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1981, William Henry Newell, Japan in Asia, 1942-1945, page 45:Because the work was done by rōmusha (labourers) who were mostly conscripted locally, it meant that many of them were relatives or friends of the giyūhei, or even of the bundanchō and officers. The rōmusha were practically slave labour because they had no right to leave, were not paid, and were ill-treated.
1986, Ismail Marahimin, And the War is Over, page 74:He carried himself well and seemed friendly. Maybe he was an employee of the Japanese and not a real romusha.
2006 December 27, “ROMUSHA, FORCED LABOURERS”, in National Archives of Singapore:Unedited Description Supplied by Transferring Agency: ROMUSHA, FORCED LABOURERS AT WORK DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION IN INDONESIA. THE PHOTO WAS TAKEN BETWEEN 1942 AND 1945.
2007 June, Tan Yao Sua, “Asian Labor in the Wartime Japanese Empire ”, in Kajian Malaysia, page 119:The mass recruitment and large-scale relocation of the Javanese rōmusha were extremely disruptive and consequently, tens of thousands of these workers died of malnutrition, of disease, and of maltreatment.
2016 December 18, Suzanna Pillay, “Remembering the 'Romusha' who built Death Railway”, in New Strait Times:Working relentlessly under deplorable conditions and deprived of food and medication, 200,000 Romusha (Asian labourers) worked alongside more than 60,000 Allied prisoners of war from the British Empire, the Netherlands and the United States to complete the gargantuan task of building the railway.
2016 December, Takuma Melber, “The Labour Recruitment of Local Inhabitants as Rōmusha in Japanese-Occupied South East Asia”, in International Review of Social History, volume 61, →DOI, page 165:The outcome of the Battle of Midway led Tokyo to decide to transform conditions in South East Asia, especially in the last two years of Japanese occupation, and one of the changes was the forced recruitment of rōmusha, in other words, the local inhabitants of the South East Asian territories. The prime function of the rōmusha would be to do manual labour.
2017, Lizzie Oliver, “‘Like Pebbles Stuck in a Sieve’: Reading Romushas in the Second-Generation Photography of Southeast Asian Captivity”, in Journal of War & Culture Studies, volume 10, →DOI, page 272:Javanese workers were known as romushas (the Japanese translation for the colonial term ‘coolie’) and put to work on Java, its neighbouring islands and across Southeast Asia.