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English
Alternative forms
Etymology
Attested since 1584, ultimately from an Old Montagnais term. Ives Goddard's theory, accepted by most linguists today, is that it derives from Montagnais ayaškimew (“snowshoe-netter”). An older theory, defended by John Steckley due to its greater acceptance in Native oral traditions, but discredited by linguists, is that it derives from a term meaning "eater(s) of raw meat".
Details.
- The theory most accepted among linguists today is that it derives from ayaškimew (“snowshoe-netter”) (compare Montagnais assime·w (“she laces a snowshoe”), Ojibwe ashkime (“s/he nets snowshoes”)), a term applied to the Mi'kmaq and apparently later transferred to the Labrador Inuit.
- An older theory derives it from a term meaning "eaters of raw meat"; compare Cree askamiciw (“she or he eats it raw”) (Inuit are referred to in some Cree texts as askipiw, "eats something raw"). John Steckley argues in favor of this theory because of its greater acceptance in native oral traditions, and because the Huron, historical allies and trading partners of the Montagnais who loan-translated many names, also denote the Inuit using terms (e.g. Lorette Huron ok8ch iechronnon, Wyandot ok8chtronnon, both including -ok8ch- "to be raw") meaning "people of the raw", "people who eat something raw".
In 1978, Montagnais-speaking Quebec anthropologist Jose Mailhot alternatively suggested Eskimo meant "people who speak a different language", but Steckley considers her theory unlikely.
The term may have entered English via Spanish esquimao, esquimal (used by Basque fishermen in Labrador).
Pronunciation
Proper noun
Eskimo
- (sometimes offensive) A group of indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic, from Siberia, through Alaska and Northern Canada, to Greenland, including the Inuit and Yupik.
- Any of the languages of the Eskimo.
Usage notes
- Eskimo has come to be considered offensive, especially in Canada, because it was widely thought to stem from a Cree pejorative meaning "eaters of raw meat" (although both the Cree and Inuit ate raw meat).
- In Canada, it has been superseded by Inuit (for the peoples, and Inuvialuit for those in the Western Arctic). The term is still used worldwide by historians and archaeologists.
- In Alaska, indigenous Alaskans find this term too imprecise and prefer "Alaska Native", as "Eskimo" encompasses (and is the only encompassing term for) all the Arctic peoples including the Inuit Inupiat and the non-Inuit Yupik. However, Eskimo does not include the related Aleut people (Unangan).
- Greenland natives also call themselves Greenlanders (Greenlandic: kalaallit), and their language Greenlandic (kalaallisut).
Meronyms
(group of people)
Related terms
- husky (“dog”)
- Husky (“an Eskimo person; an Eskimo language”) (dated)
Translations
Noun
Eskimo (plural Eskimo or Eskimos or Eskimoes)
- (sometimes offensive) A member of any of the Eskimo peoples.
- A dog of the American Eskimo breed.
1958, Henry P. Davis, The Modern Dog Encyclopedia, page 292:Yet many pure-bred, if unregistered, Eskimos are still kept along the Canadian border for use in sled racing.
- A dog of the Canadian Eskimo breed.
- (Canadian football, historical) A team member of the Canadian Football League's Edmonton Eskimos. (Obsolete as of 2020 with the team dropping this name in favour of Elks in 2021.)
Hyponyms
(member of any of the Eskimo peoples)
Derived terms
Translations
member of the Eskimo people(s)
- Armenian: էսկիմոս (ēskimos)
- Chinese:
- Cantonese: 愛斯基摩人/爱斯基摩人 (oi3 si1 gei1 mo1 jan4)
- Mandarin: 愛斯基摩人/爱斯基摩人 (zh) (Àisījīmórén), 埃斯基摩人 (Āisījīmórén), 依士企摩人 (zh) (Yīshìqǐmórén, Yīshìqìmórén)
- Chukchi: айванаԓьын (ajvanaḷʹyn), айван (ajvan)
- Czech: Eskymák m
- Danish: eskimo c, inuit c
- Dutch: Eskimo (nl) m
- Finnish: eskimo (fi)
- French: Esquimau (fr) m, Eskimo (fr) m
- German: Eskimo (de) m
- Hindi: एस्कीमो (eskīmo)
- Hungarian: eszkimó (hu)
- Ingrian: eskimosa
- Irish: Eiscimeach m
- Italian: eschimese (it) m
- Japanese: エスキモー (Esukimō)
- Macedonian: Еским m (Eskim), Ескимка f (Eskimka)
- Polish: Eskimos (pl) m, Eskimoska f
- Portuguese: esquimó (pt) m or f
- Romanian: eschimos (ro) m, eschimosă (ro) f
- Russian: эскимо́с (ru) m (eskimós), эскимо́ска (ru) f (eskimóska)
- Slovak: Eskimák m
- Spanish: esquimal (es) m or f
- Swahili: Mweskimo, Waeskimo
- Swedish: eskimå (sv) c
- Turkish: Eskimo (tr)
- Ukrainian: ескімо́с m (eskimós)
- Volapük: läskioman (vo) (male or female), hiläskioman (male), jiläskioman (female), (older term) leskiman (male or female)
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Adjective
Eskimo (comparative more Eskimo, superlative most Eskimo)
- (sometimes offensive) Of or relating to the Eskimo peoples.
