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The possessive adjective Jidášovo(“Judas', belonging to Judas”) refers to a legend saying that Judas Iscariot hanged himself on a black elder tree, on which this fungus commonly grows. The noun ucho(“ear”) refers to the shape of the fruiting body of the fungus.
2014, Jan Cimický, Tisíc jiskérek na noční obloze, Baronet Publishers, →ISBN, page 102:
… proto jsou mnohé zdejší stromy starší než tisíc let a stále bohatě plodí. V jejich kůře se po odkvětu a odplození dokonce pěstují houby, známé pod jménem Jidášovo ucho, významná součást čínské kuchyně.
… that is why many local trees are older than thousand years and keep bearing a lot of fruit. After they go out of bloom and fruit, people grow mushrooms, known as Jew's-ear, which is an important part of Chinese cuisine, in their bark.
