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1970, S. A. M. Adshead, The Modernization of the Chinese Salt Administration, 1900-1920, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 158:
Next, at the provincial distributing centers such as Ta-t'ung, Shasi, and Hankow were the important brokers (hang-shang, lit., "guild merchants") or salt hongs, who purhcased the salt for resale, or arranged its resale, to the provincial distributors, who themselves went by a variety of names: in Hupei, p'u-fan (lit., "store merchants") for the urban areas and shui-fan (lit., "water merchants") for the backcountry; in Huai-pei, hu-shang (lit., "lake merchants"); in Szechwan an-shang (lit., "port merchants"). These in turn sold to the public, either through their own shops or through petty retailers and peddlers.