- In, of, or relating to the Eskimo languages.
Derived terms
Translations
of, or relating to an Eskimo, Eskimos or their language, languages
- Chinese:
- Cantonese: 愛斯基摩/爱斯基摩 (oi3 si1 gei1 mo1)
- Mandarin: 愛斯基摩/爱斯基摩 (zh) (Àisījīmó), 埃斯基摩 (Āisījīmó), 依士企摩 (Yīshìqǐmó, Yīshìqìmó)
- Danish: eskimoisk
- Dutch: Eskimo- (nl)
- Finnish: eskimo- (fi), eskimoiden
- French: esquimau (fr), eskimo (fr)
- German: Eskimo- (de)
- Hindi: एस्कीमो (eskīmo)
- Hungarian: eszkimó (hu)
- Irish: Eiscimeach, Eiscimise (language)
- Italian: eschimese (it)
- Macedonian: ескимски (eskimski)
- Norwegian:
- Bokmål: eskimoisk
- Nynorsk: eskimoisk
- Polish: eskimoski (pl)
- Portuguese: esquimó (pt)
- Romanian: eschimos (ro)
- Russian: эскимо́сский (ru) (eskimósskij)
- Spanish: esquimal (es)
- Swahili: Kieskimo
- Ukrainian: ескімо́ський (eskimósʹkyj)
- Volapük: läskiomanik m or f, hiläskiomanik m, jiläskiomanik f, (older term) leskimanik m or f, (language) läskiomanapükik, (older term, language) leskimanapükik
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References
- “Eskimo” in the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004.
- “Eskimo”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
- “Eskimo” in The New Oxford American Dictionary, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2005
- Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “Eskimo”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
- “Eskimo” and “Origin of the name Eskimo” in Wikipedia
- ^ in the writings of Richard Hakluyt, in the (now obsolete) spelling Esquimawes (compare French Esquimaux (“Eskimos”))
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 John Steckley, White Lies about the Inuit (2008)
- ^ “Eskimo”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
- ^ Ives Goddard, "Synonymy", in Arctic, ed. David Damas, vol. 5 of Handbook of North American Indians (1984), ed. William C. Sturtevant, pages 5–7 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution); cited in Lyle Campbell, American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America (1997), page 394 (New York: Oxford University Press)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 “Setting the Record Straight About Native Languages: What Does "Eskimo" Mean In Cree?”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), Native-languages.org, 2012 June 13 (last accessed)
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 “Eskimo”, in American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000, Bartleby, (Can we date this quote?), archived from the original on 2001-04-12
- ^ Pamela R. Stern, Historical Dictionary of the Inuit
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Jose Mailhot, L'étymologie de «Esquimau» revue et corrigée, Etudes Inuit/Inuit Studies 2-2:59–70 (1978)
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 “Cree Mailing List Digest: November 1997”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), 2018 August 6 (last accessed), archived from the original on 20 June 2012
- ^ Mark Israel, Eskimo (2012-06-13), archive (2012-04-03)
Anagrams
Dutch
Etymology
From French Esquimau; for more, see Eskimo. The theory that it derives from a word meaning “eater(s) of raw meat” is discredited.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɛs.ki.moː/
- Hyphenation: Es‧ki‧mo
Noun
Eskimo m (plural Eskimo's, diminutive Eskimootje n)
- Eskimo (person)
Proper noun
Eskimo n
- the Eskimo language (group)
French
Alternative forms
Noun
Eskimo m (plural Eskimos)
- an Eskimo
Derived terms
German
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Noun
Eskimo m (strong, genitive Eskimos or Eskimo, plural Eskimo or Eskimos or Eskimo's)
- Eskimo
Declension
Derived terms
Proper noun
Eskimo n (proper noun, strong, genitive Eskimo)
- Eskimo (language)
Synonyms
Further reading
- “Eskimo” in Duden online
- “Eskimo” in Duden online
- “Eskimo” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache