, Robert Greene, A Looking Glass for London; republished in The Dramatic and Poetical Works of Robert Greene & George Peele, London: Routledge, Warne and Routledge, 1861, page 126:
I'll tell you, sir,—if you did taste of the ale,—all Nineveh hath not such a cup of ale, it flowers in the cup, sir; by my troth, I spent eleven pence, beside three races of ginger—
1610, William Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale, act 4, scene 3, line 45:
I must have saffron to color the warden pies; mace; dates, none—that's out of my note; nutmegs, seven; a race or two of ginger, but that I may beg; four pounds of prunes, and as many of raisins o' th' sun.
1777, Edward Terry, A Voyage to East-India, page 62:
They have onions and garlick, and some herbs and small roots for sallads; and in the southernmost parts, ginger growing almost in every place; the large races whereof are there very excellently well preserved, as we may know by our tasting them in England.
1842, Gibbons Merle, The Domestic Dictionary and Housekeeper's Manual, page 433:
On the third day after this second boiling, pour all the syrup into a pan, put the races of ginger with it, and boil it up until the syrup adheres to the spoon.
1850 April, Jonathan Pereira, “On the Commercial Varieties of Ginger”, in American Journal of Pharmacy, volume 16, page 133:
This sort of Malabar ginger is imported in chests, casks, or bags. It is a scraped sort, and occurs in fine large branching races, having much of the character of Jamaica ginger, but having more of a brownish or reddish tint externally, and being very apt to be wormy.

Etymology 4: from Middle English rasen

Verb: to pluck or snatch

	1460	1545 1593 1596	1602
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Wheatley, editor, Merlin or The Early History of King Arthur: A Prose Romance (Early English Text Society; 112), volume I (in Middle English), London: or the Early English Text Society by Kegal Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., published 1899, →OCLC, page 424:
e be-heilde towarde the fier, and saugh the flesshe that the knaue hadde rosted that was tho I-nough, and raced it of with his hondes madly, and rente it a-sonder in peces, and wette it in mylke, and after in the hony, and ete as a wood man that nought ther lefte of the flessh;
e beheld toward the fire, and saw the flesh that the knave had roasted that was though enough, and snatched it off with his hands madly, and rent it asunder in pieces, and wet it in milk, and after in the honey, and ate as a woodman, that nought there left of the flesh; ]
1545, Roger Ascham, “The First Booke”, in Toxophilus, the Schole, or Partitions of Shooting , edition, London: Thomas Marshe, published 1571, →OCLC, folio 30, recto:
But nowe a ſtronge man not vſed to ſhoote, at a girde, can heue vp ⁊ plucke in ſunder many a good bowe, as wilde horſes at a brunt doth race and plucke in peeces many a ſtronge carte.
c. 1593 (date written), , The Tragedy of King Richard the Third. Nephewes: His Tyrannicall Vsurpation: With the Whole Course of His Detested Life, and Most Deserued Death. As it hath beene Lately Acted by the Right Honourable the Lord Chamberlaine His Seruants.">…] (First Quarto), London: Valentine Sims for Andrew Wise, , at the signe of the Angell.">…], published 1597, →OCLC, , signatures G2, recto – G2, verso:
Stanley did dreame the boare did race his helme, / But I diſdaind it, and did ſcorne to flie,
1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book V, Canto V”, in The Faerie Queene. , part II (books IV–VI), London: ">…] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 11, page 242:
He to her lept vvith deadly dreadfull looke, / And her ſunſhynie helmet ſoon vnlaced, / Thinking at once both head and helmet to haue raced.
1602, William Warner, “The Twelth Booke. Chapter LXXIII.”, in Albions England. A Continued Historie of the Same Kingdome, from the Originals of the First Inhabitants thereof: , 5th edition, London: Edm Bollifant for George Potter, , →OCLC, page 304:
Thus erring Rome hath, doth, & vvill our chriſtian VVorld vnqueate: / May therefore Princes ioyne to race that Monſter from his Seate.

Verb: to sharpen a grindstone

					1889 1898	1932
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1889 April 20, John T Arlidge, “Abstract of the Milroy Lectures on Occupation and Trade in Relation to Public Health”, in The Lancet, page 774:
Another source of dust arises from the "hanging" and "racing" of the grindstones. The former operation consists in boring a hole through the centre of the stone for the axles. The hanging being done, the next step is to smooth the working edge of the stone, received in a rough state from the quarry. This is effected by holding a bar of steel against it whilst it is slowly turned, and is known as "racing" the stone. Moreover, to keep up the requisite smoothness of the the stones when at work, a frequent hacking or rough chiselling is done, generating much dust.
1898, Mr. Parkes, “Report Upon the Work of the Factory Department During the Year 1897”, in Reports from Commissioners, Inspectors and Others, volume 14, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, page 20:
The cracks, owing to the custom of sending the stones with rough surfaces from the quarry, are not so clearly visible until the grinders have 'raced' the stones, or, in other words, smoothed the sides and grinding faces.

English citations of race

Etymology 1: from Old English rǣs

Noun: "a contest"

Noun: "rapid motion"

Noun: "a race condition"

Noun: "progressive movement toward a goal"

Noun: "fast-moving current of water"

Noun: "a water channel"

Noun: "a path that something moves along"

Noun: "a groove on a sewing machine or loom"

Noun: "a ring with a groove"

Noun: "a keno gambling session"

Verb: "to take part in a contest"

Verb: "to compete against in a contest"

Verb: "to move at high speed"

Verb: "to run a motor rapidly"

Etymology 2: from Italian razza

Noun: "group of people distinguished by common heritage"

Noun: "group of people distinguished by common physical characteristics"

Noun: "group of sentient beings distinguished by common heritage"

Noun: "group of people distinguished by shared qualities"

Noun: "geographically separated population"

Noun: "plants distinguished by common characteristics"

Noun: "a breed of domesticated animal"

Noun: "strain of microorganism"

Noun: "a category or kind of thing distinguished by common characteristics"

Noun: "sexual activity of bearing offspring"

Noun: "peculiar flavour"

Noun: "characteristic quality"

Noun: "ancestry"

Noun: "a generation"

Noun: "progeny"

Verb: "to assign to a race"

Verb: "to pass down traits"

Etymology 3: from Latin radix

Noun: "a root"

Etymology 4: from Middle English rasen

Verb: to pluck or snatch

Verb: to sharpen a grindstone

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